Huebnerite
| Huebnerite | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| General and classification | |
| chemical formula | Mn 2+ WO 4 |
|
Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Oxides, hydroxides |
|
System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
4.DB.30 ( 8th edition : IV / D.16) 01/48/01/02 |
| Crystallographic Data | |
| Crystal system | monoclinic |
| Crystal class ; symbol | monoclinic prismatic; 2 / m |
| Space group | P 2 / c (No. 13) |
| Lattice parameters |
a = 4.82 Å ; b = 5.75 Å; c = 4.99 Å β = 91.2 ° |
| Formula units | Z = 2 |
| Physical Properties | |
| Mohs hardness | 4 to 4.5 |
| Density (g / cm 3 ) | measured: 7.12 to 7.18; calculated: 7.234 |
| Cleavage | completely after {010} |
| Break ; Tenacity | uneven; brittle |
| colour | yellow-brown, red-brown, brown-black |
| Line color | reddish brown |
| transparency | transparent to translucent |
| shine | Metallic luster |
| Crystal optics | |
| Refractive indices |
n α = 2.170 to 2.200 n β = 2.220 n γ = 2.300 to 2.320 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.130 |
| Optical character | biaxial positive |
| Axis angle | 2V = 73 ° |
Huebnerite is a relatively rare mineral from the mineral class of " oxides and hydroxides " with the chemical composition Mn 2+ WO 4 and is therefore a manganese tungstate from a chemical point of view .
Huebnerite crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system and develops predominantly short prismatic to tabular crystals , but also granular to massive aggregates of yellow-brown, red-brown or brown-black, metallic shimmering color.
Hübnerit is one of the end members of the wolframite - mixed batch , the other end member the Ferberit forms.
Etymology and history
The mineral was named after Adolph Hübner , a German mining engineer and metallurgist. It was first found and described in 1865.
classification
In the outdated, but still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the Huebnerite belonged to the department of "Oxides with the molar ratio of metal: oxygen = 1: 2 (MO 2 and related compounds)", where together with Ferberite , Sanmartinite and the in the meantime, Wolframo-Ixiolit discredited the " Wolframit series" with the system no. IV / D.16 .
The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also classifies the Huebnerite in the department of "Oxides with the molar ratio of metal: oxygen = 1: 2 and comparable". However, this is further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved and the crystal structure, so that the mineral is classified in the sub-section “With medium-sized cations; Chains of edge-linked octahedra "can be found where, together with ferberite, heftetjernite , krasnoselskite, magnesiotungframite and sanmartinite, the" wolframite group "with the system no. 4.DB.30 forms.
The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the Huebnerite, in contrast to Strunz's systematics, to the class of "phosphates, arsenates, vanadates" and there in the department of "molybdates and wolframates". Here it is together with wolframite, ferberite, sanmartinite and heftetjernit in the "wolframite series" with the system no. 48.01.01 to be found in the subsection of " Anhydrous molybdates and tungstates with A XO 4 ".
Crystal structure
Huebnerite crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group P 2 / c (space group no. 13) with the lattice parameters a = 4.82 Å , b = 5.75 Å, c = 4.99 Å and β = 91.2 ° and two formula units per unit cell .
Education and Locations
Like ferberite, hebnerite forms either through hydrothermal processes in greisen or in skarns or in igneous rocks such as pegmatites or granites . Accompanying minerals are arsenopyrite , fluorite , cassiterite , molybdenite , rhodochrosite , scheelite , topaz and various tourmalines .
Locations include Tamanrasset in Algeria ; Catamarca in Argentina ; New South Wales and Tasmania in Australia ; La Paz , Oruro and Potosí departments in Bolivia ; Brazil ; Coquimbo in Chile ; Hunan in the People's Republic of China ; Baden-Württemberg , Lower Saxony , Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt in Germany ; different regions in France ; Piedmont , Sardinia and Tuscany in Italy ; Honshū in Japan ; British Columbia in Canada ; Maniema in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Antananarivo in Madagascar ; Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico ; Salzburg in Austria ; Bohemia and Moravia in the Czech Republic ; as well as Arizona , Colorado , Connecticut , California and other states in the United States .
use
Hübnerit is an important tungsten - bronze .
See also
literature
- Petr Korbel, Milan Novák: Encyclopedia of Minerals . Dörfler Verlag GmbH, Eggolsheim 2002, ISBN 978-3-89555-076-8 , p. 105 .
Web links
- Mineral Atlas: Huebnerite (Wiki)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 210 .
- ↑ Webmineral - Hubnerite (Eng.)
- ↑ a b c Hübnerite , In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America , 2001 ( PDF 66.4 kB )
- ↑ a b c d e f Mindat - Hübnerite
- ↑ Find location list for Huebnerite in the Mineralienatlas and in Mindat