Philipsburgite
| Philipsburgite | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| General and classification | |
| other names |
IMA 1984-029 |
| chemical formula |
|
|
Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Phosphates, arsenates and vanadates |
|
System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
8.DA.35 02.02.04.02 |
| Crystallographic Data | |
| Crystal system | monoclinic |
| Crystal class ; symbol | monoclinic prismatic; 2 / m |
| Space group | P 2 1 / c (No. 14) |
| Lattice parameters |
a = 12.33 Å ; b = 9.20 Å; c = 10.69 Å β = 96.92 ° |
| Formula units | Z = 4 |
| Physical Properties | |
| Mohs hardness | 3 to 4 |
| Density (g / cm 3 ) | measured: 4.07 (10); calculated: 4.04 |
| Cleavage | not observed |
| colour | emerald green |
| Line color | light green |
| transparency | transparent to translucent |
| shine | Glass gloss |
| Crystal optics | |
| Refractive indices |
n α = 1.729 n β = 1.774 n γ = 1.775 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.046 |
| Optical character | biaxial negative |
| Axis angle | 2V = 17 ° (measured), 16 ° (calculated) |
| Pleochroism | weak: X = light green Y = Z = medium green |
Philipsburgite is a seldom occurring mineral from the mineral class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" with the chemical composition (Cu, Zn) 6 (AsO 4 , PO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 · H 2 O and thus chemically a water-containing copper - zinc - arsenate - phosphate with additional hydroxide ions . The elements copper and zinc as well as the arsenate and phosphate complexes indicated in the round brackets can represent each other in the formula ( substitution , diadochy), but are always in the same proportion to the other components of the mineral.
Philipsburgite crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system and develops crystals stretched along the b-axis with slightly curved crystal faces and chisel-shaped ends of up to one millimeter in size. Typically these crystals come together to form rosette or spherical mineral aggregates or form crusty coatings on other minerals. The surfaces of the transparent to translucent and predominantly bright emerald green crystals have a glass-like sheen . The mineral is idiochromatic and accordingly leaves a light green line on the marking board .
Etymology and history
The mineral was discovered in the "Black Pine Mine" about 14 km northeast of the eponymous city of Philipsburg in Granite County of the US state of Montana . It was first described in 1985 by Donald R. Peacor, Pete J. Dunn, Robert A. Ramik, B. Darko Sturman, Lester G. Zeihen.
The type material is in the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada under catalog no. M41000 and National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC, USA under catalog no. 161201 kept.
classification
Since the Philipsburgite was only recognized as an independent mineral in 1985, it is not yet listed in the 8th edition of the Strunz mineral classification, which has been outdated since 1977 . Only in the Lapis mineral directory , which was revised and updated in 2018 by Stefan Weiß, which is still based on this classic system from Karl Hugo Strunz out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections , the mineral received the system and mineral number. VII / .D.19-20 . In the "lapis system" this corresponds to the class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there the department "water-containing phosphates, with foreign anions ", where philipsburgite forms an independent but unnamed group together with kipushite and veszelyite .
The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been valid since 2001 and was updated by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) until 2009, also assigns Philipsburgite to the category of “phosphates, etc. with additional anions; with H 2 O “. However, this is further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved , so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the subsection “With small (and occasionally larger) cations”, where it is only together with Kipushit the “Kipushit group” with the system -No. 8.DA.35 forms.
The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns Philipsburgite to the class of "phosphates, arsenates and vanadates" and there to the category of "water-containing phosphates etc., with hydroxyl or halogen". Here he is in the " Kipushit group " with the system no. 42.02.04 within the sub-section "Water-containing phosphates etc., with hydroxyl or halogen with (AB) 3 (XO4) Zq × x (H2O)".
Chemism
The analysis using the electron microprobe showed an average composition of 46.3% CuO , 18.2% ZnO , 8.7% P 2 O 5 , 16.3% As 2 O 5 and 9.9% H 2 O (Σ = 99 , 4%, all data in% by weight). This corresponds to the empirical formula Cu 17.18 Zn 6.60 (AsO 4 ) 4.19 (PO 4 ) 3.62 (OH) 24.13 · 4.16H 2 O, resulting in the chemical composition (Cu, Zn) 6 (AsO 4 , PO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 · H 2 O was idealized.
Crystal structure
Philipsburgite crystallizes isostructurally with Kipushite in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group P 2 1 / c (space group no. 14) with the lattice parameters a = 12.33 Å ; b = 9.20 Å; c = 10.69 Å and β = 96.92 ° as well as 4 formula units per unit cell .
properties
The water of crystallization is expelled when heated to between 150 and 610 ° C, the maximum being 415 ° C.
Education and Locations
Philipsburgite forms secondarily in the oxidation zone of hydrothermal deposits . At its type locality , the Black Pine Mine near Philipsburg in Granite County (Montana), acted as accompanying minerals among others Bayldonit , chrysocolla , Mimetite and quartz on. The most important primary minerals were silver-containing tetrahedral , hebnerite and pyrite . Subordinate there were also galena , sphalerite , chalcopyrite and native occurring elements such as gold , copper and silver .
As a rare mineral formation, Philipsburgite could only be detected at a few sites, with around 30 sites being documented so far (as of 2019). In addition to its type locality Black Pine Mine in Montana, the mineral was also found in the United States in the Silver Coin Mine near Valmy in Humboldt County of Nevada as well as in the Centennial Eureka Mine near Eureka , the Mammoth Mine near Mammoth (both in Juab County ) and the Gold Hill Mine can be found at Gold Hill in Tooele County Utah.
In Germany, Philipsburgite has so far only been found in the Clara mine near Oberwolfach, some mines near Neubulach and the St. Ferdinand and Josephs Treu mines in the Tiefenbachtal in Baden-Württemberg; the Friedrichssegen mine in the Rhein-Lahn district in Rhineland-Palatinate and in the pits of God's destiny and St. Katharina in the Graul mining landscape in the Saxon Ore Mountains district.
In Austria, Philipsburgite only appeared in the Finkenstein mine on Mallestiger Mittagskogel in Carinthia, as well as on the Gratlspitze and in the Martinstollen on the Weißen Schrofen below the Larchkopf in Tyrolean Inntal .
Other locations include Bulgaria, Chile, Greece, Italy, Japan, Namibia, Poland, Spain, the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom.
See also
literature
- Donald R. Peacor, Pete J. Dunn, Robert A. Ramik, B. Darko Sturman, Lester G. Zeihen: Philipsburgite, a new copper zinc arsenate hydrate related to kipushite, from Montana . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 23 , 1985, pp. 255–258 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 703 kB ; accessed on September 29, 2019]).
- Frank C. Hawthorne, Michael Fleischer , Edward S. Grew, Joel D. Grice, John Leslie Jambor , Jacek Puziewicz, Andrew C. Roberts, David A. Vanko, Janet A. Zilczer: New Mineral Names . In: American Mineralogist . tape 71 , 1986, pp. 1277–1282 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 641 kB ; accessed on September 29, 2019]).
Web links
- Mineral Atlas: Philipsburgite (Wiki)
- Philipsburgite search results. In: rruff.info. Database of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and chemistry of minerals (RRUFF), accessed on September 29, 2019 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Malcolm Back, William D. Birch, Michel Blondieau and others: The New IMA List of Minerals - A Work in Progress - Updated: September 2019. (PDF 2672 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, Marco Pasero, September 2019, accessed September 29, 2019 .
- ^ Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 494 (English).
- ^ David Barthelmy: Philipsburgite Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Retrieved September 29, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Donald R. Peacor, Pete J. Dunn, Robert A. Ramik, B. Darko Sturman, Lester G. Zeihen: Philipsburgite, a new copper zinc arsenate hydrate related to kipushite, from Montana . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 23 , 1985, pp. 255–258 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 703 kB ; accessed on September 29, 2019]).
- ↑ a b c d e f g Philipsburgite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 (English, handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 68 kB ; accessed on September 29, 2019]).
- ↑ a b c d e f Philipsburgite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed September 29, 2019 .
- ↑ Catalog of Type Mineral Specimens - P. (PDF 113 kB) In: docs.wixstatic.com. Commission on Museums (IMA), December 12, 2018, accessed September 29, 2019 .
- ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
- ↑ Ernest H. Nickel, Monte C. Nichols: IMA / CNMNC List of Minerals 2009. (PDF 1703 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, January 2009, accessed September 29, 2019 .
- ↑ Type locality Black Pine Mine in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat (accessed September 29, 2019)
- ↑ Localities for Philipsburgite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed September 29, 2019 .
- ↑ List of localities for Philipsburgite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat (accessed on September 29, 2019)