Goslarite

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Goslarite
Goslarite natural history museum.JPG
Fibrous goslarite on display in the Natural History Museum , London
General and classification
other names
  • Castilogalce
  • Galitzenstein or Galizelstein
  • Kalitzenstein
  • Zinc vitriol
chemical formula Zn [SO 4 ] • 7H 2 O
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Sulfates (including selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, and tungstates)
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		7.CB.40 ( 8th edition : VI / C.03d)
06/29/11/01/02
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system orthorhombic
Crystal class ; symbol orthorhombic-disphenoidic; 222
Space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 (No. 19)Template: room group / 19
Lattice parameters a  = 11.78  Å ; b  = 12.05 Å; c  = 6.82 Å
Formula units Z  = 4
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 2 to 2.5
Density (g / cm 3 ) measured: 1.98 (5); calculated: 1.972
Cleavage completely after {010}
Break ; Tenacity brittle
colour colorless, white, bluish, greenish, brownish
Line color White
transparency transparent to translucent
shine Glass gloss, silk gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 1.447 to 1.463
n β  = 1.475 to 1.480
n γ  = 1.470 to 1.485
Birefringence δ = 0.023
Optical character biaxial negative
Axis angle 2V = 46 ° (measured)
Other properties
Chemical behavior water soluble, astringent

Goslarite , outdated also known as white vitriol or zinc vitriol , is a rather seldom occurring mineral from the mineral class of "sulfates (including selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates and tungstates)". It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with the chemical composition Zn [SO 4 ] · 7H 2 O and is therefore, from a chemical point of view, water-containing zinc sulfate .

Goslarite rarely develops crystals that are visible to the naked eye , but is mainly found in the form of fibrous, granular or kidney-shaped mineral aggregates , crusty coatings and stalactitic structures. In its pure form, goslarite is colorless and transparent. However, due to multiple refraction due to lattice construction defects or polycrystalline training, it can also appear white and, due to foreign admixtures of iron , copper and / or manganese, take on a brownish, greenish or bluish color, the transparency decreasing accordingly. The rare crystals have a glass-like sheen on their surfaces , whereas the aggregate forms that occur most often have a silk-like shimmer or are matt.

With a Mohs hardness of 2 to 2.5, goslarite is one of the soft minerals that can be scratched with the fingernail , similar to the reference mineral gypsum (Mohs hardness 2).

Goslarite, together with chalcanthite (blue vitriol) and melanterite (green vitriol), belongs to the group of vitriols , which are generally used as a raw material for dyeing and printing fabrics and leather, among other things, but also for the production of mineral paints and inks.

Etymology and history

As early as the 15th century, Basilius Valentinus mentioned the “white vitriol from Goslar” in the first book of his last testament. Already at the time of Georgius Agricola , the terms "Erzalaun" and "Galizenstein" were used for the mineral from the nearby ore mine Rammelsberg. Zinc as a formula-active component of the mineral was only detected around 1735. The mineral was only named Goslarite in 1845 by Wilhelm von Haidinger .

classification

Already in the now outdated 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the goslarite belonged to the mineral class of "sulfates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates" (including some selenates and tellurates) and there to the department "water-containing sulfates without foreign anions " (with medium-sized cations) , where together with Epsomit , Morenosit and Tauriscit he created the "Epsomit series" with the system no. VI / C.03d .

In the last revised and updated Lapis mineral directory by Stefan Weiß in 2018 , which, out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections, is still based on this classic system of Karl Hugo Strunz , the mineral was given the system and mineral number. VI / C.07-30 . In the “Lapis system” this also corresponds to the section “Hydrous sulphates, without foreign anions”, where Goslarite, together with epsomite, meridianite and morenosite, forms an independent but unnamed group.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, valid since 2001 and updated by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) until 2009, also classifies goslarite in the category of "sulfates (selenates etc.) without additional anions, with H 2 O". This is, however, further subdivided according to the relative size of the cations involved , so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the subsection "With only medium-sized cations", where it is only together with epsomite and morenosite the "epsomite group" with the system No. 7.CB.40 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns goslarite to the class of "sulphates, chromates and molybdates" (including selenates, tellurates, selenites, tellurites and sulphites), but in the category of "hydrous acids and sulphates" ". Here he is also in the " Epsomit group " with the system no. 29.06.11 within the subdivision "Water-containing acids and sulfates AXO 4 × x (H 2 O)" to be found.

Crystal structure

Goslarite crystallizes isotypically with epsomite in the orthorhombic crystal system in the space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 (space group no. 19) with the lattice parameters a  = 11.78  Å ; b  = 12.05 Å and c  = 6.82 Å as well as 4 formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 19

properties

Chemical properties

The mineral is easily soluble in water and has an astringent (tart, astringent ) taste with a nauseating, metallic aftertaste.

Goslarite dehydrates in the air, i.e. it loses its water of crystallization , which over time initially turns the surfaces of the crystals or aggregates white and can eventually destroy them. Goslarite mineral samples should therefore be kept in airtight containers.

Physical Properties

Goslarite is strongly diamagnetic , so it weakens external magnetic fields in its interior and accordingly has the tendency to migrate out of inhomogeneous magnetic fields.

Education and Locations

Goslarite forms secondarily as a conversion product of sphalerite or generally by weathering (oxidation) of zinc sulfide - deposits and therefore falls of in particular by formation of mineral coatings, crusts, efflorescence, and as a component of copper smoke to the pit walls in " old man " on. As accompanying minerals can be found next Chalkanthit, Epsomite and Melanterite, you still Pickeringit and plaster.

As a rather rare mineral formation, Goslarite can sometimes be abundant at various sites, but overall it is not very common. So far (as of 2015) around 200 sites have become known. In addition to its type locality ore mine Rammelsberg, the mineral appeared in Lower Saxony in the nearby White Hirscher Gangzug (also known as the Weißer Hirsch mine ). Goslarite was also found in Germany in the Teufelsgrund mine in the municipality of Münstertal / Black Forest in Baden-Württemberg; on the Silberberg near Bodenmais in the Bavarian Forest; near Mausbach (Stolberg) , Loope , on Maubacher Bleiberg , in the Christian Levin colliery and the Auguste Victoria colliery in North Rhine-Westphalia; the "Grube Grüneau" (Green Au, Grünau) near Schutzbach (Westerwald) in Rhineland-Palatinate; in the mining districts of Annaberg-Buchholz and Freiberg as well as the St. Catharina and Stamm Asser mines in the mining landscape of Graul in the Saxon Ore Mountains and Schmiedefeld am Rennsteig in the Thuringian Forest .

In Austria, Goslarit is so far only known from Bad Bleiberg in the Villach-Land district in Carinthia, as well as in the Brenntal near Mühlbach in Pinzgau and the Schwarzwand in the municipality of Hüttschlag in Grossarltal in Salzburg.

The only place of discovery in Switzerland so far is the La Barma mine in the municipality of Saint-Luc VS in the canton of Valais .

Other locations are in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, China, Canada, France, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Peru, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Slovakia, Spain, Ukraine, Hungary, Zambia, Zimbabwe, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA).

See also

literature

  • Wilhelm Haidinger: Handbook of determining mineralogy, containing the terminology, systematics, nomenclature and characteristics of the natural history of the mineral kingdom . In Braumüller and Seidel, Vienna 1845, p. 490 ( limited preview in the Google book search [accessed on June 30, 2019] IV. Order. Salts. VII. Vitriol salts. Goslarite).
  • Andrew J. Locock, Paula C. Piilonen, T. Scott Ercit, Ralph Rowe: New mineral names . In: American Mineralogist . tape 91 , 2006, p. 216–224 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 228 kB ; accessed on June 30, 2019]).
  • Nicolae Buzgar, Andrei Buzatu, Ioan Vasile Sanislav: The Raman study on certain sulfates . In: Annalele Stiintifice ale Universitatii . tape 55 , 2009, p. 5–23 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 415 kB ; accessed on June 30, 2019]).
  • JL Anderson, RC Peterson, IP Swanson: Combined neutron powder and X-ray single-crystal diffraction refinement of the atomic structure and hydrogen bonding of goslarite (ZnSO 4 · 7H 2 O) . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 69 , 2005, pp. 259–271 (English, [1] [PDF; 1.8 MB ; accessed on June 30, 2019]).

Web links

Commons : Goslarite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Hans Lüschen: The names of the stones. The mineral kingdom in the mirror of language . 2nd Edition. Ott Verlag, Thun 1979, ISBN 3-7225-6265-1 , p. 230, 340 .
  2. ^ Edmund Oskar von Lippmann : Name and history of the "Galitzenstein" . In: Chemiker-Zeitung . tape  1 , 1923.
  3. ↑ a b c d Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  384 (English).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Goslarite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 66  kB ; accessed on June 30, 2019]).
  5. ↑ a b c d e Goslarite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed June 23, 2019 .
  6. ↑ a b Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p.  680-681 .
  7. ↑ Carl Hintze : Handbook of Mineralogy. First volume. Third department. Second half . 1st edition. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin and Leipzig 1930, p.  4349-4353 .
  8. ^ Wilhelm Haidinger : Handbook of determining mineralogy: containing the terminology, systematics, nomenclature and characteristics of the natural history of the mineral kingdom . 2nd Edition. Braumüller & Seidel, Vienna 1845, p.  490 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  9. ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
  10. ↑ Ernest H. Nickel, Monte C. Nichols: IMA / CNMNC List of Minerals 2009. (PDF 1703 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, January 2009, accessed April 25, 2019 .
  11. ^ Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmanns textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp.  608 (first edition: 1891).
  12. ↑ Localities for Goslarite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed June 30, 2019 .
  13. ↑ a b c d List of places where goslarite was found in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat