Barytocalcite

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Barytocalcite
Barytocalcite-230536.jpg
Barytocalcite from its type locality, the "Blagill Mine" in the Nent Valley, Alston Moor District, North Pennines , Cumbria , England , United Kingdom . Step size: 8.6 × 7.7 × 3.7 cm
General and classification
other names
  • Hemidomatic barytocalcite
  • Hemiëdrites syntheticus
  • Hemiprismatic Hal barite
  • Hemiprismatic Hal-Barytine
chemical formula BaCa [CO 3 ] 2
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Carbonates and nitrates - carbonates without additional anions; without H 2 O
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		5.AB.45 ( 8th edition : Vb / A.04)
02/14/06/01
Similar minerals Alstonite and Paralstonite are chemically identical
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system monoclinic
Crystal class ; symbol monoclinic prismatic; 2 / m
Space group P 2 1 / m (No. 11)Template: room group / 11
Lattice parameters a  = 8.092  Å ; b  = 5.2344 Å; c  = 6.544 Å
β  = 106.05 °
Formula units Z  = 2
Frequent crystal faces {100}, { 1 11}, { 1 31}, {210}, subordinate also {001}, {110}, {101}
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 4, 3.5 to 4
Density (g / cm 3 ) 3.66 to 3.71 (measured); 3.72 (calculated)
Cleavage very perfect after {210}, indistinct after {001}
Break ; Tenacity uneven to half-mussel; brittle
colour colorless to white, pale gray, light to pale green, pale yellow; colorless in transmitted light
Line color White
transparency translucent to translucent
shine Glass gloss to resin gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 1.525
n β  = 1.684
n γ  = 1.686
Birefringence δ = 0.161
Optical character biaxial negative
Axis angle 2V = 15 ° (measured); 2V = 10 ° (calculated)
Other properties
Chemical behavior soluble in dilute HCl
Special features fluoresces pale yellow to red under short- and long-wave UV light

Barytocalcite is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class " carbonates and nitrates " (formerly carbonates, nitrates and borates ). It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the idealized chemical composition BaCa [CO 3 ] 2 , so it is chemically a barium - calcium carbonate.

Barytocalcite develops short or long prismatic, typically parallel [101] striped crystals up to 5 cm in size, more rarely also massive, fissile mineral aggregates .

The type locality of the barytocalcite is the "Blagill Mine" ( coordinates of the Blagill Mine ) at Alston in the Civil Parish Alston Moor, Eden District , Cumbria in England in the United Kingdom .

Etymology and history

Barytocalcite from the “Nentsberry Haggs Mine”, Alston Moor, Cumbria, England, United Kingdom. Step size: 5.9 × 4.3 × 3.4 cm

The mineral was first in 1824 by the British crystallographer and mineralogist Henry James Brooke and the British chemist , mineralogist and zoologist John George Children in a letter to the editor in London appearing Annals of Philosophy described. Brooke had obtained the material from a Mr. Broughton.

“Mr. Broughton, before he left London, favored me with specimens of a mineral from Cumberland which had been considered to be carbonate of barytes, but it was very evident that the crystals did not resemble the ordinary figures of carbonate of barytes, and the substance was, therefore, regarded by Mr. Broughton as something new. "

“Before Mr. Broughton left London, he treated me to specimens of a mineral from Cumberland known as the 'carbonate of barytes'. It was very evident, however, that the crystals did not resemble the ordinary pieces of 'carbonate of barytes' and the substance was therefore considered something new by Mr. Broughton. "

- Henry James Brooke & John George Children : On Baryto-Calcite (1824)

Brooke named the mineral after the chemical composition determined by Children with “barium” and “calcium” and the fact that it is a “carbonate” (calcite) as baryto- calcite .

Type material for the barytocalcite is not defined, as a glance at the “Catalog of Type Mineral Specimen” maintained by the “Commission on Museums” of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) shows. Because it was discovered and first described before 1959, barytocalcite is one of the minerals that the IMA describes as grandfathered .

The most important previously used synonyms for barytocalcite are Hemidomatic Barytocalcite , Hemiëdrites syntheticus , Hemiprismatic Hal-Baryt and Hemiprismatic Hal-Barytin .

Two minerals known in the past as baryto-calcite later turned out to be different species: a phase named by Richard Kirwan as "barytocalcite" turned out to be a mixture of calcite and barite, while a mineral described by James Finlay Weir Johnston as "barytocalcite" is identical to alstonite . One should not confuse barytocalcite with "baryto-calcite", which only forms a barium-containing variety of calcite, and "calciobarite" or "calcio-baryte", which are mixed crystals between anhydrite and baryte with the formula (Ba, Ca) [SO 4 ] should act.

classification

In the 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the barytocalcite belonged to the common mineral class of "carbonates, nitrates and borates" and to the department of "carbonates" where it belongs to the "aragonite series" consisting of alstonite , aragonite , cerussite , strontianite and witherite “With the system no. Vb / A.04 within the subsection “Anhydrous carbonates without foreign anions ” was added.

In the last revised and updated Lapis mineral directory in 2018 , which is still based on this outdated system of Karl Hugo Strunz out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections , the mineral was given the system and mineral number. V / B.04-60 . In the "Lapis system" this corresponds to the section "Anhydrous carbonates [CO 3 ] 2- , without foreign anions", where barytocalcite together with alstonite, aragonite, cerussite, olekminsite , paralstonite , strontianite and witherite also form the "aragonite group" (v /B.04) forms.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, which has been in force since 2001 and updated by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) until 2009, assigns barytocalcite to the “carbonates and nitrates” class, which has been reduced by the borates, and to the “carbonates without additional” class Anions; without H 2 O “. This is further subdivided according to the group affiliation of the cations involved , so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the subsection "alkaline earth (and other M 2+ ) carbonates", where it is the only member of the unnamed group with the system no . 5.AB.45 forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the barytocalcite, like the old Strunzian system, to the common class of “carbonates, nitrates and borates” and there to the department of “anhydrous carbonates”. Here he is to be found as the only member of the unnamed group 02/14/06 within the sub-section "Anhydrous carbonates with the formula A + B 2+ (CO 3 ) 2 ".

Chemism

Microprobe analyzes on barytocalcite from the ultra-basic alkali rock massif Vuoriyärvi, North Karelia , Murmansk Oblast in Russia , yielded 18.75% CaO; 48.92% BaO; 1.81% SrO; 0.50% MgO; 29.95% CO 2 (calculated from stoichiometry); Total 99.93%. On the basis of six oxygen atoms, the empirical formula Ba 0.92 Ca 1.03 Sr 0.08 MgO 0.03 (CO 3 ) 2.00 is calculated, which can be idealized to BaCa (CO 3 ) 2 . This idealized formula requires 51.56% BaO; 18.85 CaO and 29.59% CO 2 . The idealized formula corresponds to the official formula of the IMA for the barytocalcite, in the formula according to Strunz, BaCa [CO 3 ] 2 , the anion group is given in square brackets.

Microprobe analyzes of Barytocalcit of carbonate zeolite transitions (with Manganonsiderit - nordstrandite - Natrolith ) in Khibiny Mountains massif ( Russian Хибины ) on the Kola Peninsula in Russia yielded 18.96% CaO; 51.82% BaO; 0.28% SrO; 0.06 Na 2 O; 29.90% CO 2 (calculated from stoichiometry); and 0.00% MgO (total 101.02%). These barytocalcites are significantly lower in strontium than those from Vuoriyärvi and also free of magnesium.

At ambient pressure, barytocalcite is stable in a relatively narrow composition range, with only a few mol% of SrCO 3 being able to be incorporated into this structure. The solubility of SrCO 3 in barytocalcite increases with pressure, but even pressures of more than 20 kbar cannot explain the 13 to 22 mol% SrCO 3 that is present in primary barytocalcite as the Murunskii massif ( Aldan highlands , Republic of Sakha (Yakutia ) , Far East Federal District , Russia). In general, however, barytocalcites are strontium-poor or -free. Barytocalcite with Sr contents of up to 2% by weight of SrO come from Russian carbonatite massifs. According to Friedrich Kolbeck, barytocalcite should always contain some MnCO 3 .

The only combination of elements Ba – Ca – C – O or the chemical composition BaCa (CO 3 ) 2 , among the currently known minerals, include the triclinic alstonite and the trigonal paralstonite in addition to the monoclinic barytocalcite. BaCa (CO 3 ) 2 is therefore polymorphic . In addition to the three minerals with the chemical composition BaCa (CO 3 ) 2 , there is also a new synthetic phase which, like barytocalcite , crystallizes monoclinically, but in the space group C 2 (no. 5) . Template: room group / 5

Chemically similar are z. B. Podlesnoite , BaCa 2 (CO 3 ) 2 F 2 , benstonite , Ba 6 Ca 6 Mg (CO 3 ) 13 , and carbocernaite , (Ca, Na) (Sr, Ce, Ba) (CO 3 ) 2 . Chemically Barytocalcit can be used as the calcium-dominant analogue of the Mg-dominated Norsethit , BaMg (CO 3 ) 2 , to be construed. An analogue that is only known synthetically is the radium- dominated phase RaCa (CO 3 ) 2 , which could play a role in the disposal of radioactive waste. If it were to form under repository conditions, it could very effectively immobilize available radium.

Mixed crystal formations, such as. B. with a hypothetical BaSr (CO 3 ) 2 end link or a hypothetical SrCa (CO 3 ) 2 end link could not be detected for the barytocalcite.

Crystal structure

Spatial representation of the structure of barytocalcite parallel to the b-axis. Same color legend as in the adjacent illustration.
Spatial representation of the structure of barytocalcite in the standard crystallographic orientation. The blue outline shows the unit cell.
Color legend:    __ Ba __ Ca __ C __ O

Barytocalcite crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group P 2 1 / m (space group no. 11) with the lattice parameters a = 8.092  Å , b = 5.2344 Å, c = 6.544 Å and β = 106.05 ° and two formula units per Unit cell . Template: room group / 11

The crystal structure of the barytocalcite was first determined in 1930 by Balthasar Gossner & Franz Mussgnug, who, however, chose the wrong room group. Since then the structure has been refined several times, including a. by Knut-F. Alm. The most modern work comes from Brian Dickens & Joy S. Bowen - the spatial representation of the barytocalcite structure was drawn from their data.

Its crystal structure consists of Ba… CO 3 - and Ca… CO 3 - chains , both parallel to [001], whereby the cations Ba and Ca with the oxygen atoms on an edge of a CO 3 group in the chain as well as the oxygen atom of the apex of the neighboring other CO 3 group are coordinated. The C (2) O 3 group is located in the CaCO 3 chain, the plane of which is parallel to (100), while the C (1) O 3 group is located in the BaCO 3 chain, which is almost in plane is parallel to (101) - however, it is pushed out of the chain due to the large ionic radius of the Ba ion. The chains lie parallel in layers (210), which explains the very perfect cleavage of the barytocalcite in this direction.

The barytocalcite structure has a … ABCABC… stacking of cation layers that is repeated every three layers. The calcite phase of CaCO 3 has an ABC cation layer sequence and is repeated every six layers. There are two crystallographically different CO 3 groups in the barytocalcite, both of which are not planar. The orientations of these CO 3 groups correspond to the orientation of the CO 3 groups in the aragonite phase of CaCO 3 and are rotated by about 30 ° with respect to the orientation of the CO 3 groups in calcite. The cation layer sequence in aragonite is ... ABAB ... and the structure is repeated in every second layer. The Ca 2+ ion in the barytocalcite is coordinated by seven oxygen atoms (Ca [7] ), including the edge of a CO 3 group. The Ba 2+ ion is coordinated by five edges and one tip of the CO 3 groups, so it has 11 coordination with Ba [11] .

Overall, the structure of the barytocalcite can also be described in such a way that layers of CO 3 groups are coordinated with cation layers. This shows the relationship to the calcite structure, with (201) in barytocalcite corresponding to (001) in calcite.

properties

morphology

Barytocalcite usually forms short to long prismatic crystals along the axis [101] or short prismatic and isometric crystals along the c axis [001]. Most of the crystals show clear stripes on the surfaces of two shapes. The surfaces of the shape {100} are vertical, those in the zone [ 1 21:12 1 ] are striped parallel to the zone axis. The most important surface forms belonging to the barytocalcite costume are {100} with stripes according to [001], { 1 11}, { 1 31} with stripes according to [101], { 2 51} and {210}. {001}, {110} and {101} also occur subordinately. {100}, { 1 31} or { 1 11} are decisive for the costume . The crystals reach sizes up to 5 cm. The areas of the zone [121: 12 1 ] dominate, so that the crystals are prismatically elongated in the direction of this zone axis (compare the crystal drawing by Alfred Des Cloizeaux). The shapes {100} and {110} with mostly only small areas can be found at the ends of the crystals.

Are known epitaxial (oriented) adhesions with baryta such that barite comes to lie with {001} [010] parallel to Barytocalcit with {001} [010] (see. Also the opposite). There are also epitaxies of calcite on barytocalcite, the surfaces (10 1 1), ( 1 101) and (0 1 11) of the calcite being approximately parallel to (101), ( 1 11) and ( 1 1 1) of the barytocalcite . Witherite crystals in parallel adhesions with barytocalcite are also known from the “Blagill Mine”. Finally, under laboratory conditions, parallel growth of sodium nitrate was achieved on all cleavage surfaces of barytocalcite crystals - m (110) and c (001).

Epitaxy of tabular barite on barytocalcite according to Otto Mügge

From Mies ( Stříbro ) near Pilsen in West Bohemia , Czech Republic , Franz Xaver Maximilian Zippe described pseudomorphoses from quartz and barite to barytocalcite grown on crystallized quartz. Such material was observed a second time in the years 1888–1890 on the second level of the Langenzugzeche in Mies (Stříbro). In alkaline rock-solid "Kedrovyi" and the eastern part of the deposit "Sirenevyi Kamen '" ( Russian Сиреневый камень ), both in Murunskii Massif ( Russian Мурунский массив ), the confluence of Chara and Tokko in Aldanhochland , Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) , Federal District Further East , Russia, barytocalcite is pseudomorphosed by olekminsite and paralstonite.

Barytocalcite also occurs in the form of massive, fissile mineral aggregates. Furthermore, pseudomorphoses from quartz to barytocalcite are known.

physical and chemical properties

The crystals of the barytocalcite are colorless to white, pale gray, light to pale green or pale yellow. Their line color , however, is always white. The surfaces of the translucent to transparent crystals show a characteristic glass-like, rarely resin- like sheen . Barytocalcite has a medium-high refraction ( n α  = 1.525; n β  = 1.684; n γ  = 1.686) and a very high birefringence (δ = 0.161) corresponding to this glass gloss . In transmitted light, the biaxially negative barytocalcite is colorless and shows no pleochroism.

Barytocalcite shows a very perfect cleavage according to {210} and an indistinct cleavage according to {001}. Due to its brittleness , however , the mineral breaks like amblygonite , with the fracture surfaces being uneven to half-mussel-shaped. Barytocalcite has a Mohs hardness of 4 and is therefore one of the medium-hard minerals that, like the reference mineral fluorite (hardness 4), can be easily scratched with a pocket knife. The measured density for barytocalcite is, depending on the author, 3.66 to 3.71 g / cm³, the calculated density is 3.72 g / cm³.

In short-wave UV light (254 nm), barytocalcite shows a distinct yellow-brown, occasionally yellowish-white, pale-yellow, dark-orange-yellow-brown or yellowish fluorescence . According to other information, barytocalcite fluoresces pale yellow to red under short- and long-wave UV light.

The mineral dissolves in dilute hydrochloric acid and nitric acid while bubbling . Barium sulfate, which is sparingly soluble, precipitates from the highly diluted solution when sulfate ions are added . In front of the soldering tube , barytocalcite is almost infusible and colors the flame intensely yellowish-green. “When there is a strong fire, it is coated with a blue-green frit [(Ba, Ca) MnO 4 ], is calcined in an alkaline manner and then blues moist red litmus paper . With soda on charcoal, the lime earth is separated out, while everything else goes into the charcoal. Borax and phosphorus salt show a weak but clear manganese reaction; If you immerse the red-hot phosphorus salt pearl in saltpeter, it turns bluish-red. ”In the“ Meigen's sample ”, Baytocalcite - similar to aragonite - shows an extremely positive reaction (violet color).

Education and Locations

Educational conditions

Barytocalcite is a relatively unusual accessory mineral in low-temperature non - ferrous metal bearing (mainly lead and zinc ) ore veins that are formed by the reaction of hydrothermal fluids with limestone . Regardless of this, it can still be the dominant barium-containing mineral species here. Barytocalcite is rarely found in carbonatites or on alpinotype fissures . Minerals accompanying barytocalcite are barite , calcite , strontianite , siderite , alstonite , benstonite , witherite , norsethite , fluorite , sphalerite , pyrrhotite and quartz . Also in skarnen as in Långban (Sweden) and as late-formed mineral in pegmatites such as in the "apatite mine Kirow" in the southern part of the Chibinen massif, Murmansk Oblast , Kola Peninsula , Russia . In addition to the minerals already mentioned, barytocalcite can also be accompanied by aegirine , charoite , microcline , svabite and hematite as well as hausmannite , hedyphan and britvinite .

As a seldom occurring mineral formation, barytocalcite is only known from a few localities or in small numbers. The mineral has been described by around 80 sites so far (as of 2019). The type locality of the barytocalcite is the "Blagill Mine", which is located on the south side of Newshield Moss between the Nent and South Tyne valleys near Alston in Civil Parish Alston Moor, Eden District , Cumbria in England in the United Kingdom . Although the mine was probably already in production for lead ore in the 14th century, it did not appear as a commercial supplier of barytocalcite until the 19th century. When the witherite from nearby Nentsberry with its much higher barium content came onto the market, the demand for the material from the “Blagill Mine” quickly declined. After 1895 there are no longer any funding certificates.

Locations

Barytocalcite with white witherite (hexagonal, hollow prisms) from the Rosebery Mine, Rosebery, Tasmania, Australia. Field of view: approx. 50 mm

In view of the large number of sites where barytocalcite is found, only a few localities, especially those that produce beautiful crystals, are mentioned here. The world's best barytocalcite specimens were recovered from the Rosebery Mine (EZ Mine) near Rosebery in the district of the same name, West Coast Municipality , Tasmania , Australia .

The only place where barytocalcite was found in Germany is the “Himmelsfürst Fundgrube” near Brand-Erbisdorf , Freiberg Revier in the Ore Mountains . In Austria from the “Kielbrein” mine on Radhausberg not far from the Kreuzkogel, Naßfelder Tal , Gasteinertal , Hohe Tauern , Salzburg , as well as from Nassereith , Imst -Nassereith district, North Tyrol , Tyrol . Locations from Switzerland are unknown.

Barytocalcite from the “Nentsberry Haggs Mine”, Alston Moor, Cumbria, England, United Kingdom. Step size: 5.5 × 5.0 × 2.5 cm
Barytocalcite from the "Blagill Mine", Alston Moor, Cumbria, England, United Kingdom. Step size: 6.5 × 3.3 × 2.5 cm
Barytocalcite in solid barite from the "Blagill Mine", Alston Moor, Cumbria, England, United Kingdom. Step size: 10.7 × 7.0 × 4.8 cm

In addition to the type locality for barytocalcite, the "Blagill Mine", there are also a number of other localities for this mineral in the United Kingdom . These include:

  • in England :
    • the "Bloom Berry Horse Level" of "Brownley Hill Mine" at Nenthead in the municipality ( Civil Parish ) Alston Moor , district of Eden , County Cumbria
    • the "Rampgill Mine" at Nenthead near Alston Moor and the "Nentsberry Haggs Mine" and the "Ayle Burn Vein", both at Alston Moor, Eden District, Cumbria
    • "Foster's Hush" near Lunedale, North Pennines , County Durham
    • the "Beldi Hill Mines" at Keld, Swaledale , North Yorkshire
    • the "Settlingstones Mine" at Newbrough, Northumberland
    • the Pb deposits of the "Heartycleugh Mine" and the "Mohopehead Mine" and the Zn deposits of the "Scraithole Mine", all at Carrshield on West Allen , Northumberland
    • the "Barneycraig Mine" at Coalcleugh; and the "Keirsleywell Row Veins" and the "Stag Rake Veins", both at Ninebanks, all at West Allen, Northumberland
    • the "Wellhopehead Mine" at West Allen, Northumberland
    • the "Rorrington Mine" at Chirbury , Shropshire
    • Colemans Quarry, Nunney, Mendip, Somerset, England, UK
  • in Scotland :
  • and in Wales :

Other well-known sites for barytocalcite are:

Other sites are in Angola , Canada, Chile , the provinces of Hubei and Chongqing in China, in the Maakunta Österbotten and Lapland in Finland , in the Prešovský kraj in Slovakia , in the province of North Cape in South Africa and in the USA.

use

As a barium raw material, barytocalcite was extracted from just one deposit worldwide - its type locality, the “Blagill Mine” near Alston Moor. In addition, barytocalcite is a sought-after mineral by mineral collectors.

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Barytocalcite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b August Breithaupt : Complete characteristics of the mineral system . 3rd very enriched edition. Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Dresden and Leipzig 1832, p.  64 ( limited preview in Google Book search - as "Hemidomatic Barytocalcit").
  2. ↑ a b August Breithaupt : Complete manual of mineralogy . Second volume. First Division of the Special Part. 4th very enriched edition. Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Dresden and Leipzig 1841, p.  246–247 ( limited preview in Google book search - as "Hemiëdrites syntheticus").
  3. ↑ a b Friedrich Mohs , Franz Xaver Zippe : Easily understandable beginnings of the natural history of the mineral kingdom . Second part. Physiography. 2nd increased and improved edition. Carl Gerold, Vienna 1839, p.  119–120 ( limited preview in Google book search - as "Hemiprismatic Hal-Baryt").
  4. ^ A b Franz Xaver Zippe : The characters of the classes, orders, genders and types of the natural historical mineral system by Friederich Mohs . Second part. Physiography. Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna 1858, p.  96-97 (as "Hemiprismatic Hal-Barytine").
  5. ↑ a b c d Minerals with Ba, Ca, C, O. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed October 4, 2019 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Barytocalcite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 68  kB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
  7. ^ A b c Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel: Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  289 .
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h Brian Dickens, Joy S. Bowen: The Crystal Structure of BaCa (CO 3 ) 2 (barytocalcite) . In: Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards - A. Physics and Chemistry . 75A, no. 3 , 1971, p. 197–203 , doi : 10.1107 / S2052520619003238 (English, http://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/uploads/JOROTNBOSSAPAC75_197.pdf rruff.info [PDF; 679 kB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Charles Palache , Harry Berman , Clifford Frondel : Barytocalcite . In: The System of Mineralogy . of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892. 7th edition. II (Halides Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates etc.). John Wiley & Sons, New York 1951, ISBN 0-471-19272-4 , pp.  220–221 (English, first edition: 1892).
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h Barytocalcite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed October 4, 2019 .
  11. ^ A b c d e François Ernest Mallard : Sur l´alstonite et le barytocalcite . In: Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie . tape  18 , 1895, p. 7–12 (French, minsocam.org [PDF; 642 kB ; accessed on September 17, 2019]).
  12. ^ A b c d e Henry James Brooke , John George Children : On Baryto-Calcite . In: The Annals of Philosophy . tape  8 , no. 2 , 1824, p. 114–116 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 258 kB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
  13. ↑ Catalog of Type Mineral Specimens - B. (PDF 122 kB) In: docs.wixstatic.com. Commission on Museums (IMA), December 12, 2018, accessed October 4, 2019 .
  14. ↑ a b Malcolm Back, William D. Birch, Michel Blondieau and others: The New IMA List of Minerals - A Work in Progress - Updated: September 2019. (PDF 2692 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, Marco Pasero, September 2019, accessed October 4, 2019 .
  15. ↑ James FW Johnston : On the Dimorphism of Baryto-calcite . In: Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester (Third Series) . tape  6 , no. 31 , 1835, pp. 1–4 , doi : 10.1080 / 14786443508648516 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  16. ↑ James FW Johnston : On the Composition of the Right Rhombic Baryto-Calcite, the Bicalcareo-Carbonate of Baryta of Dr. Thomson . In: Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester (Third Series) . tape  10 , no. 62 , 1837, pp. 373–376 , doi : 10.1080 / 14786443708649178 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  17. ↑ Bruce Cairncross, Allan Fraser: The Rosh Pinah Lead-Zinc Mine, Namibia . In: Rocks & Minerals . tape 87 , no. 5 , 2012, p. 398–409 , doi : 10.1080 / 00357529.2012.707928 (English, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275327944 researchgate.net [PDF; 6.0 MB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
  18. ^ Hugo Strunz : Mineralogical tables . 8th edition. Academic publishing company Geest & Portig K.-G., Leipzig 1982, p.  275 .
  19. ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
  20. ↑ Ernest H. Nickel, Monte C. Nichols: IMA / CNMNC List of Minerals 2009. (PDF 1703 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, January 2009, accessed September 25, 2019 .
  21. ↑ a b c d Anatoly N. Zaitsev, Frances Wall, Michael J. Le Bas: REE -Sr-Ba minerals from the Khibina carbonatites, Kola Peninsula, Russia: their mineralogy, paragenesis and evolution . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 62 , no. 2 , 1998, p. 225–250 , doi : 10.1180 / 002646198547594 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
  22. ↑ a b Luke LY Chang: Subsolidus Phase Relations in the Systems BaCO 3 - SrCO 3 , SrCO 3 - CaCO 3 , and BaCO 3 - CaCO 3 . In: The Journal of Geology . tape 73 , no. 2 , 1965, p. 346-368 , doi : 10.1086 / 627065 (English).
  23. ↑ a b Ekaterina Reguir: Aspects of the mineralogy of the Murun alkaline complex, Yakutia, Russia . Master of Science Thesis. Department of Geology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada 2001 (English, 193 pp., Https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60867.pdf collectionscanada.gc. ca [PDF; 12.8 MB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
  24. ↑ a b J. Alexander Speer: Crystal Chemistry and Phase Relations of Orthorhombic carbonate . In: Richard J. Reeder (Ed.): Reviews in Mineralogy Volume . Volume 11: Carbonates: Mineralogy and Chemistry. 1st edition. Mineralogical Society of America, Chelsea / Michigan 1983, ISBN 978-0-939950-15-7 , pp. 145–190 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  25. ↑ Yuri L. Kapustin: Alstonite, barytocalcite and norsethite . In: Mineralogy of Carbonatites . 1st edition. Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi 1980, ISBN 978-0-86249-363-9 , pp. 151-153 (English).
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  47. ↑ Localities for Barytocalcite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed October 4, 2019 .
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  50. ↑ Blagill Mine. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed October 4, 2019 .
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  53. ^ Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham: Geology of the Northern Pennine orefield (Volume 1: Tyne to Stainmore) . Economic memoir covering the areas of 1: 50000 and one-inch geological sheets 19 and 25 and parts of 13, 24, 26, 31, 32 (England and Wales). 2nd Edition. British Geological Survey, London 1990, ISBN 0-11-884471-7 (English, 300 pages).
  54. ↑ Trevor F. Bridges, Frank Bouweraerts, Helen Wilkinson: The Mineralogy of the Admiralty Concession Flat, Nentsberry Haggs Mine, Nenthead, Cumbria . In: Journal of the Russell Society . tape 17 , 2014, p. 40-50 (English).
  55. ↑ Gianbosco Traversa, Celso B. Gomes, Piero Brotzu, Nicoletta Buraglini, Lucio Morbidelli, Maria Speranza Principato, Sara Ronca, Excelso Ruberti: Petrography and mineral chemistry of carbonatites and mica-rich rocks from the Araxá complex (Alto Paranaíba Province, Brazil) . In: Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências . tape 73 , no. 1 , 2001, p. 71–98 , doi : 10.1590 / S0001-37652001000100008 (English, scielo.br [PHP; 1.6 MB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
  56. ↑ Caroline Siqueira Gomide: Geoquímica e química mineral de carbonatitos e isótopos estáveis ​​em carbonatitos da província ígnea do alto Paranaíba . Tese (Doutorado em Geologia). Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 1990, ISBN 0-11-884471-7 , doi : 10.26512 / 2015.12.T.20104 (English, 252 p., Http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/20104 repositorio.unb .br [PDF; 29.6 MB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
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  58. ↑ Alessandra Costanzo, Kathryn Ruth Moore, Frances Wall, Martin Feely: Fluid inclusions in apatite from Jacupiranga calcite carbonatites: Evidence for a fluid-stratified carbonatite magma chamber . In: Lithos . tape 91 , no. 1–4 , 2006, pp. 208–228 , doi : 10.1016 / j.lithos.2006.03.047 (English).
  59. ↑ J. Douglas Scott, Giles R. Peatfield: Mannardite [Ba • H 2 O] (Ti 6 V 3+ 2 ) O 16 , a new mineral species, and new data on redledgeite . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 24 , no. 1 , 1986, pp. 55–66 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
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  61. ↑ HD Gardner, Ian Hutcheon: Geochemistry, mineralogy, and geology of the Jason Pb-Zn deposits, Macmillan Pass, Yukon, Canada . In: Economic Geology . tape 80 , no. 5 , 1985, pp. 1257-1276 , doi : 10.2113 / gsecongeo.80.5.1257 (English).
  62. ↑ ECT Chao, JM Back, JA Minkin, M. Tatsumoto, Wang Junwen, JE Conrad, EH McKee: The Sedimentary Carbonate-Hosted Giant Bay an Obo REE-Fe-Nb Ore Deposit of Inner Mongolia, China: A Cornerstone Example for Giant Polymetallic Ore Deposits of Hydrothermal Origin . Geological Survey Bulletin 2143. 1st edition. United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1997, p. 16 ( https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2143/report.pdf usgs.gov [PDF; 43.4 MB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
  63. ↑ Jaroslav Hyršl: Classic world discovery sites: The ore district of Stríbro ("Mies") near Pilsen in the Czech Republic . In: Mineral World . tape 19 , no. 4 , 2008, p. 36-47 .
  64. ↑ Jonathan Degenfelder, Peter Tropper, Daniel Constantini, Hannah Pomella: Mineralogical investigations of the mixed crystal series Ba-containing phlogopite - cinema hit in marbles from the Meran-Mauls Basement . In: Communications from the Austrian Mineralogical Society . tape 162 , 2016, p. 47–50 ( https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320830484 researchgate.net [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
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  66. ↑ Anatoly N. Zaitsev, Yury P. Men'shikov, Viktor N. Yakovenchuk: Barium zeolites of the Khibiny alkaline massif [ Бариевые цеолиты Хибинского щелочного массива ] . In: Zapiski Vserossiiskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva [ Записки Всероссийского Минералогического Общества ] . tape 121 , no. 2 , 1992, p. 54-61 (Russian).
  67. ↑ Victor N. Yakovenchuk, Gregory Yu. Ivanyuk, Yakov A. Pakhomovsky, Yury P. Men'shikov: Khibiny . Ed .: Frances Wall. 1st edition. Laplandia Minerals, Apatity 2005, ISBN 5-900395-48-0 , pp. 1-468 (English).
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  69. ↑ Dan Holtstam, Ann-Kristin Larsson: Tegengrenite, a new, rhombohedral spinel-related Sb mineral from the Jakobsberg Fe-Mndeposit, Värmland, Sweden . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 85 , no. 9 , 2000, pp. 1315–1320 , doi : 10.2138 / am-2000-8-926 (English, http://rruff.info/doclib/am/vol85/AM85_1315.pdf rruff.info [PDF; 1.8 MB ; accessed on October 4, 2019]).
  70. ↑ Edwin B. Eckel, Robert R Cobban, Donley S. Collins, Eugene E. Foord, Daniel E. Kile, Peter J. Modreski, Jack A. Murphy: Minerals of Colorado . 3rd revised and illustrated edition. Fulcrum Publishing, Golden 1997, ISBN 978-1-55591-365-6 , pp. 1-665 (English).
  71. ^ Stuart Alvord Northrop, Florence A. LaBruzza: Minerals of New Mexico . 3. Edition. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque 1996, ISBN 978-0-8263-1662-2 , pp. 1-346 (English).