Hauerite

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Hauerite
Hauerite-627175.jpg
Hauerite crystals in matrix from the Destricella mine, Raddusa, Province of Catania, Sicily, Italy
Size 7.0 cm × 5.0 cm × 2.7 cm
General and classification
chemical formula MnS 2
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Sulfides and sulfosalts
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		2.EB.05a ( 8th edition : II / C.05)
02.12.01.09
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system cubic
Crystal class ; symbol cubic-disdodecahedral; 2 / m  3
Space group Pa 3 (No. 205)Template: room group / 205
Lattice parameters a  = 6.10  Å
Formula units Z  = 4
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 4th
Density (g / cm 3 ) measured: 3.436; calculated: 3.444
Cleavage completely after {001}
Break ; Tenacity uneven to slightly scalloped; brittle
colour reddish brown to brownish black; red inner reflections
Line color brownish red
transparency opaque to slightly translucent
shine Metallic to diamond gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive index n  = 2.69
Birefringence none, as it is optically isotropic

Hauerite is a seldom occurring mineral from the mineral class of " sulfides and sulfosalts " with the chemical composition MnS 2 and thus, chemically speaking, manganese disulfide .

Hauerite crystallizes in the cubic crystal system and develops mainly isometric, octahedral crystals and other cubic combinations, but also occurs in the form of spherical mineral aggregates . The mineral is opaque, but weakly translucent in thin layers. When fresh, the surfaces of the reddish-brown to brownish-black crystals initially have a metallic to diamond-like, dazzle- like sheen , but gradually tarnish due to weathering and become matt.

Etymology and history

At the meeting of the Friends of Natural Sciences in November 1846, Franz Ritter von Hauer , representing the sick Wilhelm Ritter von Haidinger, reported on the discovery of a new type of mineral for which Haidinger had proposed the name Hauerite. The mineral samples required for a complete analysis were made available by the imperial-royal court concipist Berghofer and came from a sulfur mine near Kalinka, a district of Vígľašská Huta-Kalinka in central Slovakia .

Haidinger chose the name Hauerit on the one hand in recognition of the services of the Austrian geologist and paleontologist Joseph Ritter von Hauer and on the other hand in honor of his son Franz for his help in identifying the new mineral.

The type material of the mineral, a total of six samples, is in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna under the collection no. Ak894, Ab6859 and Ax421 retained.

classification

Already in the outdated 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the hauerite belonged to the mineral class of "sulfides and sulfosalts" and there to the department of "sulfides with M: S <1: 1", where it belongs together with Aurostibit , Cattierit , Geversit , Laurit , Michenerite , penroseit , pyrite , sperrylite , trogtalite , vaesite and villamanínite the "pyrite series" with the system no. II / C.05 formed.

In the Lapis mineral directory according to Stefan Weiß, which, out of consideration for private collectors and institutional collections, is still based on this old form of Karl Hugo Strunz's system , the mineral was given the system and mineral number. II / D.17-60 . In the "Lapis system" this also corresponds to the section "Sulphides with metal: S, Se, Te <1: 1", where Hauerite together with Aurostibit, Cattierit, Changchengit , Dzharkenit , Erlichmanit , Fukuchilit , Geversit, Insizwait , Kruťait , Laurit, Maslovit , Mayingit , Michenerit, Padmait , Penroseite, pyrite, Sperrylith, Trogtalit, Testibiopalladit , Vaesit and Villamanínit the "pyrite group" formed (as 2018).

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, which has been in force since 2001 and updated by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) until 2009, classifies hauerite in the more general section of “metal sulfides with M: S ≤ 1: 2”. However, this is further subdivided according to the exact molar ratio and the predominant metals in the compound, so that the mineral can be found in the sub-section "M: S = 1: 2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE etc." according to its composition where it together with Aurostibit, cattierite, Dzharkenit, Erlichmanit, Fukuchilit, Gaotaiit , Geversit, Insizwait, Iridisit , Krutaite, Laurit, Penroseite, pyrite, Sperrylith, Trogtalit, Vaesit and Villamanínit the "pyrite group" with the system no. 2.EB.05a forms.

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns hauerite to the class of "sulphides and sulphosalts" and there in the category of "sulphide minerals". Here it is also in the "pyrite group (isometric: Pa 3 )" with the system no. 02.12.01 to be found within the subsection “ Sulphides - including selenides and tellurides - with the composition A m B n X p , with (m + n): p = 1: 2 ”. Template: room group / 205

Chemism

The idealized (theoretical) composition of hauerite (MnS 2 ) consists of 46.14% manganese (Mn) and 53.86% sulfur (S). In mineral samples from the Destricella sulfur mine near Raddusa in the Italian region of Sicily , however, traces of iron and silicon dioxide could also be detected.

Crystal structure

Hauerite crystallizes cubically in the pyrite structure in the space group Pa 3 (space group no. 205) with the lattice parameter a  = 6.10  Å and four formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 205

properties

morphology

The predominant crystal form in hauerite is the octahedron {111}. But there are other cubic combinations such as the cuboctahedron or the truncated octahedron . In addition, spherical and columnar aggregate forms are also known.

  • Sharp edged hauerite octahedron (top view)

  • Hauerite truncated octahedron

physical and chemical properties

With a Mohs hardness of 4, hauerite is one of the medium-hard minerals and, like the equally hard reference mineral fluorite, can be easily scratched with a pocket knife . What is noticeable about hauerite is its easy cleavage after the cube {100}. It reacts brittle to mechanical stress and breaks with irregular to slightly scalloped fracture surfaces.

When heated in a glass tube in front of the soldering tube , a lot of sulfur evaporates and leaves a green residue that is soluble in acids and forms hydrogen sulfide . Heating together with soda on a platinum sheet creates a manganese reaction.

Optical properties

Hauerit is generally opaque ( opaque ) and dark reddish brown to brownish black color. The streak color of the mineral is of a similar brownish-red color. In the thinnest split leaves, hauerite is brownish-red translucent, which is a very unusual property within the pyrite series. Polished surfaces appear gray-white with a very light brown tint with red internal reflections.

Education and Locations

Hauerit formed by sedimentation in sulfur-rich clay mineral - deposits and is found mostly in paragenesis with calcite , gypsum , realgar and native sulfur .

As a rare mineral formation, Hauerite could only be detected in a few places worldwide, with around 30 sites being documented so far (as of 2020). Its type locality Kalinka, in which crystals and aggregates up to 2.5 cm in size were discovered, is the only known site in Slovakia to date , as another find in Banská Štiavnica (German Schemnitz ) turned out to be false.

The above-mentioned Destricella sulfur mine near Raddusa in Italy, where well-developed crystals with a diameter of up to 5 cm emerged, is known for its extraordinary hauerite finds . After all, up to 1.5 large crystals were found in various pits near Tarnobrzeg in Poland.

The only known location in Germany is the former Absetzerhalde of the open pit Lichtenberg of uranium - deposit at Ronneburg in Thuringia.

Other locations include the Bulgarian Dobrich Oblast , the Chinese province of Hunan , the Aomori prefecture on Honshū in Japan, as well as in some regions of the US states Louisiana and Texas .

See also

literature

  • W. Haidinger: Hauerit . In: Reports on the communications from friends of the natural sciences in Vienna . tape 7 November 1846, p. 2–3 ( rruff.info [PDF; 461 kB ; accessed on March 28, 2020]).
  • T. Chattopadhyay, HG von Schnering, RFD Stansfield, GJ McIntyre: X-ray and neutron diffraction study of the crystal structure of MnS 2 . In: Journal of Crystallography . tape 199 , 1992, pp. 13-24 (English).
  • Helmut Schrätze , Karl-Ludwig Weiner : Mineralogy. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp. 252 .

Web links

Commons : Hauerite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  103 (English).
  2. ↑ Malcolm Back, William D. Birch, Michel Blondieau and others: The New IMA List of Minerals - A Work in Progress - Updated: March 2020. (PDF; 1729 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, Marco Pasero, March 2020, accessed March 26, 2020 .
  3. ↑ a b David Barthelmy: Hauerite Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Retrieved March 28, 2020 (English).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hauerite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 (English, handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 62  kB ; accessed on March 27, 2020]).
  5. ↑ a b Hauerite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed March 28, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Hans Jürgen Rösler : Textbook of Mineralogy . 4th revised and expanded edition. German publishing house for basic industry (VEB), Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-342-00288-3 , p.  320 .
  7. ↑ a b c d W. Haidinger: Hauerit . In: Reports on the communications from friends of the natural sciences in Vienna . tape 7 November 1846, p. 2–3 ( rruff.info [PDF; 461 kB ; accessed on March 28, 2020]).
  8. ↑ Catalog of Type Mineral Specimens - H. (PDF 81 kB) In: docs.wixstatic.com. Commission on Museums (IMA), December 12, 2018, accessed March 28, 2020 .
  9. ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties. Status 03/2018 . 7th, completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-921656-83-9 .
  10. ↑ Ernest H. Nickel, Monte C. Nichols: IMA / CNMNC List of Minerals 2009. (PDF; 1816 kB) In: cnmnc.main.jp. IMA / CNMNC, January 2009, accessed March 26, 2020 .
  11. ↑ a b c Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmanns textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp.  459 (first edition: 1891).
  12. ↑ Picture of an almost perfectly formed Hauerite cuboctahedron. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed March 28, 2020 .
  13. ↑ Localities for Hauerite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed March 28, 2020 .
  14. ↑ a b Petr Korbel, Milan Novák: Mineral Encyclopedia (=  Dörfler Natur ). Edition Dörfler im Nebel-Verlag, Eggolsheim 2002, ISBN 978-3-89555-076-8 , p. 43 .
  15. ↑ Find location list for Hauerite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat , accessed on March 27, 2020.