Rhenit

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Rhenit
Rheniite-34295.jpg
Rheniit from the volcano Kudrjawy , Russia (size 8.9 cm × 7.8 cm × 7.7 cm)
General and classification
other names
chemical formula ReS 2
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Sulfides and sulfosalts
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		2.EB.35 ( 8th edition : II / D.25)
02.12.18.01
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system triclinic
Crystal class ; symbol triclinic pinacoidal; 1
Space group P 1 (No. 2)Template: room group / 2
Lattice parameters a  = 6.470 (5)  Å ; b  = 6.368 (5) Å; c  = 6.401 (7) Å
α  = 105.0 (1) °; β  = 91.59 (9) °; γ  = 118.90 (6) °
Formula units Z  = 4
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 1 to 1.5
Density (g / cm 3 ) calculated: 7.598
Cleavage perfectly
Break ; Tenacity uneven
colour silvery white to gray
Line color black
transparency opaque, translucent in thin layers
shine Metallic luster
radioactivity weakly radioactive

Rheniite is a very rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of "sulfides and sulfosalts" with the chemical composition ReS 2 and is therefore chemically rhenium disulfide or more precisely rhenium (IV) sulfide . By substitution , rhenite can contain a certain proportion of molybdenum instead of rhenium (up to 6 % by weight ).

Rheniite crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system , but only rarely develops millimeter-sized, platelet to flake-shaped crystals of silver-white to gray color and black streak color , which shine through in thin layers in reddish color. The majority of rheniite finds consist of granular to massive aggregates .

Etymology and history

Rheniite is the only known rhenium mineral to date. It was first discovered in 1992 on the fumaroles of the Kudrjawy volcano on the Kuril island of Iturup in Russia and described by MA Korzhinsky, SI Tkachenko, KI Shmulovich, YA Taran and GS Steinberg, who named the mineral after its main component, the element rhenium.

Since 2004, Rheniit has been recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) as an independent mineral (IMA1999-004a).

classification

Already in the outdated, but partly still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the rheniite belonged to the mineral class of "sulfides and sulfosalts" and there to the department of "sulfides with a molar ratio of metal: sulfur, selenium, tellurium <1: 1", where it together with castaingite (discredited 1967), drysdallite , jordisite , molybdenite and tungstenite formed the unnamed group II / D.25 .

In contrast , the 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, which has been in force since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), classifies rheniite in the category of “metal sulfides with M: S ≤ 1: 2”. This is further subdivided according to the exact molar ratio and the metals predominantly found in the compound, so that the mineral can be found in the sub-section "M: S = 1: 2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE etc." according to its composition is where it forms the unnamed group 2.EB.35 as the only member .

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the rhenit to the class of "sulfides and sulfosalts" and there in the department of "sulfide minerals". Here he is to be found as the only member in the unnamed group 02.12.18 within the subsection “Sulphides - including selenides and tellurides - with the composition A m B n X p , with (m + n): p = 1: 2”.

Crystal structure

Rheniite crystallizes triclinically in the space group P 1 (space group no. 2) with the lattice parameters a  = 6.470 (5)  Å ; b  = 6.368 (5) Å; c  = 6.401 (7) Å; α = 105.0 (1) °; β = 91.59 (9) ° and γ = 118.90 (6) ° as well as four formula units per unit cell . Template: room group / 2

properties

Since the rhenium isotope 187 Re contained in the compound is weakly radioactive, some rhenium is also weakly radioactive with a specific activity of about 758.7  Bq / g (for comparison: natural potassium 31.2 Bq / g).

Education and Locations

Rheniite forms at temperatures of 500 to 570 ° C in acidic volcanic gases on fumaroles or as a precipitate from the gas phase at temperatures below 400 ° C in porphyric copper and molybdenum deposits .

Rheniite is one of the very rare mineral formations that has so far only been known in a few samples from less than 10 sites (as of 2017). Its type locality Kudrjawy on Iturup is the only known site in Russia to date.

Other previously known localities are the ancient pit Gaiswand on Haidbachgraben in Felben in the town of Mittersill ( Felber ) in the Austrian province of Salzburg , the Ni-Cu- PGE -Tagebau Phoenix at Francistown in Botswana, the Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit- O ' Toole near Fortaleza de Minas in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais , the prospecting Pagoni Rachi near Alexandroupoli (Evros regional district) and the Konos Hills deposit in the Kassiteres - Sapes area ( Xanthi regional district ) in Greece, the Garson nickel mine near the town of the same name in the Sudbury District in the Canadian province of Ontario and the Showa-Shinzan volcano on the Japanese island of Hokkaidō, which is part of the Usu volcanic complex .

literature

  • MA Korzhinsky, SI Tkachenko, KI Shmulovich, YA Taran and GS Steinberg: Discovery of a pure rhenium mineral at Kudriavy volcano . In: Nature . tape 369 , May 5, 1994, pp. 51-52 , doi : 10.1038 / 369051a0 .
  • SP Kelty, AF Ruppert, RR Chianelli, J. Ren, M.-H. Whangbo: Scanning Probe Microscopy Study of Layered Dichalcogenide ReS 2 . In: Journal of the American Chemical Society . tape 116 , no. 17 , August 1994, p. 7857-7863 , doi : 10.1021 / ja00096a048 .
  • Vladimir S. Znamenskii, Anton I. Ykushev: From the Kudriavy volcano, Kuril Islands: The first rhenium mineral . In: Lapis mineral magazine . Volume 25, volume 1 . Weise, 2000, ISSN  0176-1285 , p. 21-24 .
  • VS Znamensky, MA Korzhinsky, GS Steinberg, SI Tkachenko, AI Yakushev, IP Laputina, IA Bryzgalov, ND Samotoin, LO Magazina, OV Kuzmina, NI Organova, VA Rassulov, IV Chaplygin: Rheniite, ReS 2 , the natural rhenium disulfide from fumaroles of Kudryavy volcano, lturup Isl., Kurily Islands . In: Zapiski Rossiiskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchetstva . tape 134 , no. 5 , 2005, p. 32–40 ( rruff.info [PDF; 557 kB ; accessed on December 26, 2017] Russian with a brief description in English).
  • IV Pekov: New minerals approved by the IMA Commission on new Minerals and Mineral Names. New minerals from former Soviet Union countries, 1998-2006 . In: Mineralogical Almanac . tape 11 , 2007, p. 9–51 ( rruff.info [PDF; 3.9 MB ; accessed on December 26, 2017] p. 35 of the PDF file).

Web links

Commons : Rheniite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Webmineral - Rheniite (English)
  2. ↑ a b c d VS Znamensky, MA Korzhinsky, GS Steinberg, SI Tkachenko, AI Yakushev, IP Laputina, IA Bryzgalov, ND Samotoin, LO Magazina, OV Kuzmina, NI Organova, VA Rassulov, IV Chaplygin: Rheniite, ReS 2 , the natural rhenium disulfide from fumaroles of Kudryavy volcano, lturup Isl., Kurily Islands . In: Zapiski Rossiiskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchetstva . tape 134 , no. 5 , 2005, p. 32–40 ( rruff.info [PDF; 557 kB ; accessed on December 26, 2017] Russian with a brief description in English).
  3. ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties . 6th completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-921656-80-8 .
  4. ↑ a b PC Voudouris, V. Melfos, PG Spry, L. Bindi, T. Kartal, K. Arikas, R. Moritz and M. Ortelli: Rhenium-rich molybdenite and rheniite in the Pagoni Rachi Mo – Cu – Te – Ag –Au prospect, northern Greece: implications for the Re geochemistry pf porphyry-style Cu – Mo and Mo mineralization . In: Canadian Mineralogist . tape 47 , October 2009, p. 1013-1036 , doi : 10.3749 / canmin.47.5.1013 .
  5. ^ MA Korzhinsky, SI Tkachenko, KI Shmulovich, YA Taran and GS Steinberg: Discovery of a pure rhenium mineral at Kudriavy volcano . In: Nature . tape 369 , May 5, 1994, pp. 51-52 , doi : 10.1038 / 369051a0 .
  6. ^ Ernst AJ Burke, Giovanni Ferraris: New Minerals and Nomenclature Modifications approved in 2004 by the Commission on new Minerals and Mineral Names, International Mineralogical Association . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 43 , no. 2 , 2005, p. 829–835 , doi : 10.2113 / gscanmin.43.2.829 ( main.jp [PDF; 145 kB ; accessed on December 26, 2017]).
  7. ↑ Find location list for rheniite at the Mineralienatlas and at Mindat