Epistilbit

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Epistilbit
Epistilbite-52571.jpg
Almost perfect spherical aggregate of translucent epistyle bit in a cavity in the basalt. Jalgaon District , Maharashtra , India . (Size: 4.9mm × 4.6 × 4.5mm).
General and classification
other names
  • Macrotyper monophane
  • Oryzite
  • Parastilbit
  • Reissit
chemical formula
  • Ca 3 [Si 18 Al 6 O 48 ] • 16H 2 O
  • (Ca, Na 2 ) 4 [Al 6 Si 18 O 48 ] • 16H 2 O
  • CaAl 2 Si 6 O 16 • 5H 2 O
Mineral class
(and possibly department) 		Silicates and germanates (tectosilicates with zeolite water)
System no. to Strunz
and to Dana 		9.GD.45 ( 8th edition : VIII / J.23)
77.01.06.02
Similar minerals Goosecreekite , Stilbit , Adularia , Yugawaralith , Heulandite
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system triclinic
Crystal class ; symbol triklin-pedial; 1
Space group P 1 (No. 1)Template: room group / 1
Lattice parameters a  = 9.083  Å ; b  = 17.738 Å; c  = 10.209 Å,
α  = 89.95 °; β  = 124.58 °; γ  = 90.00 °
Formula units Z  = 1
Frequent crystal faces {110}; {001}; { 1 01}, {010}, { 1 12}
Twinning almost always after {100} and then pseudorhombic; Twinning according to {110}, on the other hand, leads to cross-shaped interpenetration twins
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness 4.5; 4 ("or something above")
Density (g / cm 3 ) measured: 2.25; 2.22 to 2.28; 2.22 to 2.68 calculated:
Cleavage fairly perfect according to (010)
Break ; Tenacity uneven; brittle
colour White; colorless to white, also yellowish or bluish; pale pink; pink; red; Colorless in transmitted light
Line color White
transparency translucent to translucent
shine Glass gloss, on (010) strong pearlescent gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive indices n α  = 1.485 to 1.505
n β  = 1.497 to 1.515
n γ  = 1.497 to 1.519
Birefringence δ = 0.012 to 0.014
Optical character biaxial negative
Axis angle 2V = 44 ° to 46 ° (measured)
Other properties
Chemical behavior by conc. HCl slowly soluble with separation of powdered silica, but not completely decomposable
Special features piezoelectric and pyroelectric

Epistilbit is a relatively common mineral from the mineral class of " silicates and germanates ". Structurally it belongs to the group of zeolites within the framework silicates . Epistilbit crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with the idealized chemical composition of Ca 3 [Si 18 Al 6 O 48 ] · 16H 2 O and is therefore chemically seen a hydrous calcium - aluminosilicate .

Epistilbit forms prismatic-columnar crystals , often stretched along the c-axis [001], with a rhombic cross-section up to a maximum of 3 cm in size, on which the prism {110} is always decisive . Almost all Epistilbit crystals are twinned according to (100) and thus have a pseudorhombic appearance. Repeated twinning according to (110) and (100) leads to cyclic or "V-shaped" twins. The head surfaces of the crystals are often matt, rough or “frosted”. Epistilbit is also found in the form of radial, lamellar and, more rarely, granular aggregates .

The type locality of the Epistilbits is the area Breiðdalur - Berufjörður in the municipality Djúpavogshreppur , Austurland , Iceland , and here probably the mountain " Teigarhorn " on the Berufjord ( coordinates of the Teigarhorn on the Berufjord ).

Etymology and history

Gustav Rose discovered a new zeolite mineral in material from Iceland and described it in 1826 as "Epistilbit"

The mineral known today as Epistilbit was first described in 1826 by Gustav Rose in the German science magazine Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie as a new mineral belonging to the zeolite family from "Iceland and the Faroe Islands", where it occurs in the "caves of an almond stone" should.

“I had already seen this genus several years ago in the Royal Mineral Collection in Berlin, and determined its shape. Professor Weiss had previously placed some pieces with twin crystals, which were not very clear, and considered them to be a new variety of leaf zeolite ... I later found the Epistilbit again in 1824 in Paris in the king's private collection, where Count von Bournon had already labeled it as something new. "

- Gustav Rose : About the epistyllite, a new mineral genus belonging to the zeolite family

However, no modern epistilbite finds are known from the Faroe Islands , so that probably all the specimens investigated by Rose represented material from Iceland. The likely first place of discovery is the bank of Berufjörður ("Berufjord") at the foot of Búlandstindur near the Djúpivogur observatory .

Rose named the mineral in view of the similarity of the mineral with the crystals of stilbit ( ancient Greek ἐπί epi , German 'near' ). Stilbit was named in 1797 by Jean-Claude Delamétherie because of its mother-of-pearl or glass luster from ancient Greek στίλβη stílbe , German 'shine, shimmer' . The name Epistilbit has puzzled mineralogists and mineral collectors since its inception. Epistilbit is its own mineral species and has nothing to do with stilbit , desmin (= stilbit) or epidesmin (= stellerite ) in any way .

However, as early as 1823 Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt recognized a mineral, which is now also known as epistilbite, as a “new species of the zeolite order” and as monophane (from ancient Greek μονοφανής monophanés , German “appearing alone, only visible” , with regard to the shimmer on the gap), which is why this name would actually be a priority. The mineral was in the collection of Abraham Gottlob Werner as Adular misidentified and was later joined by Breithaupt with the Epistilbit of Rose for "Gender Monophan zeolite".

As Parastilbit had Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen called crystals, which together with chabazite , Heulandit , desmin and calcite occurred at Thyrill on Hvalfiorderstrand in Borgarfjord and supposedly distinguished from Epistilbit by greater hardness, density and other angles between the facets. When Conrad Friedrich August Tenne examined the original material in 1881, however, it turned out that Parastilbit and Epistilbit were completely identical.

In 1866 Karl Wilhelm Georg Freiherr von Fritsch found ray-shaped clusters of short-column, up to 3 mm long crystals on the Greek island of Santorin, which he named in honor of his travel companion W. Reiss Reissit . Both Karl von Fritsch and Friedrich Hessenberg compared the mineral to Epistilbit, Parastilbit and Monophane - and believed both minerals to be different species because of the different angles between the surfaces. According to Otto Luedecke and Carl Adolf Ferdinand Hintze , however, Epistilbit and Reissit are identical.

As Oryzit (after ancient Greek ὄρυζα Oryza , German , rice because the rice grain shape of the crystals' or Orizit ) was in 1879 by Giuseppe Grattarola a mineral from the granite of the aisle "Masso Foresiana" or "Fonte del Prete" in Elba , Italy, designated. According to Andreas Arzruni and Paul Heinrich von Groth, it is probably identical with Heulandit , but according to Stefano Merlino it is identical with Epistilbit.

The presumed type material for Epistilbit (probably the holotype) is kept in the collection of the Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Research , Berlin , Germany (catalog number 1999-0100). The 4 × 3 × 2 cm step has a label written by C. S. Weiss with a detailed description of the step. According to Rose's original description, other Epistilbit type specimens are located at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris , France .

classification

In the outdated, but partly still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the epistyle bit belonged to the mineral class of "silicates and germanates" and there to the department of "tectosilicates (tectosilicates), with zeolites", where together with Barrerit , Brewsterit-Ba , Brewsterite-Sr , goosecreekite , heulandite-Ba , heulandite-Ca , heulandite-K , heulandite-Na , heulandite-Sr , clinoptilolite-Ca , clinoptilolite-K , clinoptilolite-Na , stellerite , stilbite-Ca and stilbite-Na the subgroup the "leaf zeolite I" with the system no. VIII / J.23 within the zeolite group .

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics, which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also assigns the epistilbite to the division of “tectosilicates with zeolitic H 2 O; Family of zeolites ”. This is, however, further subdivided according to the framework structure, so that the mineral, according to its structure, can be found in the sub-section “Chains of five rings”, where it is the only member of the unnamed group 9.GD.45 .

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the epistyle bit to the class of "silicates and Germanates" and there in the department of "framework silicates: zeolite group". Here he is with mordenite , Maricopait , Dachiardit-Ca , Dachiardit-Na , ferrierite Mg , ferrierite K , ferrierite-Na , boggsite , Gottardiit , Terranovait , Mutinait and Direnzoit in the group " mordenite and related species " with the system -No. 77.01.06 to be found in the sub-section of "Real Zeolites".

Chemism

Wet chemical analyzes on an epistyle bit from Fossárfell at Berufjörður yielded 57.79% SiO 2 ; 17.62% Al 2 O 3 ; 0.02% Fe 2 O 3 ; 0.02% MgO; 8.21% CaO; 0.06% K 2 O; 12.21% H 2 O (+) and 3.10% H 2 O (-) (total 100.42%). The empirical formula (Ca 2.69 Na 0.82 K 0.02 ) Σ = 3.53 Al 6.35 Si 17.67 O 48 15.61H 2 O is calculated on the basis of 48 oxygen atoms , which can be idealized to Ca 3 [Al 6 Si 18 O 48 ] · 16H 2 O.

When analyzing Epistilbit at various other sites, SrO and MgO were never found and BaO was only rarely and in small amounts (e.g. at Finkenhübel near Glatz ( Kłodzko ), Lower Silesian Voivodeship , Poland , and Berufjörður at the foot of the mountain Búlandstindur, Iceland) . The empirical formulas listed below are known from the chemical analyzes of Epistilbit at the following sites:

Epistylbite has very little variation in exchangeable cations. It is always calcium dominant and contains moderate amounts of sodium. Potassium is rare, magnesium, barium and strontium are almost never available. According to Ermanno Galli and Romano Rinaldi, the chemical composition fluctuates around the “average formula” Ca 2.5 Na 0.8 K 0.2 (Al 6 Si 18 O 48 ) · 16H 2 O, with the ratio Ca / (Na + K ) varies between 9 and 2 and the Na / (Na + Ca) ratio between 0.1 and 0.3.

The combination of elements Ca-Al-Si-H-O point among the currently known minerals besides Epistilbit total of 29 species on, including located with clinoptilolite-Ca, Cowlesit , epistilbite, erionite Ca , gismondine-Ca , gmelinite Ca, Goosecreekit, Laumontite , Lévyn-Ca , Parthéite , Skolezite , Stellerite, Wairakite and Yugawaralite altogether 14 zeolite minerals. From a chemical point of view, Epistilbite is a dimorph of goosecreekite - both minerals therefore have the same chemical formula CaAl 2 Si 6 O 16 · 5H 2 O, but have different crystal structures. However, the IMA gives two different formulas for the two minerals - they cannot be dimorphic.

Crystal structure

Crystal structure of Epistilbit looking parallel to the c * axis. The blue outline shows the unit cell. Color legend:    __ Ca __ Na __ K __ Al __ Si __ O

Epistilbit crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system in the space group P 1 (space group no. 1) with the lattice parameters a = 9.083  Å , b = 17.738 Å; c = 10.209 Å; α = 89.95 °; β = 124.58 ° and γ = 90.00 ° as well as one formula unit per unit cell . Template: room group / 1

Older structure refinements for Epistilbit were carried out in the monoclinic space group C 2 / m (space group no. 12) . Slaughter and Kane and Alberti and colleagues analyzed low-symmetry ( C 2) domains (A and B) in the structure of the epistyle bit and recognized that these are formed in order to avoid energetically unfavorable tetrahedron - octahedral - tetrahedron angles of 180 °. In contrast to dachiardite, these domains do not occur in a 1: 1 ratio. Template: room group / 12

Ping Yang and Thomas Armbruster showed that the domains mentioned can be explained by a twin-like (010) mirror plane. They also found out that Epistilbit vom Gibelbach near Fiesch crystallizes triclinic ( space group P 1 (space group no. 1) ) as a result of a (Si, Al) order and the distribution of the extraframework cations . Mizuhiko Akizuki and Hirotsugu Nishido had already proposed a triclinic symmetry for the epistyle bit on the basis of optical studies. The reduction in symmetry can be explained by the partial Si-Al order and the distribution of calcium in the channels of the loose structure. Template: room group / 1

In the older structural descriptions it is stated that the aluminosilicate framework of the epistyle bit contains chains of four-membered rings, which are linked to form layers parallel (010). The cation positions, which coordinate three oxygen atoms of the four rings and six water molecules, lie on the mirror plane. According to Thomas Armbruster and Mickey Gunter, the crystal structure of the epistyle bit shows the same orientation of the tetrahedra in the layers of six-membered rings as dachiardite - the tips of the SiO 4 tetrahedra point upwards or downwards analogously to this mineral. The layers parallel (010), which cause the very perfect cleavage of the epistyle bit according to (010), are also connected parallel to the b-axis [010] by rings of four, whereby the channels of rings of ten are blocked. Open channels are delimited by figure-of-eight rings arranged in parallel [001]. In the triclinic epistyle, four Ca positions are arranged in a cage that is delimited by the tetrahedron rings of ten. Two of these positions are connected to the other two positions by a pseudo- axis of rotation (two-digit digyre). Because of the short Ca-Ca distances, only two positions can be occupied at the same time. Ca has a tetragonal-antiprismatic coordination with five H 2 O molecules and three framework-forming oxygen atoms. There is a strong correlation between the Al distribution in the neighboring tetrahedra and the occupation of the four possible Ca positions.

Epistilbite is structurally related to mordenite, the representatives of the dachiardite and ferrierite groups, and bikitaite .

properties

morphology

The morphological information relates to the old monoclinic list!

Epistilbit forms prismatic-columnar crystals with a rhombus-shaped cross-section , often stretched along the c-axis [001] , on which the prism {110} always dominates and thus determines costume (see also the crystal drawings on the left). In addition, there are the narrow pinacoid {010} and the basic pinacoid {001} or the pinacoid {10 1 } as termination and - in the case of twins - a second {001} or {10 1 } on the other side of the twin plane (100). Common crystal forms include {110}; {001}; { 1 01}, {010}, { 1 12}, {011} and { 1 11} are specified as rare . The matt or rough shape { 1 02} is found very rarely on Epistilbite crystals .

Almost all Epistilbit crystals are twinned according to (100) and thus have a pseudorhombic appearance. Estilbit is more rarely twinned after {110} and thus forms thin, flat twin crystals reminiscent of Yugawaralith. Repeated twinning according to (110) and (100) leads to cyclic or "V-shaped" twins. The head surfaces are often matt or "frosted". The crystals of the epistyle bit are relatively small with lengths of 3 to 10 mm for a zeolite mineral, but in exceptional cases they can reach sizes up to a maximum of 3 cm.

Epistilbit is also found in the form of radial, lamellar and, more rarely, granular aggregates .

  • Idiomorphic crystals with chisel-shaped end faces

  • Aggregate of countless parallel intergrown crystals

  • Rosette-shaped aggregates of leafy crystals

  • Radial aggregate

  • Spherical aggregate

physical and chemical properties

Idiomorphic, salmon-pink aggregate of epistilbite with colorless white heulandite-Ca on quartz . Jalgaon District , Maharashtra , India . Size: 8.5mm × 7.2 × 4.2mm.

The crystals of the epistyle bit are mostly white; but also colorless to white, yellowish or bluish; pale pink or rose red to red. Their line color , however, is always white. The surfaces of the translucent to transparent crystals show a characteristic glass-like sheen and, on (010), a strong pearlescent sheen . According to this glass gloss, Epistilbit has a medium-high refraction ( n α  = 1.485 to 1.505; n β  = 1.497 to 1.515; n γ  = 1.497 to 1.519) and a medium-high birefringence (δ = 0.012 to 0.014). In transmitted light, the biaxially negative epistyle bit is colorless and shows no pleochroism.

Epistilbit has a "fairly perfect" cleavage according to (010). Due to its brittleness , however , the mineral breaks like amblygonite , with the fracture surfaces being uneven. Epistilbit has a Mohs hardness of 4.5 and is one of the medium-hard minerals. Its hardness lies between that of the reference mineral fluorite (hardness 4) and apatite (hardness 5) - so it can be scratched more or less easily with a pocket knife. The measured density for Epistilbit is 2.22 to 2.68 g / cm³, depending on the author, the calculated density is 2.266 g / cm³. Epistilbit shows no fluorescence in long-wave UV light . In short-wave UV light (254 nm) it can have a very weak white fluorescence.

The mineral is slowly soluble through concentrated hydrochloric acid , HCl, with the separation of powdery silica , but it cannot be completely decomposed. In front of the soldering tube , it can be melted into blistered enamel without rounding into a pearl. Water escapes in the flask. Annealed Epistyle Bit is no longer attacked. Epistilbit must normally only in the bleach soaked "Biz bleach" or a soap solution and then with water under pressure or ultrasonic treatment to remove residual clay or rock particles to be removed. Since the mineral is only slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid, it can be soaked in HCl for a short time (2 to 5 minutes ) to remove troublesome calcite . However, since this could also remove other accompanying minerals, warm acetic acid is more suitable for removing calcite. Oxalic acid can be used to remove disruptive iron oxide deposits ( limonite ) and ascorbic acid to remove disruptive manganese oxides.

Epistilbit is piezoelectric - regardless of its centrosymmetric structure. It should also have pyroelectric properties.

Identification and differences from similar minerals

  • Epistilbit is sometimes confused with stilbit ( Epidesmin ), heulandite , goosecreekite, yugawaralith and the orthoclase variety adular . The confusion with stilbit is mostly not based on morphological similarities, but only because of the similar names. Nevertheless, confusion of Stilbit with Epistilbit z. Known for example from the "Yellow Birch" mine near Schwarzenberg and from Antrim County in Northern Ireland. Both minerals are in no way related to each other. While stilbit (or the representatives of the stilbit group) always has a square cross-section and is terminated by four diamond-shaped surfaces or four triangular surfaces with the pinacoid {100}, epistilbit has a diamond-shaped cross-section and only two diamond-shaped surfaces in the area of ​​the termination. Stilbite crystals are flat along the b-axis [010] - in the same direction as its cleavage - whereas epistilbite crystals are flattened along the a-axis [100] and have a cleavage according to {010}. Stilbit also has a stronger pearlescent luster on cleavage surfaces. The X-ray diffraction pattern of Stilbit differs significantly from that of Epistilbit.
  • Heulandite (or the representatives of the Heulandite group) is confused with Epistilbit only because of the close association of the two minerals, the similar mineral association and the same fissibility. Heulandite is generally flat along the b-axis, parallel to its cleavage, while epistyle is flat along the a-axis and has cleavage as per {010}. The diffractograms of the two minerals show clear differences.
  • Goosecreekit has a similar morphology and cleavage properties as Epistilbit, but the surfaces of the Goosecreekit, in contrast to those of the Epistilbit, are mostly characteristically curved, bent or parquetted. Goosecreekite crystals are generally isometric or stretched along the b-axis, while Epistilbite crystals are generally stretched along the c-axis. Here, too, the diffractograms of the two minerals show characteristic differences.
  • Flat slat-shaped Epistilbit twins morphologically resemble Yugawaralith. A careful examination should allow a distinction between the two minerals, but an X-ray diffractometric analysis helps with positive identification.
  • The orthoclase variety Adular has a very similar morphology as well as comparable optical and chemical properties as Epistilbit. However, Adular has a cleavage according to {001}, while Epistilbit has a cleavage according to {010}. Adularia is rare in volcanic rocks , but is common in mirolithic cavities and on fissures in granitic rocks and gneisses , where epistyllite can also occur. In addition, Adular is significantly harder than Epistilbit. Here, too, an X-ray diffractometric analysis should be used for positive identification.

Confusion of Adular crystals with Epistilbit is known e.g. B. from the "Waterworks Valley" near St Lawrence on the Channel Island of Jersey and from alpine fissures.

Education and Locations

Educational conditions

The zeolite mineral epistilbite is found almost exclusively in cavities in volcanic rocks such as silicon-rich tholeiitic basalts and dense olivine basalts as well as on alpine fissures in gneisses. It may therefore be a question of hydrothermal formations. Often times, epistilbite is a formation at the beginning of a zeolite crystallization sequence when both silicon content and pH are high. Epistilbite is also found in geothermal wells in basalts on Iceland at temperatures between 80 ° C and 160 ° C - this temperature range is similar to that of heulandite , stilbite and mordenite. Exotic occurrences are an aplite pegmatite on the island of Elba and a dolerite on Mount Adamson , Victoria Land in Antarctica . Epistilbites formed in sedimentary form are unknown.

Typical accompanying minerals of the epistyle bit are other silicon-rich zeolites such as heulandite , stilbite and mordenite as well as quartz. As another paragenesis minerals of Epistilbits be Dachiardit , Skolezit, Lévyn , Laumontit , chabazite , Gyrolith , Pumpellyite , pyrite and sphalerite and calcite, chabazite Ca and other representatives of chabazite series, amethyst and chalcedony , Fluorapophyllit- (K) and Okenit called.

The epistilbite has been described as a relatively frequent mineral formation so far (as of 2019) from around 150 sites. The type locality of the Epistilbit is in the area between the valley Breiðdalur and the fjord Berufjörður in the municipality Djúpavogshreppur , Austurland , Iceland . It is the Teigarhorn mountain, which is one of the most famous zeolite discovery sites in Iceland and has been a protected natural monument since 1976. Epistilbit is found here along with other zeolite minerals in tholeiitic cliffs near the Teigarhorn farm.

Locations

In view of the very large number of sites where Epistilbit was found, only a few localities that mainly produce beautiful crystals can be mentioned here. The most beautiful Epistilbit specimens come from sites on Iceland, India and Washington State, USA. It should be noted that the occurrence of Epistilbit is uncertain at many localities, since flat terminated Stilbit has very often been wrongly called Epistilbit.

Europe

Colorless, translucent, free-standing Epistilbit crystals up to 1.5 cm in size. Fossárfell, Berufjördur, Suður-Múlasýsla, Iceland. Size: 4.4mm × 1.4 × 1.4mm.

Asia

  • In India , "Epistilbit ... is rather rare among the famous 'Poona zeolites'".
    • Colorless to reddish crystals up to 2 cm in length come from cavities lined with quartz in greenish pillow basalts in the "Bombay Quarry" near Khandivali north of Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Mumbai City , Maharashtra . The epistilbite is accompanied by chabazite , babingtonite , prehnite, heulandite , calcite, and laumontite, while other cavities may contain okenite, gyrolite, hydroxyapophyllite , stilbite , scolezite, and yugawaralite. Matthew Forster Heddle found milk-white Epistilbit crystals in cavities filled with agate (Kascholong) in basalts near Igatpuri, northeast of Mumbai.
    • Tabular crystals up to 1.5 cm in length come from the basalt of Aklahare near Nashik, northeast of Mumbai in Maharashtra. Villhori in the "Pandulena Hills" near Nashik (see also the Pandavleni Caves ) delivered extraordinary, up to 3 cm large, colorless to milky white crystals and platy twins on drusy quartz. Small, colorless Epistilbite crystals were found together with goosecreekite and heulandite in quartz-lined cavities in the basalt near Alibag near Mumbai. Red, multiply twinned Epistilbite crystals are also typical for this site.
    • In the basalt quarries in the Pune area in the district of the same name in Maharashtra, cavities lined with quartz / chalcedony contain white to pink “frosted” epistyllite crystals up to 1.5 cm in length, which are usually accompanied by cream-colored gyrolite. In the quarries of Pune, the succession of white chalcedony  → terminated colorless quartz →  mesolite  → epistyle  bit  → stilbit → greenish white fluorapophyllite was found. In Sirur, northeast of Pune, small epistilbites and tiny thomsonite aggregates have been found on hair- thin okenite needles.
    • Colorless, pink and orange colored epistyllite crystals up to 1 cm in length and radial aggregates up to 1.5 cm in diameter occur together with stilbit , heulandite , mesolite, fluorapophyllite , mordenite, chlorite, calcite and drusy quartz in basalt in various quarries near Savada (Sawda) not far from Jalgaon in the Aurangabad District , Maharashtra.
  • White, transparent, elongated Epistilbit crystals up to 2.5 mm in length were found together with quartz in cavities of igneous rocks in the localities "Hirogawara", "Okuyugawara" and "Yugawara Hot Spring" near Yugawara , Kanagawa Prefecture , Kanto Region , Honshū , Japan , found. From the gold deposit of the "Hishikari Mine" near Kagoshima in Kagoshima Prefecture , Kyūshū . Together with Skolezit, Laumontit and Lévyn in Andesites near “Kuroiwa”, Niigata Prefecture , Chūbu Region , Honshū. Small glass glossy, transparent Epistilbit crystals were found along with chabazite and quartz at Kumomi near Matsuzaki , Shizuoka Prefecture , Chubu Region, Honshu. Finally also in milk-white crystals accompanied by heulandite and pumpellyite from cavities in basalts near Takahagi , as well as near Furuyada not far from Mitama, both in Yamanashi prefecture .

Oceania

  • Epistilbite from basalts near North Cape on the North Island in New Zealand has been shown to be thomsonite and / or stilbite with flat end faces. In the South Island , epistilbite is the most abundant zeolite in submarine gas-bubble-rich andesite rivers in the northern Takitimu Mountains in western Southland , which originate from the Lower Permian . Epistilbite is found in zeolite facies, which consist of laumontite , analcime, calcite and chlorite (with minor contents of prehnite, pumpellyite and epidote) and which gradually change into higher-temperature associations of the prehnite-pumpellyite facies. Epistilbit is rarely found together with Heulandite and Stilbit at Stew Point Station in the Rangitata River Valley , Ashburton District , Canterbury Region .

America

  • Epistilbit, Wairakit and Lévyn line basalts rich in gas bubbles at the "Cerro China Muerta" near La Amarga, Catán Lil Department , Neuquén Province in southern Argentina .
  • In Canada , Epistilbit is found in British Columbia in the form of colorless-transparent crystals up to 2mm in length at the "Gold Pan Camp" near Spences Bridge in the canyon of the Fraser River , Kamloops Mining Division, Goldpan Provincial Park . In Nova Scotia from the Partridge Island peninsula near Parrsboro in Cumberland Co. In the volcanic rocks of the Bay of Fundy on Cape Blomidon, in Morden and on Ross Creek and in the disused basalt quarry of Arlington Quarry, all in Kings County , Nova Scotia. In Ontario , together with analcime, chabazite , Cowlesit, Heulandit , faujasite , Garronit , Gismondin , Harmotom , Phillipsit , Laumontit, Mesolith, Stilbit , Thomsonit , Apophyllit , Datolith , prehnite and calcite in corridors in the Precambrian Metapyroxenit at "Davis Hill Locality", Dungannon Township, Hastings County . In Quebec Epistilbit was with analcime, chabazite , Cowlesit, Heulandit , faujasite , Garronit, Gismondin, Harmotom, Phillipsit, Laumontit, Mesolith, Stilbit , Thomsonit , Apophyllit , Datolith, prehnite and calcite in corridors, by Precambrian Metapyroxenite in an unnamed road disruption at Laurel as well as at "Hincks Bridge" and "Notre Dam de la Salette".
  • United States
    • Alaska : Tiny, colorless Epistilbite crystals and tabular twins up to 3 mm in length come from Kupreanof Island, southwest of Petersburg . These are cavities in basalt lined with quartz, in which calcite and chabazite also occur.
    • California : Epistilbit (possibly only flat terminated Stilbit ) is made from an association with hydrocarbons , Cinnabar , Metacinnabarit , pyrite , marcasite , chalcedony and calcite in hydrothermal mercury - deposits in a detrital serpentinite - mudstone - sandstone near a hot spring in "Sulfur Creek District “(Wilbur Springs District) in Colusa County in the California Coast Mountains area . Epistilbit also occurs together with scolezite, sulphides and chlorite in a contact zone between metamorphosed Upper Paleozoic limestones and intrusive quartz monzonites and pegmatites in the "Commercial Limestone Quarry" at Crestmore Heights near Riverside in Riverside County . The nearby rock contains, among other things. a. Stilbit, Phillipsite, Chabazite, Natrolite , Laumontite, Thomsonite , Skolezite, Gonnardite and Mordenite. Epistilbite crystals up to 8 mm in length are found together with stilbite and heulandite in Miocene basalts rich in bubbles in "Little Sycamore Canyon" in the Santa Monica Mountains , not far from Thousand Oaks in Ventura County .
    • Colorado : Colorless, water-clear Epistilbite crystals up to 4 mm in length were observed in bubbles lined with quartz and chalcedony in basalts on the southern slope of Uncompahgre Peak in the San Juan Mountains not far from Lake City in Hinsdale County .
    • Connecticut : Up to 2 mm long, colorless Epistilbite are accompanied by chabazite and calcite on quartz in cavities in green volcanic rocks along the "Wilbur Crass Parkway", Tolland County . Microscopic epistyllite crystals accompanied by Brewsterite are found in a cavity in pyroxene in a contact metamorphic zone near Danbury , Fairfield County .
    • Hawaii : Excellent specimens with shiny, colorless, transparent, elongated epistyle bite crystals up to 3 mm in size come from a reddish-brown, bubble-rich basalt from the disused "Puu o Ehu Quarry" on the north bank of Enchanted Lake in the Lanikai Hills, Kailua , island of Oʻahu , Honolulu City and County . Colorless, transparent epistyllite crystals up to 3 mm in length were found together with chabazite , analcime, scolezite, calcite, quartz, pyrite and aragonite in vesicular olivine basalts from the "Kapaa Quarry", Kailua, Oʻahu. In volcanic rocks from the “Kaena Quarry” near Mokuleia on Oahu, Epistilbit was found accompanied by phillipsite and aragonite.
    • New Jersey : Epistilbit, supposedly from "Bergen Hill", has been shown to be thomsonite . "Epistilbites" from "Paterson", "Summit" and "Upper Montclair" are often flat terminated stilbites . The "Upper New Street Quarry" (Burger's Quarry) at Paterson , Passaic County , however, really delivered Epistilbit.
    • New York : Epistyle bit from the "Baylis Quarry" near Bedford in Westchester County has turned out to be a flat-terminated stil bit.
    • Oregon : Colorless hemispherical epistyllite aggregates up to 1 cm in diameter, which sit on mordenite and are covered by radial heulandite and solid garranite, are found in vesicle-rich Eocene basalts at the "Neer Road Pit" near Goble , Columbia County . In the cavities, the minerals crystallized in the succession solid copper  →  clay minerals  → okenite → chernichite boggsite →  Lévyn- offretite →  erionite  →  heulandite  → mordenite → epistilite →  heulandite  → opal →  chalcedony  →  celadonite  → okenite →  apophyllite - stilbite - apophyllite -  analcophyllite Cowlesit-analcime → Garronit- Phillipsit  →  Lévyn - Thomsonit - Lévyn  → Mesolith- Thomsonit  →  Chabasit  → calcite. Colorless translucent, flat epistilbites twinned according to (110) and (100) have been observed along with siderite in basalts rich in vesicles along the "Clackamas River", Estacada, Clackamas County .
    • Pennsylvania : "Epistilbit" from Perkiomenville in Montgomery County is just flat-terminated stilbit .
    • Washington : Extraordinary specimens with shiny, milky white Epistilbite crystals up to 2.5 cm in length were found on needle-like mordenite and rice-grain-like quartz in tertiary volcanites along the north shore of Riffe Lake , Cosmos near Morton , Lewis County . Epistilbite was observed in different generations in former gas bubbles up to 5 cm in diameter in basalts along Big Tree Creek, Yacolt , Clark County . The first epistyllite formed forms opaque, cream-colored, grape-kidney-like cavity linings or single crystals up to 1 cm in size on pink to salmon-colored heulandite and mordenite. A later, colorless generation overgrows pre-existing epistyllite crystals and forms phantom crystals with the shapes {110}, {001}, {010} and { 1 12} or tiny, colorless, flat twins up to 4 mm in size. Lévyn , Gonnardit and Thomsonite crystallized on the Epistilbit . The order of formation is clay minerals → mordenite → colored heulandite  →  chalcedony  → quartz → epistyle bit  → scolezite → laumontite → colorless heulandite  →  stilbite → epistilbit-Lévyn → gonnardite →  phillipsite  →  thomsonite  → mesolite →  chabazite  → calcite. Tiny colorless epistilbites have rarely been observed in quartz-lined cavities in void-rich basalts along "First Creek" near Liberty , Kittitas County . The mineral is also found in altered basalts south of Vale on the border between Thurston and Lewis Counties and on mordenite in the Todd Road Quarry, south of Kalama , Cowlitz Counties . Finally, colorless-transparent epistyllite was also found in the company of heulandite , stilbitite , fluorite, datolite, pyrite and calcite in ducts and gas bubbles in volcanic rocks near "Quartz Creek" on the Lewis River in Skamania County .

use

Although zeolites in a wide variety of ways - e.g. B. as ion exchangers , molecular sieves , for detergents or as catalysts in the chemical industry - are used, Epistilbit has no economic importance. Because of its rarity, it is only of interest to the collector of minerals. Recently, there are modified materials from acid-treated epistilbite, which are capable of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , CO 2 , and nitrogen dioxide , NO 2 to adsorb . Regardless of its low hardness and the very seldom pronounced colors, Epistilbit has also been ground down, but mostly only as a curiosity. 4 mm large and 0.12 ct heavy stones have been cut from larger Indian crystals. Epistilbit may pose a health risk as it may be both fiber-forming and thus causing lung diseases as well as causing mutations.

See also

literature

  • Gustav Rose : About the Epistilbit, a new type of mineral belonging to the zeolite family . In: (Poggendorff's) Annals of Physics and Chemistry . tape 6 , no. 2 , 1826, p. 183–190 ( rruff.info [PDF; 393 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  • Epistilbite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 79 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).

Web links

Commons : Epistilbite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt : Complete characteristics of the mineral system . 3rd completely revised edition. Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Dresden 1823, p.  279 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ a b Giuseppe Grattarola: Orizite e pseudonatrolite due nuove specie del sott'ordine delle Zeoliti (oryzite and pseudonatrolite - two new zeolites) . In: Atti della Società Toscana de Scienze Naturali Residente in Pisa . tape 4 , no. 2 , 1879, p. 226–230 (Italian, archive.org [accessed May 21, 2019]).
  3. ↑ a b Stefano Merlino: Mineralogical Notes: Orizite discredited (= Epistilbite) . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 57 , no. 3 , 1972, p. 592–593 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 109 kB ; accessed on April 14, 2019]).
  4. ^ A b Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p.  705, 824 .
  5. ↑ a b Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen : The Parastilbit, a new mineral species . In: (Poggendorff's) Annals of Physics and Chemistry . tape  175 , no. 1 , 1856, p. 170–171 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  6. ^ A b Karl Wilhelm Georg Freiherr von Fritsch : Geological description of the ring mountains of Santorin . In: (Poggendorff's) Annals of Physics and Chemistry . tape  23 , no. 1 , 1871, p. 125–213 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  7. ↑ a b IMA / CNMNC List of Mineral Names; November 2018 (PDF 1.65 MB)
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  9. ↑ a b c d e f g Epistilbite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 79  kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Rudy Warren Tschernich : Zeolites of the World . 1st edition. Geoscience Press, Phoenix 1992, ISBN 0-945005-07-5 , pp. 145-155 (English).
  11. ↑ a b c Ping Yang, Thomas Armbruster: (010) disorder, partial Si, Al ordering, and Ca distribution in triclinic ( C 1) epistilbite . In: European Journal of Mineralogy . tape 8 , no. 2 , 1996, p. 263-271 , doi : 10.1127 / ejm / 8/2/0263 (English).
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gustav Rose : Ueber den Epistilbit, a new mineral genus belonging to the family of zeolites . In: (Poggendorff's) Annals of Physics and Chemistry . tape  6 , no. 2 , 1826, p. 183–190 ( rruff.info [PDF; 393 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Carl Hintze : Handbuch der Mineralogie. Second volume: silicates and titanates . Veit & Co., Leipzig 1897, p.  1761-1767 .
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j William Alexander Deer , Robert Andrew Howie , Jack Zussman : Rock-forming minerals Vol. 4B: Framework silicates: Silica Minerals, Feldspathoides and the Zeolites . 2nd Edition. Geological Society, London 2004, ISBN 1-86239-144-0 , pp.  630–638 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search - first edition: 1961).
  15. ↑ a b c Berthold Ottens : India: Minerals - Locations - Deposits (Alibag) . 1st edition. Christian Weise Verlag, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-921656-76-1 , p.  277-283 .
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h Glauco Gottardi, Ermanno Galli: Natural Zeolites (Minerals and Rocks Series No. 18) . 1st edition. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo 1985, ISBN 978-3-642-46520-8 , pp. 239-244 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-642-46518-5 (English).
  17. ^ A b Ruth Shannon: List of Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Minerals . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2011 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [accessed May 21, 2019]).
  18. ^ A b Daniel S. Helman: Symmetry-based electricity in minerals and rocks: A review with examples of centrosymmetric minerals that exhibit pyro- and piezoelectricity . In: Periodico di Mineralogia . tape 85 , no. 3 , 2016, p. 201–248 , doi : 10.2451 / 2016PM590 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on May 11, 2019]).
  19. ↑ a b c Volker Betz: Famous mineral localities: Zeolites from Iceland and the Faeroes . In: Mineralogical Record . tape 12 , no. 1 , 1981, p. 5-26 .
  20. ^ Stilbite Subgroup. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed May 21, 2019 .
  21. ↑ Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt : Complete characteristics of the mineral system . 3rd very enriched edition. Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Dresden and Leipzig 1832, p.  119 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  22. ↑ Friedrich Hessenberg : Reissit, a perhaps new mineral of Santorini . In: Mineral. Notes (from the essays of the Senckenberg Natural Research Society in Frankfurt a. M) . tape  9 , 1870, p. 22–27 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  23. ↑ Otto Luedecke : About Reissit . In: New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Geology and Palaeontology . tape  1881 , no. 1 , 1881, p. 162-167 .
  24. ↑ Andreas Arzruni : Correspondences, Notes and Excerpts Report on G. Grattarola (in Florence): Oryzite and pseudonatrolite - two new zeolites . In: Journal for Crystallography and Mineralogy . tape  4 , no. 6 , 1880, p. 640-641 .
  25. ^ Paul Heinrich von Groth : Tabular overview of the minerals according to their crystallographic-chemical relationships . 3., completely rework. Edition. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1889, p.  146 (first edition: 1874).
  26. ↑ a b Type Mineral Catalog - Epistilbit. In: www.typmineral.uni-hamburg.de. Retrieved May 21, 2019 .
  27. ↑ a b c d e Mizuhiko Akizuki, Hirotsugu Nishido: Epistilbite: symmetry and twinning . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 73 , no. 11/12 , 1988, pp. 1434–1439 (English, minsocam.org [PDF; 674 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  28. ↑ a b c d e f g h Ermanno Galli and Romano Rinaldi: The crystal chemistry of epistilbites . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 95 , no. 9/10 , 1974, pp. 1055-1061 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 679 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  29. ↑ Douglas S. Coombs, Alberto Alberti, Thomas Armbruster, Gilberto Artioli, Carmine Colella, Ermanno Galli, Joel D. Grice, Friedrich Liebau, Joseph A. Mandarino, Hideo Minato, Ernest H. Nickel, Elio Passengeria, Donald R. Peacor, Simona Quartieri, Romano Rinaldi, Malcom Ross, Richard A Sheppard, Ekkehart Tillmanns, Giovanna Vezzalini: Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals: report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 35 , no. 6 , 1997, pp. 1571–1606 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 339 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  30. ^ A b Ian S. Kerr: Structure of epistilbite . In: Nature . tape 202 , no. 4932 , 1964, pp. 589 , doi : 10.1038 / 202589a0 .
  31. ↑ a b Stefano Merlino: Struttura dell'epistilbite . In: Atti Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat. A . tape 72 , 1965, pp. 480-483 .
  32. ↑ a b AJ Perrotta: The crystal structure of epistilbite . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 36 , no. 4 , 1967, p. 480–490 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 428 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  33. ↑ a b M. Slaughter, WT Kane: The crystal structure of a disordered epistilbite . In: Journal of Crystallography . tape 130 , 1969, p. 68–87 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1969.130.16.68 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 891 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  34. ^ Alberto Alberti, Ermanno Galli, Giovanna Vezzalini: Epistilbite: an acentric zeolite with domain structure . In: Journal of Crystallography . tape 173 , 1985, pp. 257–65 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1985.173.3-4.257 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 760 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  35. ↑ Giovanna Vezzalini: A refinement of Elba dachiardite: opposite acentric domains simulating a centric structure . In: Journal of Crystallography . tape 166 , 1984, pp. 63–71 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1984.166.14.63 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 391 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  36. ^ A b c Thomas Armbruster, Mickey E. Gunter: Crystal Structures of Natural Zeolites. In: David L. Blish, Douglas W. Ming (Eds.), Natural Zeolites: occurrences, properties, applications . In: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry . tape 45 , 2001, ISBN 0-939950-57-X , pp. 1-67 , doi : 10.2138 / rmg.2001.45.1 ( psu.edu [PDF; 5.5 MB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  37. ^ Hans A. Stalder, Albert Wagner, Stefan Graeser, Peter Stuker: Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz . 1st edition. Wepf, Basel 1998, ISBN 978-3-85977-200-7 , p. 152-153 .
  38. ↑ Stefan Schorn and others: Epistilbit. In: mineralienatlas.de. Retrieved May 21, 2019 .
  39. ↑ Walter L. Bond: A mineral survey for piezo-electric materials . In: The Bell System Technical Journal . tape 22 , no. 2 , 1943, p. 145–152 , doi : 10.1002 / j.1538-7305.1943.tb00858.x (English, archive.org [PDF; 3.4 MB ; accessed on May 10, 2019]).
  40. ↑ U. Ventriglia: Simmetria della heulandite e piezoelettricita di alcune zeoliti . In: Rendiconti della Societa Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia . tape 9 , 1953, pp. 268–269 (Italian, rruff.info [PDF; 347 kB ; accessed on May 10, 2019]).
  41. ↑ a b c d Rupert Hochleitner, Stefan Weiß: Profile Epistilbit: The complete information about the zeolite mineral . In: Lapis . tape 29 , no. 4 , 2004, p. 9-11 .
  42. ^ Arthur Clive Bishop, AG Couper, AE Mourani: Re-examination of the alleged occurrence of wollastonite and epistilbite in Jersey . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 46 , no. 4 , 1982, pp. 504–506 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 1.4 MB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  43. ↑ Hrefna Kristmannsdóttir, Jens Tómasson: Zeolite zones in geothermal areas in Iceland. In: Leonard B. Sand, Frederick Albert Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites: occurrence, properties, use . 1st edition. Pergamon, Oxford 1978, ISBN 978-0-08-021922-6 , pp. 277-284 (English).
  44. ^ A b Elio Passasslia, Richard A. Sheppard: The crystal chemistry of zeolites. In: David L. Blish, Douglas W. Ming (Eds.), Natural Zeolites: occurrences, properties, applications . In: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry . tape 45 , 2001, ISBN 0-939950-57-X , pp. 69–116 , doi : 10.2138 / rmg.2001.45.2 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  45. ↑ Localities for Epistilbite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed May 21, 2019 .
  46. ↑ Find location list for Epistilbit at the Mineralienatlas and at Mindat (accessed on May 22, 2019)
  47. ↑ a b Ole Jørgensen: The regional distribution of zeolites in the basalts of the Faroe Islands and the significance of zeolites as palaeotemperature indicators . In: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin . tape 9 , 1889, pp. 123–156 (English, geus.dk [PDF; 1.4 MB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  48. ^ Gustav von Leonhard : Concise dictionary of topographical mineralogy . 1st edition. Academic publishing deal by JCB Mohr, Heidelberg 1843, ISBN 978-3-85977-200-7 , p.  197 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  49. ↑ Hans-Peter Bojar: 932. Epistilbit, Stilbit, Heulandit and Chabasit vom Gradischkogel, N Soboth, Koralpe, Steiermark. In: Gerhard Niedermayr, Franz Brandstätter, Bernd Moser, Werner H. Paar, Walter Postl, Josef Taucher, Hans-Peter Bojar (Eds.), New Mineral Finds from Austria XIIL . In: Carinthia II . tape 183/103 , 1993, pp. 288 , doi : 10.2451 / 2016PM590 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed on May 18, 2019]).
  50. ↑ Gheorghe Udubaşa, Rudolf Ďuďa, Sándor Szakáll, Victor Kvasnytsya, Ewa Koszowska, Milan Novák: Minerals of the Carpathians . Ed .: Sándor Szakáll. 1st edition. Granit, Prague 2002, ISBN 80-7296-014-8 , p. 326 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 12.6 MB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  51. ^ Matthew Forster Heddle : On New Localities for Linarite, Caledonite and Epistilbite . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape  8 , no. 40 , 1889, pp. 278 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 44 kB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  52. ^ A b Jerry van Velthuizen: The occurrence of zeolites in the central metasedimentary belt of the Grenville Province . In: Rocks and Minerals . tape 66 , no. 1 , 1991, p. 44-45 .
  53. ↑ Jerry van Velthuizen, Robert A. Gault, George W. Robinson, Jeffrey A. Scovil: Zeolite occurrences in the Central Metasedimentary Belt of the Grenville Province, Ontario, Québec and New York State . In: Mineralogical Record . tape 37 , no. 4 , 2006, p. 283-296 .
  54. ↑ Miguel Angel Hernández-Espinosa, Karla Quiroz-Estrada, Vitalii Petranovskii, Fernando Rojas, Roberto Portillo, Martha Alicia Salgado, Miguel Marcelo, Efraín Rubio, Carlos Felipe: Adsorption of N 2 , NO 2 and CO 2 on Epistilbite Natural Zeolite from Jalisco , Mexico after Acid Treatment . In: Minerals . tape 8 , no. 5 , 2018, p. 196 , doi : 10.3390 / min8050196 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 3.5 MB ; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  55. ↑ Realgems Database - Epistilbite. In: www.realgems.org. Retrieved May 21, 2019 . (with picture examples of cut Epistilbite)
  56. ^ Diagnostic Pathology Database - Epistilbite. In: www.diagnosticpathology.eu. Retrieved May 21, 2019 .