Closing date
The broadcast deadline describes the end of broadcasting time at which a radio or television station ends its program. Therefore, the end of broadcasting refers to the point in time and not the period of the broadcast break from the end of broadcasting to the resumption of the program, which is sometimes used synonymously in colloquial language.
General
A distinction is made between the regular transmission deadline (for example, during the night, seasonal or if a transmitter has been allocated a time slot as part of frequency splitting) and a temporary or final transmission deadline after which operations are stopped or transferred to another operator.
The regular broadcast deadline was ritualized on most radio and television stations around the world. Often there was one last news broadcast before that , followed by program information for the next day and often the national anthem . When the broadcasting ended, the radio and television stations did not broadcast a night program that bridged the night and seamlessly merged into the morning program (such as the ARD morning magazine on television). The program format of the night program began on November 2, 1947 at the NWDR, followed by Radio Frankfurt in August 1948. However, it was about regional program formats with cultural content, some of which did not completely bridge the night and thus only delayed the end of the broadcast. In 1959, the ARD ended its nocturnal supply shortage at most radio stations and broadcast the joint night program produced by a broadcaster in alternating cycles almost throughout Germany .
Night program
The soldier broadcaster Belgrade had probably the most famous broadcasting deadline in broadcasting history. Because of its enormous range, it could be received in the entire Mediterranean area as far as North Africa and had around 6 million listeners. The soldier's song Lili Marleen, sung by Lale Andersen , became famous in particular through the broadcaster because it played it every day from April 1941 when the program closed at 9:57 p.m. It was not until July 1, 1959 that the first regular community service in the ARD medium-wave range came about with “Music until early morning” and closed the nocturnal program gap. The ARD wanted lest close their gaps, but that responded to the night program of the DDR stationed Germany transmitter , the radio silence of the ARD radio stations with his send strong medium-wave transmitter equalizer and shift workers wanted to achieve the FRG with its propagandistic night program.
By 1968 the state broadcasting corporations expanded their radio program to a 24-hour program, thus making the broadcasting deadline obsolete. Until 1961, AFN Berlin did not have any night programs in Germany and ended broadcasting around midnight. This was used for propaganda purposes in the GDR by broadcasting information about communism in English on Radio Moscow from East Berlin on the unused AFN frequency . In order to prove the frequency, AFN broadcast around the clock after the Wall was built in August 1961 - the first 24-hour radio program in West Germany .
Only special-interest channels such as KiKA (9:00 p.m.) or television stations that share a channel with another station as part of frequency splitting still have broadcasting deadlines. Overnight broadcasts or a break in the early afternoon are still common in other countries (such as Scandinavia).
Full program
Colloquially, the stations broadcasting 24 hours a day are a full program that no longer has a broadcast deadline. The term full program is defined differently under media law, but is understood colloquially for a 24-hour program offer. Television and radio are now also media that are available indefinitely and no longer have a broadcast deadline. Without a broadcast deadline, there is a continuous, unending flow of technically mediated communication.
Germany
In the case of private television stations , there was only a broadcasting deadline from January 1984 when they were first established. From September 1990, RTLplus first broadcast on weekends without a broadcast deadline. In the area of German television there was a transmission deadline until 1994. There the program ended in the late evening or early morning when the test image was switched on . Exceptions were, for example, long and medium wave transmitters , which were not allowed to be operated during the night due to the requirements of the wave plan , as they would interfere with other transmitters by overreaching . One of these transmitters was the former long wave transmitter Erching of Deutschlandfunk until 1989 .
In the case of television, so-called “last news” was originally read out at the end of the program (especially for the third programs ), followed by boards with the program preview for the following day, sometimes also for other television programs. Then the so-called “snow” or “noise” appeared either immediately due to the shutdown or sometimes after a briefly previously displayed test image of the transmitter. In a transitional phase, ZDF bridged the night gap with car trips through Germany and the sound of Deutschlandradio Berlin . The ZDFtheaterkanal even had a broadcast break from 2 a.m. to 9 a.m. until it was renamed ZDFkultur on May 7, 2011.
The national anthem was played from April ( ZDF ) or from May 23 (ARD) 1985 . In the Bavarian television , after the closedown and before Spacenight the Bayernhymne , the German national anthem and the European anthem to uncommented images from Bavaria, Germany and the EU played. Bayern 1 plays these hymns on radio before the ARD night express goes live after the news at midnight. Deutschlandfunk plays national and European anthems every day before the midnight news.
Broadcast deadline in the night program (German television)
On ARD, the last daily news of the day came before the broadcasting deadline , on ZDF it was the news program Today .
General test image at the end of broadcast
ARD logo shortly before the end of broadcast
ZDF logo shortly before the end of broadcast
Television of the GDR
In the 1980s, television in the GDR generally closed between midnight and 1 a.m. The last thing that was shown was the program preview for the following day. Short messages from the current camera and the national anthem of the GDR (even with singing) did not appear until the period between the fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification .
| Station name | Last broadcast deadline |
|---|---|
| ARD ( Das Erste ) | 09/01/1995 |
| MDR television | 06/30/1995 |
| Bavarian television ( BR television ) | 05/31/1994 |
| N3 ( NDR television ) | 02/27/1994 |
| West 3 ( WDR television ) | December 31, 1993 |
| ZDF | 05/10/1996 |
Austria
Since the beginning of broadcasting, the national anthem has been broadcast at the end of the program, after the closing news, the farewell by a television announcer and the program preview . This was followed by a test image or a black screen at times before the signal was switched off until transmission began and only a noise could be seen. Since the program reform in 1995, the ORF has offered a 24-hour program.
Before the national anthem, the ORF eye was shown for a long time
ORF test image in color. ("ORF FS1" or "ORF FS2" was displayed in the lower bar)
Switzerland
The medium-wave transmitter Beromünster , which was switched off at the end of 2008 , closed shortly after 11 p.m.
European radio broadcasters
Some radio stations that are not in operation for 24 hours play a national anthem before the broadcast closes. Shortly after midnight, you can hear the national anthem of Monaco on the long wave frequency of 216 kHz used by Radio Monte Carlo . This custom can also be observed with continuously operated transmitters, i.e. regardless of the transmission deadline.
Often there is also an announcement in the form of "After the news, we will switch off the transmitter on the frequency 855 kHz until 6 o'clock in the morning". The long wave transmitter of Europe 1 and earlier also the medium wave transmitter of the Voice of Russia also close every evening (the former at 1 a.m., the latter at midnight). In addition, most shortwave transmitters usually include a final announcement with the name of the transmitter , further reception channels and address at the end of the transmission time.
In the case of radio stations, the carrier frequency is either switched off after the transmission has ended or it sends a permanent pause signal .
Individual evidence
- ↑ End of broadcast - definition in Duden (duden.de)
- ↑ Jürgen Willke: Fundamentals of the media and communication history. 2008, p. 336.
- ↑ Monika Boll: Night program. 2004, p. 52.
- ↑ Carmen Friedrich, Hans-Joachim Brustmann: Stories about listening to the radio. 2010, p. 38.
- ↑ Little night music. Der Spiegel 28/1959 of July 8, 1959, p. 55.
- ^ Joachim-Félix Leonhard: Media Studies. Volume 2, 2001, p. 1440.
- ↑ Carmen Friedrich, Hans-Joachim Brustmann: Stories about listening to the radio. 2010, p. 71.
- ↑ a b Maren Hartmann, Andreas Hepp: The mediatization of the everyday world. 2010, p. 67.
- ^ Andreas Stuhlmann: Radio culture and audio art: Between avant-garde and popular culture 1923–2001. 2001, p. 17.
- ↑ GAME 1: ZDF IDENT + GERMANY ANYMN + FRAGMENT ZDF - NIGHT PROGRAM STRASSENFEGER (November 24, 1995) (AUTOFAHRT). February 24, 2015, accessed June 28, 2020 .
- ^ Chronicle of the ARD | The first German television broadcasts the national anthem at the end of the broadcast. In: web.ard.de. Retrieved July 29, 2016 .
- ^ Chronicle of the ARD | The first around the clock. In: web.ard.de. Retrieved July 29, 2016 .
- ^ Chronicle of the ARD | MDR television broadcasts around the clock. In: web.ard.de. Retrieved July 29, 2016 .
- ^ Chronicle of the ARD | Bavarian television closes night gaps. In: web.ard.de. Retrieved July 29, 2016 .
- ^ Chronicle of the ARD | N3 closes the night gap. In: web.ard.de. Retrieved July 29, 2016 .
- ^ Chronicle of the ARD | West3 around the clock. In: web.ard.de. Retrieved July 29, 2016 .