Siberian larch
| Siberian larch | ||||||||||||
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Siberian larches ( Larix sibirica ) |
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| Larix sibirica | ||||||||||||
| Ledeb. |
The Siberian larch ( Larix sibirica ) is a plant from the genus of the larch ( Larix ) in the family of Pinaceae (Pinaceae). It is native to Russia and Mongolia and is one of the most important forest trees there.
description
Habitus
The Siberian larch is a deciduous tree that reaches heights of 45 meters, while with a trunk diameter ( BHD ) of 175 centimeters it remains relatively slim. The straight trunk ends in an oval to pyramidal crown . In the upper part it consists of branches that are arranged like candelabras . The species is fast-growing and is one of the fastest growing, frost-hardy trees. The increase culminates at around the age of 30, but can then be up to 500 years old.
root
The advancing at depths of up to 1.5 meters taproot is part of a profound and intense branched root system. The species forms adventitious roots on boggy soils . The Siberian larch is among other mycorrhizal Partnerships with the suillus grevillei ( Suillus grevillei ), the Reddish paint Deceiver ( Laccaria laccata ), the fly agaric ( Amanita mauscaria ), the Bocksdickfuß ( Cortinarius camphoratus ) Corticium bicolor , Boletinus paluster and C. geophilum one.
bark
In contrast to the European larch ( Larix decidua ), the bark of young branches is more or less hairy. The trunks of the young trees have brown, thin and smooth bark. Old trees have a gray, deeply fissured and unusually thick bark that can make up around 14 to 15% of the trunk diameter at the base of the trunk.
Wood
The red-brown heartwood differs in color from the light sapwood . The heavy wood is durable and has easily recognizable annual rings. The resin canals are mainly concentrated on the latewood. The density at a wood moisture content of 15% is between 0.62 and 0.70 g / cm³.
Foliage
The flexible needles are light green with a rather blunt tip. They sit on short shoots in clusters of 10 to 60 and a length of 5 to 60 millimeters; on long shoots they grow individually in a spiral with a length of 3 to 4 centimeters. The needles turn yellow in autumn and, like all larches, fall off in winter.
Flowers, cones and seeds
The Siberian larch becomes manable at an age of 12 to 15 years, cone production reaches its maximum at 30 to 40 years. The female cones on short shoots are colored red, rarely green. Ripe cones are 10 to 50 millimeters long and light brown. They consist of 9 to 44 cone scales which are arranged in a spiral. The cone scales are oval to spoon-shaped and have reddish hairs. The deck scales are visible. The seeds of the Siberian larch, which are light brown in color and provided with dark spots, are released in winter. They are 3 to 7 millimeters long and 3 to 4 millimeters wide and are winged. The thousand grain weight varies widely and is between 3.8 and 9.6 grams. As with all larches, the empty cones remain on the tree for around 3 to 4 years before they fall off together with the branch.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24, rarely 36 or 48.
distribution
The Siberian larch is native to western Siberia , the mountains of southern Siberia and the central Siberian plateau of northern Mongolia . It makes up around 14% of Russian larch forests. In Siberia it forms the polar and montane tree line at around 68 ° N (or 74 ° N depending on the author). Wood production extensions were made in Finland and Sweden . In other European countries, the Siberian larch is rarely found in botanical gardens or arboretums .
Location
In its natural habitat, the Siberian larch forms mixed stands with Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ), Siberian spruce ( Picea obovata ), Siberian fir ( Abies sibirica ) and aspen ( Populus tremula ). It is a species of tree of the continental climate. It has only low heat requirements, but needs light. It also makes little demands on moisture and soil quality and grows equally on silicate and limestone soils at altitudes of up to 2,400 meters. It already occurs in areas with annual precipitation of 200 to 300 mm. The Siberian larch tolerates short-term floods and is moderately sensitive to immission.
Diseases and pests
The to be harmful insects gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar ), the Gray larch ( Zeiraphera griseana ) which Gluckenart Dendrolimus superans , Hylotrechus altaica , and various species of the genus Strobilobia mentioned. The pinewood sponge ( Phellinus pini ) and Fomitopsis officinalis are named among wood-destroying harmful fungi . Lachnellula willkommii , the causative agent of larch cancer , occurs only very rarely and plays no economic role.
Of millions of Dendrolimus superans , 80 million cubic meters of wood were damaged in 2017 in the Krasnoyarsk region . 900,000 hectares of forest were sprayed with pesticides.
use
The wood of the Siberian larch is hard and durable and is therefore of great economic importance. It is often used for garden fences, wooden facades, terrace floors and the like, because the wood is very weather-resistant due to the high resin content. The resin is the starting material for processing into rosin . Furthermore, the Siberian larch is a food source for reindeer in the tundra and northern taiga . It is grown as a windbreak and as a decorative element in gardens and parks.
For medical use , the secondary plant substance and the biologically active flavonoid taxifolin (DHQ) are obtained from certain parts of the larch trunks using liquid chromatography . With a degree of purity of 98–99%, the larch extract achieves pharmaceutical quality . Taxifolin has a wide range of effects on the human organism. In addition to the positive effects in cardiovascular diseases (vasodilator and vaso-stabilizing, lowering blood pressure), this includes the binding capacity of reactive oxygen species ROS , the antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties.
Systematics
The first description of the German botanist Carl Friedrich von Ledebour appeared in the fourth and last volume of his Flora altaica in 1833.
The following synonyms exist for Larix sibirica Ledeb. : Larix sukaczewii Dylis , Larix russica (Endl.) Sabine ex Trautv. , Larix decidua var. Russica Henkel & W. Hochst. , Larix decidua var. Sibirica (Ledeb.) Regel , Larix intermedia Fischer ex Turczaninow , Pinus larix var. Russica Endl. , Pinus sibirica (Ledeb.) Münchh. , Pinus pseudolarix Steud.
The species bastard Larix × czekanowskii Szafer is created when the Siberian larch hybridizes with the Dahurian larch ( Larix gmelinii ) .
Subspecies
The following subspecies are known:
- Larix sibirica subsp. altaica (Szafer) Suk. occurs in the Altai region.
- Larix sibirica subsp. jeniseensis Suk. occurs in the catchment area of the Yenisei .
- Larix sibirica subsp. obensis Suk. occurs in the Obs catchment area with the exception of the Altais. Usually used with subsp. rossica to subsp. sukaczewii in short .
- Larix sibirica subsp. rossica (Sab.) occurs in the northern and northeastern part of European Russia. Usually used with subsp. obensis to subsp. sukaczewii in short .
- Larix sibirica subsp. sibirica is the typical subspecies
- Larix sibirica subsp. sukaczewii occurs in the Urals and in the northeastern part of European Russia. Mostly has green colored, broad ovoid cones whose cover scales are not visible. The woody seed scales are large, wide and thick, and their tips are curved inward. It is controversial whether this subspecies should be listed as an independent species Larix sukaczewii .
Varieties
A distinction is made between the following varieties :
- Larix sibirica var. Baicalensis occurs on the southeast and southwest shores of Lake Baikal .
- Larix sibirica var. Lenensis occurs on the upper reaches of the Lena and the Angara river basin .
- Larix sibirica var. Polaris occurs in the northern regions of Siberia.
- Larix sibirica var. Sajanensis occurs on the upper reaches of the Yenisei.
- Larix sibirica var. Transbaicalensis occurs in the Transbaikalia region.
literature
- Leonid Milyutin: Larix sibirica . In: Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexicon of Conifers. Distribution - Description - Ecology - Use; the great encyclopedia . Nikol, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 249-254 .
- Jost Fitschen, Franz H. Meyer [arrangement]: Woody flora: a book to determine the trees and bushes that grow wild and are planted in Central Europe; with bud and fruit key . 11th, adult and corr. Edition. Quelle and Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01268-7 .
- David More, John White, Joachim Mayer [trans.]: Siberian larch . In: The Cosmos Encyclopedia of Trees: 2100 species and varieties . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10170-3 , pp. 165 .
- Christopher J. Earle: Larix sibirica. In: The Gymnosperm Database. May 27, 2011, accessed October 23, 2011 .
Individual evidence
Individual evidence
- ^ Tropicos. [1]
- ^ In the Delayed Disaster Zone , Novaya Gazeta, April 9, 2018
- ↑ P. Mladenka, Zatloukalová L, Filipský T, R. Hrdina: Cardiovascular effects of flavonoids are not caused only by direct antioxidant activity . In: Free Radic Biol Med . , 2010, 49: pp. 963-975, PMID 20542108 .
- ↑ Flora altaica 4: 204. 1833; see entry at GRIN = Taxonomy for Plants.
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Larix. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 12, 2019.
Web links
- Larix sibirica inthe IUCN 2013 Red List of Threatened Species . Posted by: Farjon, A., 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.