Socionics and Intertypical Relationships

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The Sozionik ( Engl. Socionics , composed of society "society" and bionics " Bionics ") is an in psychology , sociology and computer science treated theory of informational-psychological personality types and the relations between them and based on the psychological typology of Carl Gustav Jung as also the theory of information metabolism by Antoni Kępiński . It is distinguished by the existence of an information model of the psyche and a prognostic model of interpersonal relationships .

Socionics was developed in the 1970s and 1980s by the Lithuanian researcher Aušra Augustinavičiūtė , an economist, sociologist and psychologist. At the same time she was the head of the Faculty of Marriage and Family at Vilnius Pedagogical University .

The academic recognition of socionics as a science is reflected in the teaching of it at more than 150 state universities in Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and other countries on the basis of state programs, in research in the field of socionics at universities, as well as in the use of socionic methods in more than 800 dissertations on all humanities and some natural sciences .

According to users, the main advantage lies not only in the analysis of the relationships that can exist between different types. The areas of application of socionics are: a .: Choice of profession, choice of partner, composition of work groups, improvement of existing relationships and general knowledge of human nature. Also dating services focus on socio African classification of clients.

history

Aušra Augustinavičiūtė suggested the name "socionics" for her theory , as А.Augustinavičiūtė, as a sociologist and psychologist, was convinced that every personality type fulfills a special function in society that can be described and explained with the help of socionics.

Applying the theory of information metabolism (information exchange) Antoni Kępiński , the principles of cybernetics and computer science to the typology of CG Jung, socionics emphasizes and describes certain variants of the exchange of information between subjects depending on their characteristic personality types, which are also known as "type of Information Metabolism ”(TIM), or“ Socionic Type ”. From CG Jung's theory of psychic functions, socionics deduces the existence of 16 such types, as a result of various combinations of eight psychic functions, which are regarded as "functions of information exchange", each of which perceives and has its own separate, specific type of information processed - as one of the eight aspects of the uniform flow of information that the psyche perceives.

status

Depending on the sequence of functions, different types of psyche, thinking, perception and behavioral strategy arise. Socionics uses eight functions in the information model of each of the 16 types, unlike in CGJung's model, who used only four psychological functions to describe each of the eight types of his typology. The functions of information exchange (information metabolism) are in each type in a certain hierarchical order and exchange information with similar functions of another personality type. The type of informational cooperation, as a result of which different relationships arise between people, from attraction and cooperation to repulsion and conflict, is determined by the positions of these functions in the information structures of the communicating psyches.

Socionics emerged as a specialist science in the border area between sociology, psychology, biology and computer science. She researches different personality types, their practical manifestations in the social environment and the interrelationships between them. The personality is explored as a complex systemic structure that is realized on at least four functional levels: the biological (human - nature), the psychological (human - human), the social (human - society), the information level (human - civilization, internet ).

This means that socionics is a science that researches the process of information exchange between humans and the environment, how humans absorb, process and pass on information.

One should not mix up the typology in the context of socionics and the typology of Myers-Briggs: they have considerable differences in the description of the structures of the types, especially the introverts. In addition, socionics differs from the Myers-Briggs typology not only through an existing clear information model of the psyche, but also through a consistent model of empirically well observable intertypical relationships.

Socionics specifically researches the mechanisms and processes with which humans perceive and evaluate the incoming information. In this context, the human being becomes a psychological information system that has specific channels of communication. The interpersonal communication is represented accordingly as an exchange of information (information metabolism), whereby the term "information" is understood quite broadly: information can be verbal and non-verbal, expressed in facial expressions and gestures, and also have feelings, moods and impressions of works of art the character of information.

Not only individuals (their relationships are considered more general socionics), but also groups, teams, even ethnicities and states can be subjects of informational interactions and the relationships resulting from them. This is the subject of the more general, "integral socionics" that is closely related to sociology. In the context of the socionic model, one can also consider the informational interaction between humans and complex technical objects and information systems.

Therefore, socionics can generally be defined as a science of types of mental information systems - such as the human being, the team, the ethnicity, the country and the interactions between them, or as a science of types of information exchange.

Some authors define socionics as informational bionics, the first among the humanities to use an information model, a "tool" for researching and predicting the ecology of human relationships, the behavior and evolution of such complex objects as modern man and the world modern societies.

The applied meaning of socionics consists in the correct assessment of a person's own potential, and the finding of appropriate ways of self-realization, the choice of profession, as well as in the objective perception of the possibilities and abilities of other people in order to build more harmonious relationships with them.

A number of researchers point out that socionics is a reliable tool for optimizing and developing people's personality, for researching their professional competence. Socionics orientates a person in his life, gives him ideas on how to realize his abilities, to become a specialist and to find a job that corresponds to his inclinations and wishes. Depending on the type, one can find out professional inclinations and abilities of a person - even those for whose expression there has not yet been an opportunity. The particular attraction of socionics is that you can get its terms out and use them in everything that is related to human activity.

Since the end of the 80s, socionics has experienced the greatest growth, diffusion and popularity in Ukraine and Russia, where hundreds of specialists are doing research in this field and thousands of practicing psychologists, company bosses, recruiters, managers, teachers, sociologists, political scientists, business Trainers, matchmakers, sports trainers, doctors, representatives of the security forces, as well as specialists for training pilots and astronauts who learn and use socionics. Socionics enjoys great popularity on the Internet among those interested in psychology who understand themselves and their interlocutors and want to find their way in personal relationships. Over two million pages are devoted to it, mostly in Russian and English.

As early as 1991, the International Institute of Socionics (IIS) (headed by Dr. Aleksandr Bukalov) was officially founded in Kiev (Ukraine), which brings together many specialists in socionics and a number of scientific groups and schools in different countries and coordinates their work. In 2006, the International Scientific Council for Socionics was founded at the International Institute for Socionics, to which a number of well-known post-doctorates have joined.

The International Scientific Council awards degrees of Batchelor, Magister and Doctors of philosophy in the field of socionics according to established standard rules. Starting in 1991, IIS holds annual international conferences on socionics and its application in human relationships, management , pedagogy , education , psychology , psychotherapy , sociology , software development, and other fields. The International Institute for Socionics publishes four scientific and applied reviewed journals on socionics and the practical application of its methods in management, education, psychology, etc.

The Socionics Research Institute (headed by Dr. Tatiana Prokofieva) has been operating in Moscow since 1997, teaching socionics according to the curriculum adopted by the International Institute for Socionics. Graduates receive bachelor's and master's degrees from the International Institute for Socionics. Socionics and its methods, including various training courses, are also offered by a number of other socionic schools in Ukraine, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria.

Socionics as a Scientific Discipline

Since 2000, socionics has gained recognition as a scientific discipline and field, and dissemination as such in a number of countries. As of 2012: academic research and applied work is carried out in Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia, Moldova, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Estonia, Austria, Germany, USA and other countries.

Socionics is taught at more than 150 universities or other colleges, in Russia, Ukraine, other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, either as a separate course or as part of courses in sociology , pedagogy , social Psychology , management , management Psychology , human Resources , conflict Studies , social work and tourism , computer science and programming , philosophy , neurology , journalism , BID , social work , teaching of foreign languages and others, including engineering sciences in view of the applicability of the methodology of Sozionik.

The Austrian professors G. Fink and W. Mayrhofer name socionics as one of four personality models that, in their opinion, deserve special attention in the field of personality research, including Maruyama's Cybernetic Mindscape Theory, the five-factor model (Frankfurt am Main), often called the “Big Five” , and the Myers-Briggs typology .

Four scientific and applied journals are published, which are dedicated to socionics and its practical application in different areas: "Socionics, mentology and personality psychology", " Management and personnel : leadership psychology, socionics and sociology ", " Psychology and socionics of intertypical relationships", " Pedagogy , Psychology and Educational Socionics".

International and regional conferences on socionics and the application of socionic technologies in management , pedagogy , education , sociology , practical psychology , psychotherapy , social work , conflict research , linguistics , computer science and other areas take place every year.

In total, more than 3500 scientific papers have been published in reviewed journals that are dedicated to socionics and its practical application.

Universities in Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania published a number of books and monographs on socionics or on psychology, pedagogy and management, in which specific sections were devoted to socionics and socionic methods.

Socionics is used in educational activities, as sociological socionics, as aviation socionics, in libraries, and in other disciplines.

Socionics is most frequently used in education , not only as a tool for the teacher to control the learning process, but also as a basis for the development and further development of the education system and for specialist training. It is confirmed that a teacher who is familiar with socionic knowledge and technology can consciously improve interactions with those present and increase the efficiency of professional activity. A targeted application of the relationships between the types makes it possible to intensify a didactic process and increase the motivation of the students. Socionics is also used to evaluate the individual psychological and personal characteristics of a person in order to predict the success of his professional activity.

Socionics, in the field of advertising and marketing , enables us to explain the causes of consumer behavior.

Socionics serves as a tool for researching the personality and literary creation of a writer, the typology of people in his works. The method of lingua-socionic modeling proposed by Komissarova LM is applied to the analysis of the individual vocabulary of a literary character in the lexicon of modern feminine prose. A translation of the socionic characteristics into the linguistic one is called the "lingua-socionic method".

Socionic methods have been proposed for modeling information processes in the "man-machine" system, and they are also used for modeling the "operator-aircraft" system in pilot training and in other similar areas.

Because of the variety of applications of socionics, its concepts and information models, it was proposed in the 1990s to differentiate between personality or differential socionics and general, more abstract and integral socionics. A number of specialists are of the opinion that conceptions of information metabolism (information exchange), cybernetic modeling and the general theory of systems make it possible to leave the framework of actual psychology and sociology, and consider information interactions between technical systems as well as types of information interactions between the People as operators and various technical and electronic control systems in large companies, including chemical, nuclear power plants, complex computer systems with adaptive and individually adaptable interfaces.

Socionics methods have been successfully used by scientific advisors of the International Institute of Socionics and their colleagues in management , remodeling and team building in more than 150 companies, firms, banks and companies in Russia, Ukraine, Latvia and other countries, including 30 companies of the Russian gas company Gazprom in northern Russia.

In the training center for astronauts called JA Gagarin ( Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center ) in Svyosdny Gorodok (Russia), under the direction of the senior scientific assistant, Dr. med . Bogdaschevski RB has been successfully using the methods of socionics in preparing Russian astronauts and international space teams for space flights since 1992, as questions of interpersonal compatibility and efficiency of cooperation under extreme conditions and in closed spaces are very important for the success of the flight. In Svyosdny Gorodok applied seminars are held on the application of socionic methods and personality typology in preparation for space flights. Issues related to the formation of space crews, especially for longer flights, were considered in the framework of the Space Forum 2011 and the conference “Piloted Flights into Space” held in Svyosdny Gorodok and in the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences took place, in lectures by Dr. med. Bogdaschevski RB, Dr. Bukalov AV and Dr. Karpenko OB

Experiments

Studies and statistical analyzes of “intertypical relationships” in stable married couples, carried out by research assistants at the International Institute of Socionics, confirm the “laws of psychological compatibility” described in A. Augustinavičiūtė's socionic theory.

Experimental studies of more than 200 teams (10,000 people) show that, measured by the results of their joint work, socionic teams (teams that were formed according to favorable intertypical relationships) were more productive with fewer resources (time, psychological processes). Seen in this way, socionics as a peculiar synthesis of various theories offers the simplest and most novel method of team building for work, student and other social groups with a predetermined task.

Numerous targeted research conducted at a number of universities with panels of hundreds and thousands of people, including airplane crews and crews (a panel of more than 2,300 people) confirms the laws of socionics. That is why socionics is included in state training programs for aircraft crews as well as in a number of basic academic education programs in the Russian Federation and in other countries, in a number of courses.

Experimental investigation of a series of air traffic control, which was carried out at the St Petersburg State University for Civil Aviation, has also shown that the index of the interaction quality calculated on the basis of the SMIB (Socionic Model of Intertypical Relationships) correlates very reliably with data from the sociometric color test of the relationships .

model

Dichotomies

Socionics takes the view that personality traits and psychological inclinations of a person are unequal. Some of these properties, while opposing in character, are related to the same subject, so they can be viewed as two poles on the same scale. Such scales are called dichotomies in socionics. In the psyche of a person, one of these opposing properties is always more strongly represented than the other, it predominates. With the predominant characteristic, one can work longer, absorb more information qualitatively and quantitatively, solve more complex tasks and generate more creative solutions. The other end is less pronounced and plays a supporting role. It is no less important for the psyche.

According to the latest findings, the predominance of a pole is innate. Even rational infants tend to have constant sleep rhythms and fixed feeding times rather than irrational ones. During the lifetime both properties are further developed and the relation between them can shift as a result, e.g. B. from 60:40 to 30:70. The principal preponderance of a pole is always retained, however, a tilting of the pole is not known.

Logic - ethics

This dichotomy describes the way people value information . People who are more inclined to use logical criteria such as For example, evaluating right-wrong, efficient-inefficient, cheap-expensive etc. is called a logician . People who tend to evaluate information according to ethical criteria such as good-bad, like-displeased, inspiring-boring, etc. are called ethicists .

Intuition - sensor technology

This dichotomy describes the way people information record .

People who tend to think more abstractly, grasp the overall picture more easily and quickly and present it in a sketchy way, deal better with possibilities and probabilities (could, maybe, probably, potentials of an idea, talents of a person) and temporal developments (prognosis, prediction, trend) are called intuitive .

People who are more inclined to a concrete and detailed way of thinking, to precision and accuracy, more likely to live "here and now", a better feeling for fixed details of the present such as warmth-cold, soft-hard, rough-smooth, smells, taste, colors and color tones, physical well-being, have a better feeling for the place than for the time of the occurrence, is referred to as sensorial .

Introversion - extraversion

This dichotomy describes people's attitudes towards objects and relationships between them.

People who focus primarily on objects and their properties are known as extraverts . They have a higher respect for objects and less for relationships between objects. As a result, they are more likely to change relationships between objects than more valuable objects, and are more likely to create new connections.

People who focus primarily on relationships between objects and themselves and the objects are known as introverts . They have a higher appreciation for relationships between objects than for objects themselves. As a result, they more easily change object properties and create new objects that fit into the existing network of relationships.

Extra- and introverted people have different attitudes towards the exchange of energy. Introverts tend to use energy more sparingly in their actions and tend to work deeper, extraverted people give off more energy and also get more energy back, their way of thinking tends to broaden.

Rationality - Irrationality

Rational persons are more likely to be “plan people”, preferring to draw up plans and move along these plans to distant goals. New opportunities that arise suddenly and do not fit into the current plan are more likely to be left behind or later included in another plan. You prefer to work in a linear fashion, starting and completing the first task before moving on to another. Rational ethicists can e.g. B. plan their emotional state and rational sensory experts plan their physical and health state.

Irrational people are more likely to be “spontaneous people”, they are more open to and interested in new opportunities. They feel more restricted than supported by plans that are too rigid. You work on one project until a suggestion comes up to turn to another, which in turn can generate ideas for a third project. Or you go back to the first one, with unpredictable interruptions for other tasks. The tasks are done in parallel rather than linearly.

In society, rational people take on the task of creating and maintaining traditions. This creates the basis for preserving and passing on knowledge, already known and proven. Irrational people take on the task of reacting to changed conditions and breaking with outdated traditions, which leads to a better adjustment of society to changes in reality.

These four listed dichotomies are called the Jungian basis .

In addition to these, there are another 11 dichotomies, which are referred to as Reyninian features . These are:

  • Strategy tactics
  • Statics – Dynamics
  • Positivism – Negativism
  • Process result
  • Merry - seriousness
  • Thoughtfulness – Determination
  • Questimacy – Decatimacy
  • Aristocracy – Democracy
  • Compliance – tenacity
  • Carelessness - precaution
  • Constructivism – Emotivism

Small groups

Not all psychological properties are dichotomous in character. If you z. For example, if the dichotomy of logic-ethics crosses with the dichotomy of introversion-extraversion, you get 4 different groups:

logic Extraversion ethics
Business Passionate
Indifferent ones Warm hearted
Introversion

Example. Small group "communication styles"

People who belong to one of these groups show respective group characteristics in their thinking and behavior:

For business people (extrovert logicians) communication means more an exchange of proposals for action. "Come on, let's do it!" "Visit us!"

For passionate people (extrovert ethicists) communication means more an exchange of emotions. "Unlike later George Orwell, who is always angry, Wells is an extraordinarily, one might almost say: terribly relaxed author."

For indifferent people (introverted logicians) communication means more an exchange of factual information and signs of mental calm. “You ... always stay calm, calm, relaxed, smile. Are they also ... when the situations get so acute ... inside as cool as they appear on the outside? "(About an indifferent person)

For the warm-hearted (introverted ethicist) communication means exchanging signs of emotional affection or dislike. "That's nice."

In behavior and language z. B. of an extraverted ethicist, statistically more features of the own group appear, less of the two neighboring, and hardly of the opposite group.

All 4 groups together form a group of 4, which is called Communication Styles. In socionics, around a dozen such groups of four were researched, which are also known as small groups or groups of four . They describe u. a. Differences in work motivation, sensitivity to stress, etc.

The eight aspects

The theory of aspects is the foundation and basic building block of socionics, because the aspects or their arrangement in the A-model (see below) provide the explanation for the behavior of the respective types and the quality of the intertypical relationships. One aspect is a combination of the first dichotomy (E / I) and the second (N / S) or third dichotomy (T / F). This results in a total of eight different aspects: Ne, Ni, Se, Si, Te, Ti, Fe, Fi. Each aspect describes a part of the world and in particular the ability of a person to process information from this sub-area. For simplification and visualization, it is common to represent the aspects symbolically.

The 16 types

The combination of the four dichotomies results in 16 very different types. Similarities and differences do not primarily depend on the number of matching dichotomies. For example, INTj and ENTp are much more similar than INTj and INTp or ENTp and ENTj.

In German and English-speaking countries, 4- tuples are mostly used as designations, so the four forms of the individual dichotomies are strung together. In contrast to the MBTI , the last letter is written in lower case to avoid mix-ups between the two systems.

Examples:

  • introverted-intuitive-logical-rational (English: introverted-intuitive-thinking-judging) = INTj
  • extraverted-sensory-feeling-perceiving (English: extraverted-sensory-feeling-perceiving) = ESFp

In Russian-speaking countries, 3-tuples are mostly used, which result from the two dominant functions and the characteristics of the first dichotomy (extraversion / introversion). However, other letters are sometimes used as abbreviations: Extraversion = E, Introversion = I, Intuition = I, Sensory = S, Ethics = E, Logic = L.

Examples:

  • INTj = logical-intuitive-introverted = LII
  • ESFp = sensory-ethical-extraverted = SEE

The symbolic designation of a type using its dominant functions is also common. In addition, each type was assigned a suitable role and a known person for illustration. However, the assignment of celebrities to a certain type is often controversial.

Accordingly, five different names are used per type, which can certainly cause some confusion:

Examples:

  • INTj = LII = = analyst = RobespierreSocionics symbol Ti.svgSocionics symbol Ne.svg
  • ESFp = SEE = = diplomat = CaesarSocionics symbol Se.svgSocionics symbol Fi.svg

A-model citation seems wrong

4-tuple 3-tuples person role A model symbolic
ENTj LIE " Jack London " Entrepreneur
Te Ni Fe Si
Fi Se Ti Ne
Socionics symbol Te.svgSocionics symbol Ni.svg
ENTp ILE " Don Quixote " Explorer
Ne Ti Se Fi
Si Fe Ni Te
Socionics symbol Ne.svgSocionics symbol Ti.svg
ENFj EIE " Hamlet " mentor Fe Ni Te Si
Ti Se Fi Ne
Socionics symbol Fe.svgSocionics symbol Ni.svg
ENFp IEE " Huxley " , also:
" Tom Sawyer "
counselor Ne Fi Se Ti
Si Te Ni Fe
Socionics symbol Ne.svgSocionics symbol Fi.svg
ESTj LSE " Stirlitz " , also:
" Sherlock Holmes "
Administrator
Te Si Fe Ni
Fi Ne Ti Se
Socionics symbol Te.svgSocionics symbol Si.svg
ESTp SLE " Zhukov " Marshal
Se Ti Ne Fi
Ni Fe Si Ti
Socionics symbol Se.svgSocionics symbol Ti.svg
ESFj ESE " Hugo " enthusiast
Fe Si Te Ni
Ti Ne Fi Se
Socionics symbol Fe.svgSocionics symbol Si.svg
ESFp LAKE " Caesar " Politician
Se Fi Ne Ti
Ni Te Si Fe
Socionics symbol Se.svgSocionics symbol Fi.svg
INTj LII " Robespierre " , also:
" Descartes "
analyst Ti Ne Fi Se
Fe Si Te Ni
Socionics symbol Ti.svgSocionics symbol Ne.svg
INTp ILI " Balzac " critic Ni Te Si Fe
Se Fi Ne Ti
Socionics symbol Ni.svgSocionics symbol Te.svg
INFj EII " Dostoevsky " humanist Fi Ne Ti Se
Te Si Fe Ni
Socionics symbol Fi.svgSocionics symbol Ne.svg
INFp IEI " Bradbury " , also:
" Jessenin "
Lyric poet
Ni Fe Si Te
Se Ti Ne Fi
Socionics symbol Ni.svgSocionics symbol Fe.svg
ISTj LSI " Maxim Gorki " inspector
Ti Se Fi Ne
Fe Ni Te Si
Socionics symbol Ti.svgSocionics symbol Se.svg
ISTp SLI " Gabin " master
Si Te Ni Fe
Ne Fi Se Ti
Socionics symbol Si.svgSocionics symbol Te.svg
ISFj IT I " Dreiser " Keeper
Fi Se Ti Ne
Te Ni Fe Si
Socionics symbol Fi.svgSocionics symbol Se.svg
ISFp BE " Dumas " Intermediary
Si Fe Ni Te
Ne Ti Se Fi
Socionics symbol Si.svgSocionics symbol Fe.svg

Relationships between types

Relationship analysis is the aspect that distinguishes socionics from all other typologies, as the individual relationships in socionics are described in great detail.

According to leading socionists, each of the intertypical relationships has its preferred area of ​​application and a recommended distance. Since z. For example, a dual relationship has a relaxing and harmonizing effect on the psyche, it is often recommended for private life, but not for work, where excessive psychological relaxation can easily lead to an underestimation of the importance of the problem. Attempts to shorten the psychological distance in unsuitable intertypical relationships can lead to negative psychosomatic consequences. In order to be able to forecast the course of a relationship or to be able to work on existing relationships, a reliable identification of the respective types is of course required.

The A model

In the so-called A-model , each of the 16 types is assigned a specific sequence of the eight aspects. Positions 1–8 are seen as different functions. According to the idea of ​​informational metabolism, there are interactions between the functions of the types and the world. The functions receive, interpret, assess and generate information on the aspects that are assigned to them. However, each of the eight functions works on different levels and with different intensities. The functions also work in pairs as so-called horizontal and vertical blocks. For example, the basic function and creativity function form the "Ego" block, which coordinates the interaction of other blocks.

  1. Basic function - the most commonly used function
  2. Creativity function - supports the basic function
  3. Role function - weak but important for personality
  4. Vulnerability Function - Personality's Achilles Heel
  5. Suggestive function - weak, unconscious function
  6. Activation function - weak, unconscious function
  7. Control function - a reluctantly used, unconscious function
  8. Standard function - often used unconsciously

Socionic Groups and Reyninian Characteristics

In addition to CGJung's four dichotomies, there are others that describe further differences in the way people think. 11 of them are the Reyninian features:

  • Aristocracy - Democracy
  • Compliance - tenacity
  • Carelessness - precaution
  • Constructivism - Emotivism
  • Strategy - tactics
  • Statics - dynamics
  • Positivism - Negativism
  • Process - result
  • Funnyness - seriousness
  • Deliberation - determination
  • Questimacy - Decatimacy

Different combinations of these dichotomies result in socionic groups, also small groups, or groups of four. All 16 types are divided into 4 groups of 4 types using two dichotomies, whereby members of each of these groups have certain psychological similarities that distinguish them from other groups. For example, crossing the dichotomies of logic-ethics with the dichotomy of introversion-extraversion results in 4 “communication styles” groups: “Business”, “Passionate”, “Indifferent”, “Warm-hearted”. The group of four “business people” includes all extraverted logicians and they have in common that they understand communication mainly as an exchange of suggestions.

Comparison with psychology and personality typologies

Socionics and Psychology

Most of the points of contact between socionics and psychology are found in psychoanalysis and transactional analysis . This state of affairs is due to the fact that the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, was also the first researcher to use a structured model for researching the psyche.

The horizontal blocks in model A have the following psychological meaning:

blocks ego Super ego Super id ID
Functions Strong conscious Weak conscious Weak unconscious Strong unconscious
according to S. Freud
(depth psychology, psychoanalysis)
ego Super ego ID
Archetypes
of CGJung
(analytical psychology)
ego person Animus and anima shadow
according to Eric Berne
(transaction analysis)
Adult I. Parents I. Child-me Parents I.
Social role
according to R.Sedykh
Adult insecure youth child Self-confident youth
Personality
states according to Viktor Gulenko
"White", "Can" "Got to" "Want" "Can",
Communication
layer according to Viktor Gulenko
intellectual Social Psychological Physical
Processing of
information about
Personal consciousness Collective consciousness Collective unconscious Collective unconscious
Responsible for the
setting for
Personal order Social order Social chaos Personal chaos

Tatiana Prokofieva, psychologist and socionist, has examined and explained the connections between the socionic model and various areas of psychology:

  • with the step model by Erik Erikson ,
  • with the step theory of abstract intelligence by Yakov Feldmann,
  • with the basic forms of fear from Fritz Riemann . She showed that the basic fears arise when the child goes through the first four stages of development according to Erikson , and that these correspond to the weak functions in model A.

On the basis of these connections, a comprehensive method of psychological-socionic counseling was developed. The problems in personality development can be localized to the individual functions.

Table. Step model of psychosocial development according to Erikson and model A.

stages Age Development task Basic virtues function Function type block Social role ring
I. Oral
sensory
1st year of life Basic trust versus
distrust
Drive and Hope 5 acceptable Super ID "Child" More vital
II. Muscular-anal 2-3 years Autonomy against
shame and doubt
Self-control and
willpower
6th productive
III Locomotor
genitalia
4-5 years Initiative against
guilt
Direction and
expediency
4th Super ego "Insecure
youth"
Mental
IV. Latency 6-11 years Performance against a
feeling of inferior worth
Method and skill 3 acceptable
V. Puberty and
Adolescence
12-18 years Identity versus
role confusion
Devotion and loyalty 7th ID "Self-confident
youth"
More vital
VI. Early
adulthood
from the end of youth to the
beginning of middle age
Intimacy versus isolation Bond and love 8th productive
VII. Adult
age
Mature age Procreative ability
against stagnation
Productivity and
Care
2 ego "Adult" Mental
VIII. Maturity Retirement age I-integrity versus
despair
Renunciation and
wisdom
1 acceptable

The discussions that continued into the 00s as to whether socionics should be located in psychology subsided by the end of the decade. In 2009, sufficient fundamental differences between socionics and psychology emerged to tend to answer this question in the negative.

Table. Differences between psychology and socionics according to V. Gulenko

feature psychology Socionics
Subject of discipline direct processes and states of the human psyche TIM, d. H. a general model of thought and behavior at all levels of communication: the intellectual, social, psychological, physical
interest in direct properties of intertypical communication modeled properties of communication
Predominant methodology Inductively , an attempt is made to draw a general conclusion from the determination of individual facts of psychic life. Similar to chemistry before the discovery of the periodic table : despite the large number of sophisticated psychological techniques and test methodologies, there is no uniform system of "psychological elements". Psychology is a collection of different conceptions that use different terms to describe the same events. Deductive . Uniform general principles (type-specific human nature, uniform description set of the characteristics, uniform model of events in the communication space) are applied to individual areas with different techniques.
Results The test methodologies provide reliable results quickly and easily. However, the information content of these results is low, since the collected data represent a snapshot of easily changeable psychological characteristics and are very specialized for this. The use of this data for a prognosis of the communication processes is difficult because of their unstable and isolated character. Increased difficulty in type diagnosis, since the TIM is a psychological structure that does not lie on the surface. On the other hand, this information is very useful for further work, because knowing the type provides an immense volume of information about a person in one fell swoop: his strengths and weaknesses, peculiarities of his relationships with other people, how can he better be taught and educated, in which areas is he more efficient etc.
recommendations Little to no differentiation of the recommendations according to personality traits. Thousands of books teach you to be a leader regardless of the need for reliable execution. Better memory and time management are offered to all. Improvement in communicability is suggested regardless of the communication style of the type. What is the norm for one person may be pathological for another . Mass application of even the best methodologies is inefficient if not personalized according to type.

Comparative example: With a psychological test in Frankfurt am Main you can quickly determine the value of extraversion , high or low. From the perspective of socionics, this value is not very meaningful regardless of the underlying psychological structure of a person:

1. A high value of extraversion could e.g. B. indicate a high degree of development of the personality and a strong expression of the intro / extraversion dichotomy in their psyche. It says nothing about whether the value of introversion would not be even higher in the event of a measurement. To determine the underlying predominant psychological inclination of a person, the measurement of both poles and their comparison is essential.

2. A high value for extraversion says nothing about its origin. Does it come from the super-ego because the person believes that it is society's expectation and that it has to be like that ? Is she possibly even proud of the fact that she fulfills society's expectations very well? Does the extraversion come from the Super ID because the person wants to be extravert ? Or does it come from the ego because it is like that ?

Without reliable answers to these two questions, the measured value remains very situational and temporary and cannot be used for long-term prognoses.

Socionics and Personality Typologies, MBTI

Both socionics and MBTI are based on the typology of Carl Gustav Jung , but were developed independently of one another in the Soviet Union (socionics) and in the USA (MBTI). In the mid-80s, Aušra Augustinavičiūtė studied MBTI intensively in order to improve the understanding of the socionic types. In the 00s, however, with the progressive research into the properties of individual functions and socionic groups, interest in MBTI declined significantly. Today, comparisons between socionics and MBTI mainly only exist in English-speaking groups.

The main problem with typologies and other areas such as B. Spiral Dynamics is their descriptive character, so they often do not fit the structured and modeling character of socionics. For specialists, a TIM in socionics is above all a psychological model, the up to 30 existing type descriptions by various authors mainly serve as a popularizing and explanatory presentation for customers and interested parties. The concept of intertypical relationships is also a unique feature of socionics and does not exist in personality typologies or in MBTI. That makes it z. B. impossible to predict long-term development of relationships in couples and teams with MBTI.

Table: socionic TIMs and MBTI names

Sociotypes BE ESE LII ILE IEI EIE LSI SLE ILI LIE IT I LAKE SLI LSE EII IEE
MBTI ISFJ ESFJ INTP ENTP INFJ ENFJ ISTP ESTP INTJ ENTJ ISFP ESFP ISTJ ESTJ INFP ENFP

While the MBTI model has only been slightly further developed over the past few decades, the theoretical structure of socionics is constantly being expanded. However, most publications appear exclusively in Russian-speaking countries.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. a b Аугустинавичюте А. (1996). Социон, или Основы соционики. Соционика, ментология и психология личности, 4-5. (In Russian. The title can be translated as Augustinavičiūtė A. (1996). The Socion or Fundamentals of Socionics. Socionics, Mentology, and Personality Psychology, 4-5).
  2. socionic.info
  3. socionic.info
  4. http://www.socioniko.net/en/articles/gulenko-mbti.html. Retrieved February 15, 2011 .
  5. singleboersen-vergleich.de
  6. ^ Antoni Kępiński . Melancholy. Меланхолия.— М .: Наука, 2002. - 405 стр, ISBN 5-02-024984-X .
  7. Blutner R., Hochnadel E .: Two qubits for CG Jung's theory of personality . In: Cognitive Systems Research . 11, No. 3, 2010, pp. 243-259.

    "Socionics was developed in the 1970s and 1980s mainly by the Lithuanian researcher Ausˇra Augustinavicˇiute. The name 'socionics' is derived from the word' society, since Augustinavicˇiute believed that each personality type has a distinct purpose in society, which can be described and explained by socionics. The system of socionics is in several respects similar to the MBTI; however, whereas the latter is dominantly used in the USA and Western Europe, the former is mainly used in Russia and Eastern Europe. For more information, the reader is referred to the website of the International Institute of Socionics and to several scientific journals edited by this institution (see http://socionic.info/en/esocjur.html#top ). Despite of several similarities there are also important differences. For instance, the MBTI is based on questionnaires with so-called forced-choice questions. Forcedchoice means that the individual has to choose only one of two possible answers to each question. Obvious ly, such tests are self-referential. That means they are based on judgments of persons about themselves. Socionics rejects the use of such questionnaires and is based on interviews and direct observation of certain aspects of human behavior instead. However, if personality tests are well constructed and their questions are answered properly, we expect results that often make sense. For that reason, we do not reject test questions principally, but we have to take into account their self-referential character. Another difference relates to the fact that socionics tries to understand Jung's intuitive system and to provide a deeper explanation for it, mainly in terms of informational metabolism (Kepinski & PZWL, 1972). Further, socionics is not so much a theory of personalities per se, but much more a theory of type relations providing an analysis of the relationships that arise as a consequence of the interaction of people with different personalities. "

  8. G. Fink, W. Mayrhofer: Cross-cultural competence and management. setting the stage. In: European J. Cross-Cultural Competence and Management. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009.
  9. a b c A. V. Bukalov: The potential of the individual and the mysteries of human relationships. International Institute of Socionics, Moscow 2009, ISBN 978-5-91827-004-2 . (А.В. Букалов: Потенциал личности и загадки человеческих отношений. Международный институт соционики, ИГ "Черная белка")
  10. a b Грачев В.И. Библиотечная соционика - новое направление изучения библиотечной жизни // Научные и и техионика - и тех9-20.-1993-1997-20. In Russian. The article can be translated as “Grachev VI library socionics - a new direction in the research of library life // Scientific and technical libraries. 1993. - No. 7. - pp. 19-20 "
  11. Никонова М.А., Родина Е.Н. Перспективы соционики в современном обществе // Человек - Общество - Культура: сб. науч. тр. - Мордов. гос. пед. ин-т. - Вып. 4. - - Саранск, 2012. - 120 с. - c. 82-85. In Russian. Can be translated as "Nikonova M, Rodina E. Perspectives on Socionics in Modern Society."
  12. Чечик И. В. Учёт индивидуально-психологических характеристик американских стажёров в условиях условиях условиях краткосе. // Философский век. Альманах. Вып. 32. - СПб .: Санкт-Петербургский Центр истории идей, 2006. - 345 с. - С. 44-51. Can be translated as Chechik I. Taking into account the individual psychological characteristics of American interns under the conditions of a short-term Russian language course in Russia
  13. Панарин И. Н., Панарина Л. Информационная война и мир. - Olma Media Group, 2003. - 382 с, ISBN 5-224-04397-2 , 9785224043972. Can be translated as "Panarin I., Panarina L., Information War and Peace"
  14. Букалов А. В. Интегральная соционика. Типы коллективов, наций, государств. Этносоционика // СМиПЛ, 1998, № 5. In Russian. Can be translated as Bukalov A., “Integralsozionik. Types of teams, races, states. Ethnosocionics "
  15. Крысько В . Словарь-справочник по социальной психологии. - СПб .: Питер, 2003. - 416 с. - С. 310, ISBN 5-314-00021-0 . Krysko V. Lexicon of Social Psychology.

    "Socionics is a science that draws its methodology from sociology, computer science and psychology and is oriented towards the further development of society"

  16. Букалов А. В. Соционика - новый подход к пониманию человека и общества // СМиПЛ, 1996, №1. http://socionic.info/t/vved-buk.html#top Bukalov A. "Socionics - a new approach to understanding people and society"
  17. Струкчинская Е. М., Струкчинский С. З., Разгоняева Е. В. Соционика Учебное пособие. Алтайский гос. техн. ун-т, БТИ. - Бийск: Изд-во Алт. гос. техн. ун-та, 2011. Struktschinskaja S., Razgoniaewa E. “Sozionik. Teaching aids. “Altai State Technical University, 2011
  18. Пахотина Е. А. "Соционическая культура личности: философско-культурологический анализ". Автореферат дисс. канд. философских наук. - Тюмень, 2011. Pachotina E. “Socionic personality culture: a philosophical-cultural analysis.” Tyumen, 2011.
  19. Сидорина Т. В. Практическое применение соционики в оценке и моделировании профессиональных группи // кестник интех. - 2007. - Вып. 5. Sidorina T. "Practical application of socionics in the evaluation and modeling of working groups." // Journal of integrative psychology, issue 5/2007.
  20. Никонова М. А., Родина Е. Н. Перспективы соционики в современном обществе // Человек - Общество - Культура: сб. науч. тр. - Вып. 4. - Саранск, Мордов. гос. пед. ин-т, 2012. - 120 с. - С.82-85. Nikonova M., Rodina E. "Prospects for Socionics in Modern Society"
  21. a b c Александрова Н. Х., Бояджиева Н., Сапунджиева К., Коларова Ц. Д. « Социониката в социалната сфера » - София: Университетское издательство Св. Климент Охридски, 2004. - 149 с, ISBN 954-07-1876-7 In Bulgarian. The title can be translated as Alexandrowa N., Bojadjiewa N., Sapundjiewa K., Kolarowa C. "Socionics in the field of the social"
  22. a b http://socionic.info/esocjur.html#top In English: Journals of the IIS
  23. http://socionic.info/socjur.html In Russian: Journals of the IIS
  24. http://socionic.info/list/socino.html List of publications in various countries
  25. Примерная основная образовательная программа высшего профессионального образования. Направление подготовки 040100 “ ( Memento of the original from November 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Социология “(PDF; 5.4 MB) (Russian). It can be translated as: Exemplary Basic Program in Higher Education. Training instructions 040100 " Sociology " @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / fgosvpo.ru
  26. Socionics in the training process: some universities, programs, curricula
  27. ^ Fink G. and Mayrhofer W. Cross-cultural competence and management - setting the stage // European J. Cross-cultural competence and management. - 2009. - Vol. 1. - No. 1.

    Personality profiling encompasses numerous models that arise from personality trait theory. In the context of this article, four models deserve special attention due to their importance in personality research and / or their appropriateness for the topic: Socionics (founded in the 1970s by Ausra Augustinavichiute, eg, Augustinavichiute, 1994, 1998); cybernetic mindscape theory (Maruyama, 1980; Boje, 2004); the five factor model (Frankfurt am Main), commonly called the 'big five' personality trait model (Costa and McCrae, 1992); the personality type theory of the Myers-Briggs type inventory (MBTI, see McKenna et al., 2002)

  28. [1]
  29. [2]
  30. socionic.info
  31. Арутюнов В.Х., Мішин В.М., Свінціцький В.М. Методологія соціально-економічного пізнання ( Memento of the original from March 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Навч. посібник. - К .: КНЕУ, 2005. - 353 c. (Ukrainian. The article can be translated as: Arutjunov VH, Mishin VM and Svintsitskij VM Methodology of Socio-Economic Knowledge) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / 6201.org.ua
  32. László-Kuţiuk M. Ghid de autocunoasţere. Elements de socionică. - Bucureşti, 2000, ISBN 973-97141-5-3 .
  33. Суртаева Н. Н., Иванова О. Н. Педагогическая соционика и проблемы конфликтных взаимодействий. - СПб. ИОВ РАО, 2002. - 135 с, ISBN 5-258-00021-4 Article can be translated as Surtajeva NN, Ivanova OP "Pedagogical Socionics and Problems of Conflict Interactions"
  34. Федорова В. К. Использование педагогической соционики в решении конфликтных взаимодействий субъектов образовацгосьразовательсразовательсаноцгосльнователь. Автореферат дисс. канд. пед. наук. - Омск, 1998. The article can be translated as Fjodorova VK “Application of pedagogical socionics in solving conflict interactions between subjects in the educational process. Summary of the doctoral thesis in education "
  35. В. Н. Антошкин " Оптимизация управления системой коммуникативной деятельности в социальной работе » (2004 г.) article can be translated as Antoschkin UN optimize system management of communication in social work
  36. Применение соционики в авиации
  37. a b c Типовая учебная программа по дисциплине: " Подготовка авиационного персонала кв областе in the field of the subject of the human study plan in the field of the subject of the human study can be translated as" fact "in the field of the human study
  38. Исаева Е. Н. Перспективы соционики в библиотечном менеджменте // Московский государственный университет университет культурыры культуры. - М., 1999-2008. The article can be translated as "Isaeva EN Perspectives on Socionics in Library Management // Moscow State University of Culture and Art"
  39. Гуленко В. В., Тыщенко В. П. Юнг в школе. Соционика - межвозрастной педагогике . - Новосибирск: изд-во Новосибирского университета, 1997. - 268 с, ISBN 5-89441-014-2 Article can be translated as Gulenko VV, Tyschtschenko VPCGJung in school. Socionics for pedagogy of age transitions. Novosibirsk University Publishing House
  40. Богданова І. М. Шляхи вдосконалення професійної підготовки майбутніх учителів // Наукa і освіта. - 2011 . - № 4. - Ч. 1. - С. 34-36. In Ukrainian. Can be translated as Bogdanova I. "Ways to develop and improve the training of future teachers."
  41. Бобков В. В. Дифференцированный подход к обучению ( Memento of the original from December 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 374 kB): психо-информационная точка зрения. Часть 1 // Электронный научный журнал "Исследовано в России". - 2006. - С. 371-400. The article can be translated as “Bobkov VV Differentiated Approach to Education: Psycho-Informational Point of View. Part 1 // Electronic scientific journal "Researched in Russia" " @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru
  42. Иванов Ю. В. Деловая соционика - М .: Бизнес-школа "Интел-Синтез", 2001. - 184 с. - (Библиотека журнала “Управление персоналом”) Article can be translated as “Ivanov JV Business Socionics. M .: Business School "Intel Synthesis", 2001. - 184 c. - (Archive of the magazine "Personalführung") "
  43. Измайлова М. А. Психология рекламной деятельности. Практическое пособие. - М. ИТК “Дашков и К”, 2009, ISBN 978-5-394-00261-8 Article can be translated as “Ismajlova MA Psychology in Advertising. Practical guide. M. ITK 'Dashkov & K' 2009, ISBN 978-5-394-00261-8 . "
  44. Киселева Е. С. Роль и значение потребителя в системе маркетинга и способы управления поведением на основе соционики (PDF; 157 kB) // Известия Томского политехнического университета. - 2008. - № 6. - Т. 312. - С. 59-64 articles can be translated as Kiseljova ES Role and meaning of the consumer in the system of marketing and behavior control methods on a socionic basis // News from the Tomsk Polytechnic University (PDF; 157 kB)
  45. Ласло-Куцюк М. Ключ до белетристики. - Бухарест: Мустанг, 2002. - 291 с, ISBN 973-99400-6-4 .
  46. Комиссарова Л. М. Лингвосоционическая методология изучения языковой личности в русском языке. Автореф. дис. на соиск. учен. степ. канд. филол. наук - Барнаул: Изд-во АГУ, 2002. - 23 с. Article can be translated as "Komissarova LM" Lingua-Socionic methodology of researching a linguistic personality in Russian. Summary of the doctoral thesis in philology - Barnaul: Verlag AGU, 2002. - 23c.
  47. Хачмафова З. Р. Лексико-тематическая группа "чувство" (PDF; 69 kB) в лексиконе современной женской прозы. // Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета. - 2009. - № 1. Article can be translated as Khatschmafova ZR Lexico -thematic group “Feeling” (PDF; 69 kB)
  48. Голев Н. Д., Кузнецова А. В. Лингвосоционическое моделирование экстравертного и интровертного типов языковой личности // У Устермти // Вестертного типов Филология. - 2009. - № 3. - С. 95-98. Article can be translated as Golev ND, Kuznezova AV Linguasocionic modeling of an extravert and an introvert type of linguistic personality // Vestnik KemGU. Philology. - 2009. - № 3. - С. 95-98.
  49. Залогина Е. М. Языковая личность: лингвистический и психологический аспекты: На материале романа «Бисесы» и «Делевнис. М. Достоевского: Автореферат дисс. … Канд. филол. наук. - М., 2005. The article can be translated as Zalogina EM Linguistic personality: linguistic and psychological aspects: Based on the material of the novel "The Demons" and "Diary of a Writer" by FM Dostoevsky: Summary of the PhD thesis in Philology. - М., 2005.
  50. a b Букалов Г. К., Корабельников Р. В. Основы поиска новых методов повышения износостойкости рабочих органов текстильных машин. - Кострома: Изд-во КТГУ, 2001. - 126 с, ISBN 5-8285-0013-9 Article can be translated as Bukalov GK, Korabelnikov RV Fundamentals of the search for new methods to increase the wear resistance of working parts of textile machines. - Kostroma: Verlag KTGU, 2001. - 126 с, ISBN 5-8285-0013-9 .
  51. Букалов Г. К. Развитие теории взаимодействия текстильного продукта с нитепроводящими рабочими взаимодействия текстильного продукта с нитепроводящими рабочими оргорочими оргорочими оргонами соргонами сорганами соргонами сорганами сорганами. д-ра техн. наук - Кострома, 2001. - 35s. The article can be translated as Bukalov GK Theory development of the interactions between a textile product and thread-guiding work parts and the methods for increasing their wear resistance: Summary of the doctoral thesis for technical sciences - Kostroma, 2001. - 35 p
  52. a b Букалов А. В. Интегральная соционика. Типы коллективов, наций, государств. Этносоционика. // Соционика, ментология и психология личности. - 1998. - № 5. - С. Articles 13-17 can be translated as Bukalov AV Integrale Socionics. Types of teams, nations, states. Ethnosocionics // Socionics, mentology and psychology of personality. - 1998. - № 5. - pp. 13-17.
  53. socionic.info
  54. conf2011.imbp.ru
  55. Букалов А. В., Карпенко О. Б., Чикирисова Г. В. « О статистике отношений в супружеских парах » // Соционика, ментология и психология личности, No. 1, 1999. The article can be translated as Bukalov А. V., Каrpenko О. B., Tschikirisova GVOn Statistics of Relationships in Married Couples” // Socionics, Mentology and Personality Psychology, No. 1, 1999.
  56. http://www.journal.rbiu.ru/upload/2012-1.pdf#page=181Григорова Ю.Б. Влияние типов личности на совместную деятельность // Современная высшая школа: инновационный аспектионный. - 2012. - № 1. - С.181-184 Article can be translated as http://www.journal.rbiu.ru/upload/2012-1.pdf#page=181Grigorova JB Influence of personality types on common activity // Modern university: innovative aspect. - 2012. - № 1. - С.181-184
  57. socionic.info
  58. Применение соционики в авиации Article can be translated as http://www.lib.ua-ru.net/diss/cont/280815.html Application of socionics in aviation
  59. socionic.info
  60. А.В.Малишевский, И.А.Парфенов ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ СОЦИОНИЧЕСКИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ДЛЯ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ И ПЛАНИРОВАНИЯ В СФЕРЕ ВОЗДУШНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА // Научный вестник Московского государственного технического университета гражданской авиации, №154, 2010г. http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15236207 The article can be translated as AV Malischevski, IA Parfenov APPLICATION OF SOCIONIC MODELS FOR ELECTION AND PLANNING IN THE FIELD OF AVIATION // Nautschnyj Vestnik of Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation, No. 154 , 2010.
  61. Е.В.Олькова. Происхождение соционического типа или проблемы в наследство. - Москва, 2007, ISBN 978-5-350-00148-8 E. Olkowa. Emergence of the socionic type or inherited problems. - Moscow, 2007.
  62. Антони Кепински. Психопатология неврозов. Польское медицинское издательство. - Варшава 1975, c.30-32 - Antoni Kepinski Psychopathology of Neuroses. - Polish Medical Publishing House, Warsaw, 1975, pp. 30–32.
  63. a b Robert Levine A Map of Time. How cultures deal with time. - Pieper Verlag Munich, 2005, - pp. 139–142, ISBN 3-492-22978-6 .
  64. Andrew, JM and Bentley, MR, "The quick minute: Delinquents, drugs, and time", in: Chriminal Justice & Behaviuos 3 (2), 1976, pp. 179-186.
  65. А.Л.Митрохина. Общая Соционикаю - Москва, изд. "Чёрная Белка", 2010, стр.253-254 - A.Mitrochina. General socionics. Verlag "Tschornaja Belka", Moscow, 2010, pp. 253-254.
  66. http://www.wikisocion.net/en/index.php?title=Dichotomies Dichotomies
  67. http://www.zeit.de/2005/10/KA-Stillleben Example: an article in a predominantly passionate style
  68. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Fn6o9KeFL4 Example of an indifferent man (video)
  69. http://socionics.us/theory/information.shtml. Retrieved February 15, 2011 .
  70. Information_elements. Retrieved February 15, 2011 .
  71. http://socionist.blogspot.com/search/label/information%20aspects. Retrieved February 15, 2011 .
  72. www.socionics.com/prof/prof.htm. Retrieved February 15, 2011 .
  73. http://socionics.us/types.shtml. Retrieved February 15, 2011 .
  74. Category: Type_descriptions. Retrieved February 15, 2011 .
  75. http://socionist.blogspot.com/search/label/socionic%20types. Retrieved February 15, 2011 .
  76. Type_names. Retrieved February 15, 2011 .
  77. www.socionics.com/rel/rel.htm. Retrieved February 15, 2011 .
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