Fork-annoying millet

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Fork-annoying millet
Fork-branched millet (Panicum dichotomiflorum)

Fork-branched millet ( Panicum dichotomiflorum )

Systematics
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Panicoideae
Genre : Panicum ( Panicum )
Type : Fork-annoying millet
Scientific name
Panicum dichotomiflorum
Michx.

The fork-branch millet , fork-branch millet , late- flowering millet or late-blooming blue millet ( Panicum dichotomiflorum ) is a grass species that originated in America and was introduced into Central Europe. It reaches a height of 100 centimeters and more, has leaf blades up to 30 centimeters long and forms a 10 to 30 centimeter long panicle.

description

The fork-branched millet is an annual grass that grows in loose clusters with stems 30 to 100 sometimes up to 150 centimeters high. The stalks stand upright or are kneeling-ascending. They form three to four bald nodes and are branched at the lower nodes. The leaves are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade. The leaf sheath is clearly grooved, smooth and hairless or sometimes hairy at the opening. The ligule is 1 to 2 millimeters long and densely ciliate. The leaf blade is 10 to 30, sometimes up to 50 centimeters long and 3 to 10, rarely up to 15 millimeters wide, spread out flat, usually a bit rough on both sides and sometimes with scattered hairs on top. The midrib is inconspicuous.

A 10 to 30 centimeter long, loose and widely spread panicle is formed as the inflorescence . The lowest part can still be enveloped by the uppermost leaf sheath. The side branches are stiff and upright at flowering time. At the ends of the side branches there are usually several close-fitting and short-stalked spikelets . They are absent in the lower third of the panicle. The spikelet stalk is 6 millimeters long and rough. The spikelets are two-flowered, 2 to 2.5, sometimes up to 3 millimeters long, elliptical, pointed and glabrous. They fall off as a whole at the time of maturity. The lower glume is one-nerved, about a quarter as long as the spikelet, rounded, tender-skinned and glabrous. The upper glume is nine-veined, about as long as the spikelet, membranous and also glabrous. The lower floret is sterile. The lemma of the lower floret is similar to the upper glume. The palea is as long as the lemma, ovate and tender-skinned. The three anthers are 1 to 1.2 millimeters long. The upper floret is hermaphroditic. The lemma is 1.6 to 1.8 millimeters long, ovate, shiny, smooth and glabrous. Cover and palea harden at maturity. The fruits are 1.5 to 1.7 millimeters long caryopses . The flowering period extends from August to October.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 54.

Distribution and ecology

The natural range is in South, Central and North America. However, the species was introduced to Europe and made an early appearance in Italy and southern France as a weed in corn fields. There were temporary individual occurrences in Germany even before the Second World War. In 1970 the species was found at the Ungerhausen train station near Memmingen , in 1979 near Schotten , 1980 in Bamberg and 1982 in Eckental near Erlangen . These finds indicate an introduction together with seeds, but the species is increasingly found in corn fields, not only in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, but also in northwestern Germany. The spread is promoted by the use of herbicides , as the fork-branched millet spreads particularly well in open areas. Fork-annoyed millet has existed in Austria since around 1980; it can be found in Burgenland, Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg, northern Tyrol and Vorarlberg in the colline to submontane altitude range . It is particularly common in the foothills south-east of the Alps, i.e. in the Garzer Bucht and in the hill country in central and southern Burgenland, otherwise it occurs sparsely or rarely. The forked millet thrives in companies of the Digitario-Setarienion sub-association.

Systematics and research history

The administration Annoying millet ( Panicum dichotomiflorum ) is a kind of the genus of Panicum ( Panicum ), in the family of grasses (Poaceae) of the subfamily Panicoideae , Tribe Paniceae is assigned. The species was first scientifically described in 1803 by André Michaux in Flora Boreali-Americana .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ German name after Conert: Pareys Gräserbuch , p. 426 and Fischer et al .: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol , p. 1206.
  2. ↑ German name after Robert Zander : Zander. Concise dictionary of plant names. Edited by Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold . 18th edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5408-1 , p. 604.
  3. ↑ a b German name according to Fischer et al .: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol , p. 1206.
  4. ↑ a b c d Conert: Pareys Gräserbuch , p. 426.
  5. ^ A b W. D. Clayton, M. Vorontsova, KT Harman, H. Williamson: Panicum dichotomiflorum. In: GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed March 28, 2015 .
  6. ↑ a b Panicum dichotomiflorum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  7. ↑ Fischer et al .: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol , p. 1206.
  8. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  264 .
  9. ↑ Panicum dichotomiflorum. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved March 28, 2015 .

literature

  • Hans Joachim Conert: Parey's grass book . Recognize and determine the grasses of Germany. Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3327-6 , pp. 426 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 1206.

Web links

Commons : Fork-annoyed millet ( Panicum dichotomiflorum )  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files