Blacklist
A black list, negative list, blocked list, blacklist and blacklist, or just index ( english blacklist ) is a list of persons or things to be a disadvantage compared with those listed in any form. This disadvantage can manifest itself, among other things, in social discrimination or technical restriction and can serve both for personal protection and for oppression.
The counterpart to the black list is called the “ white list ” or positive list (whitelist), in which the entities named on the list are given preference over the general public.
Black lists in politics and society
Classic versions are the proscription lists , which were used in the Roman Empire in Sulla's time. On these lists were the names of unpopular political opponents who were to be murdered. The Index librorum prohibitorum was the list of forbidden books officially published by the Apostolic See .
Black lists of political opponents are also often kept in dictatorships . In the time of National Socialism , for example, Reinhard Heydrich created such lists, on which, among others, Ernst Röhm and the Reich Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher , both of whom were murdered. The name of the author Bertolt Brecht , who had to go into exile , was also on such a list. The special wanted list GB was compiled by the Reich Main Security Office in the spring of 1940 and listed 2,820 people who were to be systematically tracked down and arrested by special units of the SS in the event of a successful planned invasion of the British Isles . In the time of National Socialism, black lists were also called those lists on the basis of which “harmful and undesirable literature” was indexed and sorted out. The book burnings in May and June 1933 also took place on this basis . Under the Chilean coup general Augusto Pinochet , political opponents were also murdered using black lists.
In the United States during the McCarthy era , anti-communist threats caused many people to end up on a blacklist of unemployed people. The film industry in particular was affected (not least thanks to the active collaboration of Walt Disney ), and the so-called Hollywood Ten gained international fame. Among the victims was Charlie Chaplin .
In West Berlin , in the 1970s and 1980s, the Notgemeinschaft drew up black lists of "alleged enemies of the constitution" for a free university . Collections of information held by right-wing extremists ( anti-antifa ) and left-wing extremists about their respective political opponents are also referred to as black lists.
Another black list at the present time is the Lista Negra in Brazil , a directory of all landowners and corporations , people through unpaid slave labor to exploit on their farms. This list is published once a year by all daily newspapers .
Also sanction lists such as the list of persons in Russian visa revocation list are - especially if they are not transparent and are created as arbitrary - colloquially referred to as "black lists".
Communication blacklists
The Robinson lists are black lists with contact details of people who do not want to receive unsolicited advertising. These lists are available for letter mail , e-mail , SMS , telephone and fax . The companies organized in the associations undertake to comply with the registered consumers' request for advertising freedom and not to contact them commercially in any form. Entry in the Robinson lists is free. In the context of email, a blacklist is a list of domains , email addresses, and IP addresses that have received negative attention in the past. If an e-mail matches one of the data records listed, it can be treated specially when it is received. This can be rejection, delay, deletion or marking as spam (compare also spam filters and greylisting ). Black lists can be kept locally or on central servers as a so-called Realtime Blackhole List (RBL). Depending on the purpose, a combination of both types is sometimes used.
Telephone prefixes for value-added services , the selection of which is to be prevented, can be blocked by the technical implementation of a blacklist, as can the receipt of calls from certain telephone numbers. In the transmission of the call number (CLIP), the number of the calling is subscriber to the called subscriber is shown.
Programs with indexed ( blacklisted, German about " blacklisted ") names should not run. So are schools, for example, often sharing - or instant messenger programs (such as Kazaa and ICQ ) registered in a blacklist.
Blacklists in consumer and nature protection
The black list of airlines has been published by the European Commission since 2006 and updated every quarter. It represents the consolidated form of the national black lists published by various countries and lists all airlines that have lost their operating license for security reasons.
Black lists are also operated by private individuals, for example in Germany a person maintains such a list of locksmith, pipe cleaning and pest control companies on the Internet.
In nature conservation in Switzerland, black lists for neophytes are known , which spread so strongly and quickly that they displace many other species characteristic of the habitat in question. The Federal Agency for Nature Conservation has been working on a similar concept since 2010. Otherwise, lists in this area are mostly referred to as red lists .
Blacklist of insurers
The notice and information system of the insurance industry (HIS) is often equated by critics with a blacklist. Persons noted there can therefore be classified as particularly high risk by affiliated insurance companies. Consumer advocates repeatedly point out that such entries can lead to potential disadvantages, for example during the application phase.
Black list of tax havens
In 2009, the heads of government of the G20 agreed to publish a list of tax havens. The current list from May 2012 shows the progress:
On December 6, 2017, the European finance ministers published a blacklist of 17 countries that are classified as tax havens .
Term replacement in America
In the United States , there have long been efforts to remove IT terms that are perceived as racially discriminatory, such as master / slave or blacklist / whitelist, which remind American speakers of slavery in the United States , from the language used by the developer and user infrastructure of software products . In the wake of the protests that broke out in the summer of 2020 as a result of the death of George Floyd , Google projects such as Chrome , Android and the Go programming language want to switch as quickly as possible to alternative names such as blocklist and allowlist , which are less enticing than the blacklist terms often associated with skin colors and whitelist and are also rated as easier to understand.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Universities: P.O. Box 330 445. In: Der Spiegel . 3rd November 1980.
- ↑ Black list of locksmiths, pipe cleaning ...
- ↑ Get off the black list: HIS data. on: www.wdr.de
- ^ OECD, Center for Tax Policy and Administration, April 2, 2009
- ↑ Current black list. ((PDF; 45 kB)) OECD, May 2012, archived from the original on October 7, 2009 ; accessed in April 2013 .
- ↑ Zeit.de: EU blacklisted 17 states , accessed on December 6, 2017.
- ↑ Matthias Parbel: Not Racist Language: Farewell to blacklist and whitelist. In: heise online , June 15, 2020, accessed on July 4, 2020.