St. Martin (Biberach)

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St. Martin from the south
The church in relation to the market square
Ceiling fresco of the central nave by Johannes Zick , 1746
View from the organ gallery

The church of St. Martinus and Maria , mostly just "St. Martin “, is the parish church of the district town of Biberach an der Riss in Baden-Württemberg . It is a simultaneous church that is used by the Catholic and Protestant parishes. The church is owned by the Biberach Community Church Maintenance Foundation, a public law foundation that is unique in the world . The church is centrally located in the middle of the old town of Biberach and is the oldest and largest church in Biberach.

middle Ages

Due to the patronage of St. Martin , it is concluded that there must have been a church or chapel here as early as the 7th century . The location of the previous buildings has not been clarified, and archaeological excavations for research are still pending.

A Romanesque church was built around 1100 and replaced by a Gothic , three-aisled basilica between 1320 and 1370 . The chapels adjoining the choir and its vault date from the 15th century. After comparing styles, it is clear that the construction of the choir began between 1320 and 1330. The roof beams over the choir were built around 1337/1338, the one over the nave around 1365/66. A Gothic basilica with three naves was created. The octagonal pillars rest on pointed arches . The three-eight choir has moved in, the west tower is crowned with a roof spire with four gables. In its simplicity, the building was initially committed to the sober religious buildings of the mendicant orders. The builder Heinrich Kädeli probably took over the construction management in the 1940s. The facade tower was added. In the 15th century a sacristy and two side chapels were added to the choir. The patricians Eberhard II von Brandenburg and Martin Weißhaupt donated a society chapel, which was added and consecrated on the north side in 1449. From 1475 to 1476, the city foreman Hans Hartmann vaulted the chancel with a semicircular barrel with steep stab caps. The two church saints can also be seen on the four keystones. The beaver keystone is exhibited in the museum.

reformation

The Reformation in Biberach culminated in an iconoclasm in which on June 29, 1531, among other things, the high altar of the church with panels by Martin Schongauer was destroyed. The Catholic mass was banned, but allowed again by the Augsburg Interim of 1548. In social terms, the city of Biberach had a predominantly Protestant majority of about 90% of the population at that time, as opposed to a Roman Catholic aristocratic class of around 10%. Protestants and Catholics have shared the church since August 13, 1548. This was especially true for the nave, the choir remained purely Roman Catholic. This condition was established by the Peace of Westphalia , which referred to the normal year 1624, and still exists today. In 1584 the church was badly damaged after a fire caused by a lightning strike; the organ and the clock burned down. The foreman Hans Fischer repaired the damage together with the bricklayer Hans Kuzberger within a year. Hans Baumhauer painted a fire plaque, according to which the westwork received roughly its current appearance.

Modern times

Design

Self-portrait by Johannes Zick in the ceiling painting, 1748

A lightning strike in 1775 caused damage to the roof of the tower and the organ. The choir organ and the stucco decorations were also damaged. The organ builder Joseph Höß from Ochsenhausen then built new pipe works. In 1746 the interior of the Gothic church was largely redesigned in Baroque style , received arched windows and Johannes Zick painted the ceiling fresco in the central nave. It shows the story of Jesus of Nazareth from his birth to his ascension to heaven. A year later the side aisles were designed. The impressive ceiling paintings in the Rococo style in the (biconfessionally used) nave have themes that were acceptable for both denominations, while in the choir - used exclusively by Catholics - there is a Roman Catholic image program that shows an allegory of the church, crowned by the papal tiara . Under the direction of the city architect Richard Preiser, a new gallery was set up from 1880 to 1881 and a new organ was purchased. With the support of both denominations, the altars, the panel paintings, the figures of saints, the ceiling frescoes, the Mount of Olives, the confessionals, the choir stalls, the vestibules, the doors, the windows, the spiral staircase, the benches and the floors were completely renovated. A second Protestant sacristy was built in the so-called Nonnenschopf during the renovation from 1963 to 1967. New windows were installed and the organ loft was expanded. The ceiling paintings were weathered and had to be consolidated and restored. During this time, all the stucco work and the wall paintings were renovated; the ambo and the popular altar were erected. The exterior was designed from 1985 to 1986 based on findings.

Simultaneum

The parish church of St. Martin in Biberach - also called Simultaneum - was built around the years 1320-1370. It was built back then as an independent parish church in the imperial city and was maintained by the church administration, later the community church administration, as a foundation for the preservation of the church. In the time of the Free Imperial City, the community church maintenance was subordinate to the Magistrate, an administrative council of the free Imperial City of Biberach, which was responsible for the exercise of religious life within its territory. The responsibility of the magistrate remained until the loss of imperial freedom. In various contracts that regulated the legal form of church maintenance and parishes in the respective time, the property right of the community church maintenance to the parish church of St. Martin with the associated church square and its status as a legal entity was never questioned. According to the land register, the owner of the parish church is the Biberach Community Church Administration. During the Reformation, the so-called Simultaneum was set up for the Church of St. Martin, according to which the church congregations of both denominations have equal shared use and structural responsibility and in which both Protestant and Catholic believers have celebrated services and masses and continue to do so today to celebrate. With the Württemberg state laws of 1887 and 1889, the community church maintenance was confirmed the status of a legal foundation. The community church maintenance is a legal foundation under public law. It has the special form of a joint foundation (Section 31 of the Württemberg law on the representation of Protestant parishes and the administration of their property affairs from June 18, 1887). Even with the introduction of the Civil Code on January 1, 1900, Biberach adhered to the Simultaneum and its administration by the civil community. This was expressly stated in the 1906 asset separation and severance payment document. This particular form has not been effectively repealed by later legal regulations, in particular on municipal regulations. In the spirit of this centuries-old tradition and for the preservation and continuation of the purpose of this joint foundation, a joint statute was signed on June 25, 2012 by the municipal council in foundation matters, joint church maintenance, in agreement with the general parishes of both denominations and approved by the Tübingen regional council.

Catholic sacristy

The catholic sacristy has closed the choir apse with three rooms in three-eighths since 1720. The sacristy, which is not open to the public, houses valuable sacristy cabinets and the important church treasure. The most valuable parts of this church treasure are a tower monstrance from 1612, a late Romanesque crucifix from around 1220, a festive goblet that was made in 1786 by the Augsburg goldsmith Johann Ignaz Baur, and historical vestments.

Chapels

The Lady Chapel

Brandenburg chapel

The Brandenburg Chapel was set up as a prayer room from 1999 to 2000. The two baroque grilles used to stand on the sides of the middle altar under the choir arch. The crucifix from around 1520 is strongly reminiscent of works by Michael Zeynsler. Also noteworthy are the assistant figures of the disciple John and the painful mother from the late 15th century.

Plum chapel

This chapel was donated in 1603 by the Pflummers patrician family from the area around Riedlingen. The family crypt is under the chapel. The altarpiece framed with shellwork, which was painted in 1621 by the town painter Dietrich Meuß from Feldkirch, is remarkable. Significant tombs and coats of arms are shown in the chapel. From 1880 the chapel was converted into a Gothic room as in the original. The chapel was given its current appearance during a renovation between 1963 and 1967.

Lady Chapel

In the Marienkapelle stands the former altar of Mary, the center of which is an early baroque Madonna, which is considered to be very beautiful. It was made by Georg Grassender around 1660. The Madonna is accompanied by Saints Catherine of Siena and Dominic and was created around 1730. Katharina and Dominikus are popularly venerated as rosary saints.

Furnishing

organ

Main organ

The church must have had an organ before 1484 because there was a benefice for a priest organist . Before 1490 there was an organ in the choir, from 1490 a new large organ was built. In 1581/82 a new building was carried out by Caspar Eckstein, Weil der Stadt , which was destroyed in 1584 by a lightning strike that burned down the entire tower. In 1590 Eckstein therefore built an organ again. Since the Eckstein organ, which has since been renovated and reworked several times by Egidius Schnitzer, among others, was again destroyed by lightning in 1775, Joseph Höß then created the main organ between 1777 and 1778. In 1881 the Weigle company built a new building . In 1966 the completely intact Weigle organ was torn down. The case was offered to the Deutsches Museum, which declined due to lack of space. A part is now in a Bavarian living room, the rest was burned. For this reason, the company Werkstatt Reiser built a new building in 1967 which now has 54 sounding registers on three manuals including a pedal . In 2003, the work was comprehensively repaired, re- voiced and given a new console and a few dispositional changes and new registers. The main organ has the following disposition:

I Rückpositiv C – a 3
1. Covered 8th'
2. Quintad 8th'
3. Principal 4 ′
4th Coupling flute 4 ′
5. Small cornet 2 2 ⁄ 3 ′
6th octave 2 ′
7th Night horn 2 ′
8th. Fifth 1 1 ⁄ 3 ′
9. Sharp III-IV 1'
10. musette 8th'
11. Vox Humana 8th'
Tremulant
II main work C – a 3
12. Praestant 16 ′
13. Quintad 16 ′
14th Principal 8th'
15th Flûte harmonique 8th'
16. Flutdacked 8th'
17th octave 4 ′
18th Gemshorn 4 ′
19th Fifth 2 2 ⁄ 3 ′
20th Forest flute 2 ′
21st Larigot II 2 ′
22nd Mixture IV-V 1 1 ⁄ 3 ′
23. bassoon 16 ′
24. Trumpet 8th'
Zimbelstern
III Swell C – a 3
25th Bourdon 16 ′
26th Wooden flute 8th'
27. Violin principal 8th'
28. Salicional 8th'
29 Vox cœlestis from c 0 8th'
30th Principal 4 ′
31. Reed flute 4 ′
32. Nasard 2 2 ⁄ 3 ′
33. Duplicate 2 ′
34. Piccolo 2 ′
35. third 1 3 ⁄ 5 ′
36. Seventh 1 1 ⁄ 7 ′
37. recorder 1'
38. Mixture IV-V 2 2 ⁄ 3 ′
39. Dulcian 16 ′
40. Hautbois 8th'
41. Clairon 4 ′
Tremulant
Pedal C – f 1
42. Pedestal 32 ′
43. Principal bass 16 ′
44. Sub-bass 16 ′
45. Octave bass 8th'
46. Gemshorn 8th'
47. Cane-covered 4 ′
48. Dolkan 4 ′
49. Bass zinc III 5 1 ⁄ 3 ′
50. Rauschpfeife III 2 2 ⁄ 3 ′
51. trombone 16 ′
52. Tromba 8th'
53. Clarine 4 ′
54. cornet 2 ′

Altars

Crucifixion group in the Brandenburg chapel
  • In the interior there are a total of nine altars; in the period around 1500 the church had 17 altars.
  • A choir altar was made by Hans Dürner in 1604, the current high altar was made by Johann Eucharius Hermann in 1720, the altar was fundamentally reworked in the Baroque style from 1746 to 1748.
  • The Candidus altar was installed in the southern choir chapel from 1768 to 1769.

Other equipment

St. Martin in the vestibule
  • The late Gothic pulpit was made by Hans Hochmann in 1511; Preachers of both denominations use them. The following words are written in Latin at the entrance: Shout confidently, do not hold back! Lift up your voice like a trumpet and tell my people their backsliding and the house of Jacob their sins. (from Isaiah 58: 1). The busts of the church fathers , which used to stand on the pulpit , fell victim to the iconoclasm. In their place, delicate tracery was attached.
  • The twelve-year-old Jesus teaching in the temple can be seen in the ceiling fresco above the pulpit.
  • The copy of the Nenninger Pietà by Ignaz Günther was made by Christian Glöckler from Biberach; it stands in front of the Brandenburg chapel.
  • On a pillar in the central nave is a group of figures depicting Anna the third of herself . The sculpture was probably made by Michael Zeynsler around 1515 in the late Gothic style. It is one of the few representations that survived the iconoclasm of 1531.
  • The bars at the entrance to the Brandenburg Chapel were forged in 1769 by the art locksmith Johann Martin Pfann.
  • The ornamental grille in the Plummer chapel was made in the 17th century.
  • In the choir arch a clock attached there shows the time and reminds of mortality and finitude. This is symbolized by the double- faced Chronos , which leans against the clock. Chronos looks right with a darkly painted old face and left with a light youthful one.
  • The crucifix in the Brandenburg chapel dates from around 1520; it is reminiscent of the work of Michael Zeynsier and is very expressive.
  • In the Brandenburg Chapel there are figures of the apostle Johannes and a mother in pain from the late 15th century.
  • An Anna selbdritt was possibly created by Zeynsler around 1510; it was later revised. The figures of Mary, Jesus and Joachim have been added. The figure of Anna was probably originally a mother of God.
  • In the Candidus Chapel, two seats from the late Gothic choir bench have been preserved in a niche.
  • A crucifix hangs in the choir arch, it probably comes from the Syrlin workshop and was donated around 1510 by the then mayor Franz von Brandenburg. It was redesigned in the Baroque style in 1747 and a neo-Gothic head was added in 1881. The Mannerist assistant figures are works by Hans Dürner from around 1609.
  • The iron grating and the three confessionals are from the late Baroque period.
  • The panel paintings by J. Esperlin on the walls of the aisle show evangelists and apostles. They are distributed over the main nave and the chancel. Mary, Christ, God the Father and the Apostles are shown. In the cartouches below, reference is made to the creed .
  • The choir stalls made of oak and walnut were built in 1748 by the chapel carpenter Johann Konrad Fichtel from Biberach. The design is relatively simple, some decorative garlands of foliage and leaf ornaments can be seen. The back wall was provided with some inlays .
  • The statue depicting Christ the King in the Brandenburg Chapel was made in 1938 by the sculptor Georg Lesehr from Biberach.
  • There are four stucco angels on the cornices of the chapels .
  • On the west wall hangs an oil painting painted on wood. The picture, painted around 1620, shows a Pietà, members of the mayor Rollin, who died in 1584, and two passion angels .
  • On the opposite side is a painting by Johann Bergmayer, it shows the Trinity. Bergmayer painted it in 1717
  • In the confessional chapel there is a figure of Barbara in neo-Gothic style.
  • On either side of the organ gallery are two putti with cartridges.
  • Two half-figures of Nikolaus and Konrad are carved in silver, they were created in 1660 by a master from Augsburg with the monogram FW.
  • From 1787 to 1789 Franz Anton Gutwein recreated the base reliquaries for Georg and Martin from the base boxes of the figures of Nikolaus and Konrad.
  • A silversmith from Augsburg made the baptismal dishes for the Evangelical Church in 1769. It is decorated with a relief of the good shepherd and crowned with a statue of John.
  • The church treasure houses a number of crucifixes. Among them is the late Romanesque crucified from around 1220.
  • The Passion Cross is a work of the 17th century.
  • The tower monstrance dates from 1612.
  • The Sun Monstrance was created in the 18th century.
  • The furnishings include several goblets, including those from 1698, 1715 and 1786.
  • A silver censer is from the 17th century.
  • The baroque reliquaries are works of the 18th century.
  • Various liturgical vestments and monastery embroidery complete the church treasure.

Worth knowing

"Resolutions for Holy Communion" in the parish church of Biberach (1919)
  • In the Braith Mali Museum , the city history section also deals with the quality of St. Martin as a simultaneous church. A Catholic and an Evangelical cleaning bucket is on display in a showcase.
  • The Simultaneum Bauhütte e. V. is a support association that has set itself the goal of renewing the heating system and collects money for the maintenance of the building.

See also

literature

  • Otto Beck: City parish church of St. Martinus and Maria Biberach ad Riss. 5th edition. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 3-7954-4322-9 .
  • Wolfgang Manecke, Johannes Mayr: Historical organs in the district of Biberach . Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 1995, ISBN 3-7954-1069-X .
  • Helmut Völkl: Organs in Württemberg . Hänssler-Verlag, Stuttgart-Neuhausen 1986.

Web links

Commons : St. Martin  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Reference to the Simultankirche ( Memento from June 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ a b Otto Beck: Parish Church of St. Martinus and Maria Biberach ad Riss. 5th edition. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 3-7954-4322-9 , p. 3.
  3. ^ A b c Otto Beck: City parish church of St. Martinus and Maria Biberach ad Riss. 5th edition. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 3-7954-4322-9 , p. 4.
  4. ↑ Frescoes by Zick ( Memento from June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  5. ↑ Ceiling paintings (PDF; 1.5 MB) ( Memento from February 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  6. ↑ a b Otto Beck: Parish Church of St. Martinus and Maria Biberach ad Riss. 5th edition. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 3-7954-4322-9 , pp. 5 and 6.
  7. ↑ Bylaws of the Biberach Community Church Administration from June 25, 2012.
  8. ↑ Catholic sacristy ( Memento of the original dated June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.drs.de
  9. ↑ Brandenburgische Kapelle ( Memento of the original from June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.drs.de
  10. ↑ Plum Chapel ( Memento of the original from June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.drs.de
  11. ↑ Marienkapelle ( Memento of the original from June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.drs.de
  12. ↑ Völkl, p. 12.
  13. ↑ Völkl, p. 20.
  14. ↑ Völkl, p. 361. The detailed history of the main organs and the choir organ can be found in Manecke, pp. 64–74.
  15. ↑ Ralf Klotz: The main organ of the parish church of St. Martin Biberach an der Riß Festschrift for the organ renovation in 2003 . Festschrift, therefore no publisher, Biberach 2003.
  16. ↑ Otto Beck: City parish church of St. Martinus and Maria Biberach ad Riss. 5th edition. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 3-7954-4322-9 , p. 18.
  17. ↑ Pulpit and fresco ( Memento of the original dated June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.drs.de
  18. ↑ Copy of the Nenninger Pietà ( memento of the original from June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.drs.de
  19. ↑ Anna selbdritt ( Memento of the original from June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.drs.de
  20. ↑ a b c d e Otto Beck: City parish church of St. Martinus and Maria Biberach ad Riss. 5th edition. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 3-7954-4322-9 , p. 20.
  21. ↑ a b c d Otto Beck: City parish church of St. Martinus and Maria Biberach ad Riss. 5th edition. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 3-7954-4322-9 , p. 21.
  22. ↑ a b Otto Beck: Parish Church of St. Martinus and Maria Biberach ad Riss. 5th edition. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 3-7954-4322-9 .
  23. ↑ Clock and crucifix in the choir arch and panel paintings by Esperlin ( memento of the original from June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.drs.de
  24. ↑ Otto Beck: City parish church of St. Martinus and Maria Biberach ad Riss. 5th edition. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 3-7954-4322-9 , p. 32.
  25. ↑ a b Otto Beck: Parish Church of St. Martinus and Maria Biberach ad Riss. 5th edition. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 3-7954-4322-9 , p. 22.
  26. ↑ Simultaneum Bauhütte ( Memento from June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )

Coordinates: 48 ° 5 ′ 55 ″  N , 9 ° 47 ′ 21 ″  E