Martin Schongauer

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Martin Schongauer
Bust of Schongauer in the Ruhmeshalle , Munich

Martin Schongauer (* around 1445/1450 in Colmar , Alsace , † February 2, 1491 in Breisach am Rhein ) was a German engraver and painter .

Life

Little data is saved about his life. He was probably born around 1450 or a few years earlier in Colmar, where his father, a goldsmith from Augsburg , had settled around 1440. He probably spent his first apprenticeship in his father's workshop or possibly as an apprentice to Caspar Isenmann . Afterwards he was likely to have worked for a certain time in the workshop of Hans Pleydenwurff in Nuremberg, where he got to know an early examination of the new naturalistic painting style of the Ars Nova of the Dutch ( Jan van Eyck , Rogier van der Weyden ).

From 1465 he was enrolled at Leipzig University for a few semesters . At the latest by 1469/70 he began the obligatory wandering; it took him to Burgundy and the Netherlands : his work shows influences from the art of Rogier van der Weyden , whose world court altar he must have seen in Beaune , as well as from Dieric Bouts and Jan van Eyck.

In 1470 he is said to have settled in Colmar. During his lifetime he was most famous as a painter. He apparently achieved some wealth, was a multiple homeowner, and apparently remained unmarried.

The fact that he was referred to as a “citizen of Breisach” on the occasion of a trip to Basel in June 1489 proves that at that time he had already moved to Breisach because of a large order for wall paintings in the local cathedral .

To the meaning

Presumably because of his delicate painting, Schongauer was called "Martin Schön" or "Hübsch Martin" by his contemporaries. Very few of his paintings have survived. His main pictorial work, the Madonna im Rosenhag ( Dominican Church Colmar ), his only (not by hand) dated painting, the original location of which is not known, dates from 1473 . This masterpiece of late Gothic Madonna pictures is characterized by great clarity in composition and execution.

In addition to a pair of altar wings , donated by the Preceptor Jean d'Orlier for the Antonite monastery and hospital in Isenheim (Colmar, Musée d'Unterlinden ), the former main altar of the Dominicans in Colmar (Colmar, Musée d'Unterlinden ) executed by workshop employees Only the Last Judgment frescoes on the inner west wall of the Breisach Minster, which he could possibly no longer finish himself because of his sudden death , have survived smaller panel paintings, which were also not all made by hand .

Christmas stamps of the German Federal Post Office from 1991 on the 500th anniversary of Schongauer's death
monogram

Not only because of the technical and artistic quality of his copperplate engravings , which bring the possibilities of this technique to perfection, Schongauer is considered one of the most important graphic artists before Albrecht Dürer , whom he decisively influenced. He was probably the first to produce prints in large numbers and to promote their commercial distribution. He was the first engraver to sign his works: all 116 leaves that were preserved bear his initials on the side of a cross with a crescent-shaped tick. Research fights less about their attribution than about their dating and chronology. Overall, the stylistic development proceeds from a rich narrative richness of detail to a larger, more serious and more representative form.

A bust with Schongauer's image was displayed in the Hall of Fame in Munich . The Martin-Schongauer-Gymnasium Breisach as well as streets and paths in Frankenthal , Gundelfingen , Kevelaer , Kösching , Bielefeld , Neuchâtel , Rottenburg , Schongau , Bad Windsheim , Filderstadt , Karlsruhe and Niederkrüchten are named after him .

Works (selection)

painting

Maria im Rosenhag
Adoration of the Shepherds
  • St. Barbara and another St. Virgin
    • Counter-image St. Catharina and another St. Virgin
  • Cunigunda, engaged to Duke Otto von Wittelsbach
  • Ethisa, wife of King Ferdinand III. from Spain
  • Agnes, married to the Count of Thuscien, nephew of Pope Innocentius III.
  • Beatrix , wife of Emperor Otto IV . so only four days their marriage survived and in Braunschweig ..., 1471
  • Maria im Rosenhag , 1473 (Dominican Church Colmar)
  • Holy Family , 1475–1480 ( Vienna , Kunsthistorisches Museum )
  • Parts of the Marian Altar Orlier Altar (Colmar, Musée d'Unterlinden )
  • Last Judgment , frescoes and wall paintings, around 1489 ( Breisacher St. Stephansmünster )
  • Holy Family (Munich, Alte Pinakothek )

  • Holy Family

  • Portrait of a young woman

  • Orlier altar

Copper engravings

  • Ecce Homo

  • Saint Anthony tormented by demons

  • Christ on the cross

  • Birth of christ

Auctions

  • 1825 in Nuremberg: The flight to Egypt; the St. Virgin ...
    • The Capture of Jesus Christ.
    • The Flagellation of Christ.
    • Christ before Pilate.
    • Christ on the cross.
    • Heyland's body was placed in the grave by his disciples.
    • The descent to hell.
    • The resurrection of Christ.
    • The death of St. Virgin in the Beyseyn of the twelve apostles.
    • St. Anthony is pulled into the air by the devil.
    • St. Christoph carries the Jesus child across a river.
    • St. John the Evangelist writes his revelation on the island of Pathmos.
    • St. Michael overcomes the kite.
    • God the Father is seated on a throne whose curtains are held by two angels.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ DIRECTORY OF THE v.DERSCHAUISCHE Kunstkabinett zu NÜRNBERG ... Nuremberg, at the obligated auctionator Schmidmer., 1825., directory of rare art collections., 1825., Google Books, online , pp. 3 and 4
  2. ↑ INDEX OF THE v.DERSCHAUISCHE Kunstkabinett zu NÜRNBERG ..., Second Division. Nuremberg, at the obliged auctioneer Schmidmer., 1825., directory of rare art collections., 1825., Google Books, online , p. 6 and 7, (26. to 39)

literature

  • Marianne Bernhard (Ed.): Martin Schongauer and his circle. Prints, hand drawings. Südwest-Verlag, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-517-00728-5 .
  • Karin Groll: Martin Schongauer and his time. Exhibition at the Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe (April 4 to June 28, 1992), Karlsruhe 1991, ISBN 3-925212-16-7 .
  • Stephan Kemperdick: Martin Schongauer. A monograph. Imhof, Petersberg 2004, ISBN 3-937251-33-2 .
  • Ulrike Heinrichs: Martin Schongauer - painter and engraver. Art and science under the primacy of sight. Munich / Berlin 2007.
  • Franz Winzinger : The drawings of Martin Schongauer. German Association for Art History, Berlin 1962.
  • Martin Schongauer. The restoration of the Last Judgment in Breisach; Aspects of life, work and time , catalog of the exhibition Kunstkreis Radbrunnen Breisach, Breisach 1991.
  • Tilman Falk, Thomas Hirthe: Martin Schongauer. The engraving. Exhibition catalog. State Graphic Collection Munich 1991.
  • Le Beau Martin. Études et mises au point , files from the colloquium in the Musée d 'Unterlinden in Colmar, September 30 - October 2, 1991.
  • The illustrated Bartsch , Volume 8: Early German artists. Martin Schongauer, Ludwig Schongauer and copyists , edited by Jane Campbell Hutchinson. New York 1996.
  • Fritz Koreny: Martin Schongauer as a draftsman: a reassessment. In: “Master drawings” 34/2 (1996), pp. 123–147.
  • Ludwig Scheibler : Schongauer and the master of the Bartholomäus altar. In: Repertory for Art History. Volume 7, 1884
  • Christian Heck: The Madonna in the Rosenhag. Colmar 1990.
  • Susanne Günther:  Martin Schongauer. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 9, Bautz, Herzberg 1995, ISBN 3-88309-058-1 , Sp. 756-758.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  • Hubert Janitschek:  Schongauer, Martin . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 34, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1892, pp. 735-739.
  • Stephan Kemperdick:  Schongauer, Martin. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 23, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-428-11204-3 , pp. 466-468 ( digitized version ).

Web links

Commons : Martin Schongauer  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
personal data
SURNAME Schongauer, Martin
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German painter and engraver
DATE OF BIRTH around 1445 or 1450
PLACE OF BIRTH Colmar
DATE OF DEATH February 2, 1491
Place of death Breisach