Controversial poem
The controversial poem is a dialogic lyrical form in which two people, each appearing as allegorical personifications of their point of view, usually have a dispute. Topics of the argument are e.g. B. Rank and value, advantages and weaknesses or the decision on a question.
Literary controversial poetry
The literary tradition of the controversial poem goes back to antiquity . Well-known forms are Agon and Synkrisis in Theokritos (later in Virgil ) in classical Greek, Altercatio , Conflictus and Disputatio in Latin literature. In a broader sense, the forerunners in Germanic poetry such as B. Lokasenna and Harbarȝljoð or the so-called Gelfreden, mocking stimulus speeches on an opponent, to count among the controversial poems. They cultivated the Old Norse and Old English literature , and the Oriental literatures, especially the Arabic and Persian , developed their own types of controversial poetry.
In the course of the Middle Ages, forms of minstrel poetry such as Tenzone , Partimen , Jeu parti , Débat and Contrasto grew out of the Middle Ages in the Romance languages . In the late Middle Ages, German minnesong brought the argument to its own bloom. Popular topics in the 13th century were pairs of opposites such as body and soul with Walther von Metz , wine and water, summer and winter, love and beauty with Reinmar von Brennenberg , but also reproach that criticized the church and the nobility. The moment of personification in particular often appeared here; B. in Walther von der Vogelweide and Regenbogen in the allegorical sense as Frau Minne and Frau Ehre or as Frau Welt in Frauenlob . He wrote a dispute between love and the world .
At the turn of the modern era, the genre came under the influence of folk songs and didactic poetry . In Der Ackermann aus Böhmen (around 1400), Johannes von Tepl first used the form for a more extensive work. A controversial poem of this era that is still known today is the anonymous early New High German religious controversy between life and death . After-effects can be found above all in political, theological or ideological dialogues since the Reformation, such as pamphlets and tracts , in fools 'literature , in Ulrich von Hutten's conversation book (1521) and in Angelus Silesius ' religious pamphlets as late as the 17th century .
In the romantic era , the playful Tenzone experienced a revival in cultural life. Karl Joseph Simrock and Wilhelm Wackernagel quarrel in art and office , Ludwig Uhland and Friedrich Rückert in Tenzonen about issues such as artistic freedom and reason, love and loyalty. The best-known example of controversial poetry in musical drama is the poet and singer contest between Sixtus Beckmesser and Walther von Stolzing in Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg .
Stylistic features
The main stylistic feature of the controversial poem is the exchange speech: two opponents represent their point of view, each with a clear claim to the truth and present it in an often rhymed dialogue. The protagonists can be real historical personalities (e.g. Euripides and Aeschylus in the frogs of Aristophanes ), mythological figures ( Ganymede and Helena ), biblical figures ( John the Baptist , John the Evangelist ) or fictional characters ( a knight and a priest) act. Also personified everyday phenomena (spring against winter), personified value concepts (tradition against progress, paganism against Christianity), animals (owl and nightingale), plants (olive and laurel tree) or even food (in the satirical controversial poem of pea porridge and thick lentils, Meleagros by Gadara ) occur. A judge as the third protagonist plays the role of a decision-making body in some cases. Preface , closing speeches or the embedding of the individual controversial poem in a larger narrative context are possible.
Oral dispute poetry
Oral controversial poetry, like written poetry, exists in almost all eras and numerous cultures. The ancient controversial poem Theocrits found its model in the oral customs of Sicilian shepherds ( bucolic ). Tribal honor and the social status of individuals were negotiated in pre-Islamic Arabia in the ritualized Mufakhara . Bavaria and Austria knew the were beginning and Gasslreimen playful popular types of oral argument seal which mainly dealt with love themes. The sounding in Afro-American urban everyday culture is a playful, combative exchange of rhyming two-line lines in which two men usually compete with each other. Largely gone from everyday life, oral controversial poetry is present in the present, especially in the battles of hip-hop culture worldwide.
Examples
literature
- Hermann Jantzen: History of the German controversial poem in the Middle Ages. With consideration of similar phenomena in other literature . Breslau 1886, reprint Hildesheim 1977
- Heinrich Knobloch: The controversial poems in Provençal and Old French . Dissertation. Wroclaw 1886
- Wilhelm Gadow: The Middle English poem owl and nightingale . Berlin 1909
- Hans Walther: The controversial poem in the Latin literature of the Middle Ages . Munich 1920
- Eduard Böhs: The beautiful stallion controversial poem from summer and winter . Landskron 1922
- Ingrid Kasten: Studies on the topic and form of the Middle High German controversial poem . Dissertation. Hamburg 1973
- Michel-André Bossy (Ed.): Medieval debate poetry. Vernacular works . New York 1987. ISBN 0-8240-8709-7
- Antje Schäfer: Virgil's Eclogues 3 and 7 in the tradition of Latin controversial poetry. A presentation based on selected texts from antiquity and the Middle Ages . Frankfurt am Main 2001
- Peter Stotz: Observations on Latin controversial poems of the Middle Ages. Topics - structures - functions . Zurich 2001
- Eike Freese: Controversial poem . Historical dictionary of rhetoric, Volume 9. Tübingen 2009
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hans Walther: The controversial poem in the Latin literature of the Middle Ages, Munich 1920, p. 3
- ↑ Alexander Hildebrand: Frauenlobs controversial poem between Minne and World Leipzig 1970
- ↑ Bichr Fares: Mufakhara . Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden / Leipzig 1936
- ↑ Ilka Peter: Gassluse and Gasslspruch in Austria . Salzburg 1953
- ↑ Thomas Kochmann: Rappin and stylin out. Communication in Urban Black America . Chicago 1972, p. 241 ff.
- ↑ Eike Freese: Controversial poem . Historical dictionary of rhetoric, Volume 9.Tübingen 2009, p. 177