Tacca

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Tacca
Bat flower (Tacca chantrieri)

Bat flower ( Tacca chantrieri )

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Yams (Dioscoreales)
Family : Yam family (Dioscoreaceae)
Genre : Tacca
Scientific name
Tacca
JR Forest. & G.Forst.

Tacca is a plant genus of the family of dioscoreaceae (Dioscorea). Few species are used as exotic ornamental plants and some species are used medicinally or as starch suppliers.

description

Illustration of Tacca leontopetaloides
Inflorescence of Tacca integrifolia

Habit and leaves

Tacca species are perennial herbaceous plants . They form more or less cylindrical rhizomes or more or less spherical tubers .

Tacca ankaranensis
Tacca integrifolia with an undivided leaf blade
Pedunculated leaves of Tacca leontopetaloides with split blades
Fruits of Tacca leontopetaloides

The alternate and spirally arranged, upright leaves in basal rosettes are divided into leaf sheath, petiole and leaf blade. The leaf blade, which is usually simple or rarely divided, is network-veined (rarely occurs in monocots, which are usually parallel to each other). The stomata are anomocytic or axillocyic.

Inflorescences and flowers

Side stems often long, leafless inflorescence stems are formed. The umbellate inflorescences are encased in two circles by usually four to six (two to twelve) narrow to broad, foliage-like bracts . The bracts are narrower than the bracts, mostly thread-shaped.

The hermaphroditic, radial symmetry flowers are threefold. The six equal-faceted bloom have grown bell-shaped. The colors of the bracts range from green to purple to brown. There are two circles with three fertile stamens each with short stamens ; they are free with each other but fused with the bloom cladding sheets. The two-celled pollen grains have an aperture and are sulcat. The three pistils have become an under constant ovary grown. The ovary contains 15 to 100 pendulous, anatropic to campylotropic ovules . The stylus ends in a three-lobed scar; the broad scar branches are usually curved towards the stylus. Pollination occurs by Diptera ( entomophilia ).

Fruits and seeds

Usually berries or, rarely, triple capsule fruits are formed that contain many seeds. The seeds have endosperms and a well-formed, small embryo.

Ingredients and chromosomes

There are alkaloids present. The seeds contain oil but no starch. They have starchy tubers or rhizomes. The scent emanates from osmophores .

The number of chromosomes is n = 15.

Systematics and distribution

Tacca are native to the subtropics to the tropics ( Africa , Asia , Oceania ).

The genus was first described in 1775 by Johann Reinhold Forster and Johann Georg Adam Forster . Occasionally they are also run as a separate Taccaceae family, but APG III continues to place them among the yam-like roots.

The scope of the genus is discussed. Depending on the author, the genus Schizocapsa Hance can be considered valid or these species are included in Tacca . There are five to 16 species listed:

  • Tacca ampliplacenta L.Zhang & Q.-J.Li : This species, which was first described in 2008, only occurs in Yunnan .
  • Madagascar bat flower ( Tacca ankaranensis Bard.-Vauc. ): It is native to Madagascar .
  • Tacca bibracteata Drenth : Your home is Sarawak .
  • Tacca borneensis Ridl. : Your home is western Borneo.
  • Tacca celebica Koord . : The homeland is northern Sulawesi .
  • Bat flower ( Tacca chantrieri André , Syn .: Tacca garrettii Craib , Tacca macrantha H.Limpr. , Tacca minor Ridl. , Tacca paxiana H.Limpr. , Tacca roxburghii H.Limpr. , Tacca vespertilio Ridl. , Tacca wilsonii H.Limpr. , Tacca wilsonii H.Limpr. , Schizocapsa itagakii Yamam. , Schizocapsa breviscapa (Ostf.) H. Limpr . ): The homeland extends from Assam to southern China and the Malay Peninsula.
  • Tacca ebeltajae Drenth : The distribution ranges from eastern New Guinea to the Solomon Islands .
  • Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawl. (Syn .: Tacca cristata Jack , Ataccia cristata (Jack) Kunth , Tacca aspera Roxb. , Ataccia aspera (Roxb.) Kunth , Tacca laevis Roxb. , Ataccia laevis (Roxb.) Kunth , Tacca rafflesiana Jack ex Wall. , Tacca lancifolia Zoll. & Moritzi , Ataccia lancifolia (Zoll. & Moritzi) Kunth , Tacca sumatrana H. Limpr . In Engler , Tacca choudhuriana Deb ): The distribution extends from Bhutan to the western Indonesian archipelago.
  • Ostindische arrowroot or East Indian arrowroot ( Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze , Syn .: Tacca flabellata J.J.Sm. , Tacca pinnatifida J.R. & G.Forster , Tacca involucrata (Limpr.) Schum. & Thonn. , Tacca viridis Hemsley , Tacca hawaiiensis H Limpr. ): In the literature it can often be found under one of the synonyms. With a widespread distribution in the tropics of the Old World to the Pacific Islands.
  • Tacca maculata Seem. : Occurring from northeastern Western Australia to northwestern Northern Territory and in the southwestern Pacific.
  • Tacca palmata flower : They occur from Indo-China to the Indonesian archipelago.
  • Tacca palmatifida Baker : The home is Sulawesi .
  • Tacca parkeri Seem. : It occurs in tropical South America.
  • Tacca plantaginea (Hance) Drenth (Syn .: Schizocapsa plantaginea Hance , Schizocapsa guangxiensis P.P. Ling & CTTing ): The homeland ranges from southern China to Thailand, Laos and Vietnam.
  • Tacca reducta P.C.Boyce & S.Julia : The species first described in 2006 occurs in western Sarawak .
  • Tacca subflabellata P.P. Ling & CTTing : It occurs only in southeastern Yunnan .

use

Individual species are used medicinally. Starch can be obtained from the tubers. Mainly Tacca integrifolia and Tacca leontopetaloides are grown. The starch is traded as Tacca Starch, East Indian Arrowroot, or Tahiti Arrowroot.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161: 2, 2009, pp. 105-121
  2. ^ Tacca in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ↑ L. Zhang & Qing-Jun Li: Tacca ampliplacenta (Taccaceae), a new species, Yunnan, China. , in Annales Botanici Fennici , Vol. 45, No. 4, 2008, pp. 311-314: Online. (PDF; 9 MB)
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Tacca - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on June 24, 2018.
  5. ↑ Chih-chi Ting & Kai Larsen: Taccaceae in the Flora of China , Volume 24, p. 274: Tacca - Online. (English)

Web links

Commons : Tacca  - collection of images, videos and audio files