Carbolineum
Carbolineum ( Latin carbo 'coal' and oleum 'oil') also carbolineum or coal tar oil is an oily, water-insoluble, flammable, brown-red, tarry-smelling, high-boiling distillate from coal tar .
Coal tar distillates were first used as a wood preservative by Bethell in Great Britain in 1838 . The name Karbolineum was introduced as a trademark by the Avenarius company in 1888 .
It is made from the coal tar fraction anthracene or green oil, which boils over 270 ° C. It is actually a special tar creosote , but made from a different fraction than the commonly known tar creosote.
Manufacturing
Originally it is made from filtered anthracene oil, which is distilled and filtered again. (Avenarius). But anthracene oil that is filtered only once is also known as carbolineum. It is usually provided with other additives such as zinc chloride , chlorine (Avenarius Carbolineum, German Reich Patent (DRP) 46021/1888), copper salts (Barol), phenol and resins in order to adapt the chemical properties. However, the effect is significantly less than that of tar creosote , since the tar acids carbolic acids , phenols and cresols are largely removed because these are hardly present in the higher-boiling fraction , i.e. the most important components for preservation are missing. In 1930 the company Gebr. Avenarius changed the production method (DRP 542593), whereby the fungicidal effect should be increased. The solid constituents separated from naphthalene-free , cooled anthracene oil are treated with chlorine and these chlorinated products are then dissolved in coal tar oil . As a result, according to the manufacturer, the carbolineum produced in this way would also remain free of sediment even at low temperatures . It is also mixed with wood tar , coal tar and other additives to influence the coloring.
composition
It mainly contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) anthracene , phenanthrene , naphthalene , chrysene and heterocyclic hydrocarbons , pyridine , quinoline , isoquinoline and cresol , phenols . There are different products for crop protection: heavy - and medium oil-Obstbaumkarbolineum and Obstbaumkarbolineum with dinitrocresol . The tar oils are not soluble in water. However , an emulsion of water and oil can be created by adding soap , soda or lye . The phenol contained in the tar oils in particular acts as an emulsifier . Like the classic soaps, the phenol molecule consists of a non-polar , hydrophobic carbon structure and a polar, hydrophilic part. By adding alkaline substances, the emulsifier function of the phenol is increased, since the phenol then changes into the more polar phenolate. Carbolineum can be mixed and combined with the now banned substances Kombinal TO and Hylotox .
use
Because of its anti-rot and disinfecting effect of creosote is like Carbolineum for conservation of railway sleepers , telegraph poles , piles, etc. used. Such tar oil can even provide permanent protection to wood that is in permanent contact with the ground .
Carbolineum is skin irritating and carcinogenic . The vapors irritate the airways . Despite these health disadvantages, it was and is used as a wood preservative because the protective effect of Carbolineum is particularly high. Nowadays, however, it can only be used outdoors in very limited cases. Carbolineum in buildings is now classified as a building pollutant.
The wood glazes on the market with names such as Carbolin , Carbibol or Karboleum are based on vegetable oils and water. Apart from the similarity of names, they have nothing in common with Carbolineum.
It was also used extensively in the past to control fruit tree pests . Here, however, the pure, undiluted tar oils were not sprayed, as otherwise the living plants would have suffered damage.
Prohibitions
In Germany, the Tar Oil Ordinance of May 24, 1991, later replaced by the Chemicals Prohibition Ordinance , severely restricted or largely banned the manufacture, placing on the market and use of carbolineum. In the European Union, with immediate effect from June 1, 2009, the placing on the market and use of tar oils, their mixtures and wood treated with them is prohibited under the exceptions mentioned there. There is currently no wood preservative that achieves the protective effect of tar oils (e.g. Carbolineum); since there is no equivalent substitute, its use is still common and permitted in certain cases.
In Switzerland , according to the Chemical Risk Reduction Ordinance , it may no longer be placed on the market for public products, and wood treated with it may no longer be used in residential areas . However, such wood can still be used, for example, for new railway sleepers and avalanche barriers .
The restriction of the usability of carbolineum and other highly effective but also harmful wood preservatives has led to improved constructive wood preservation solutions. In particular, by avoiding direct earth contact (for example by foundations of concrete with inserted steel anchors ) is a permanent protection of wood can also be achieved with less effective products. In other critical areas (e.g. railway sleepers, line masts ), the use of wood is increasingly being abandoned in favor of concrete, metal or plastics . Where such structural options do not exist, protection with Carbolineum for load-bearing components is still possible. With wood preservatives such as B. Copper salts with chromium, boron, fluorine or arsenic compounds or copper quat salts are available in preventive wood protection that are equally effective and more harmless in terms of causing cancer, but they are highly hazardous to water. With these means, however, “combating wood protection” is not possible. Such wood preservatives are z. B. in DIN 68800-3-2012 or in the directory of wood preservatives for the preventive protection of load-bearing wooden components.
See also
- Creosote is a similar chemical made from tar oils
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Heinz-Gerhard Franck, Gerd Collin: coal tar: chemistry, technology and use. Springer-Verlag, 1968, ISBN 978-3-642-88258-6 , p. 113.
- ↑ a b c Dr. Otto Lange: Chemical-technical regulations. Springer-Verlag, 1923, Volume 2, ISBN 978-3-662-31454-8 , p. 66.
- ↑ RÖMPP Lexikon Chemie. Volume 3: H – L , 10th edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-13-734810-2 , p. 1791.
- ↑ History of wood preservatives on Holzfragen.de, accessed March 23, 2016.
- ↑ Franz Kollmann: Technology of wood and wood-based materials. Springer-Verlag, 1982, ISBN 978-0-387-11778-2 , p. 60.
- ^ A. Gottstein, A. Schloßmann, L. Teleky: Handbook of social hygiene and health care. Second volume: Industrial hygiene and industrial diseases , Springer-Verlag, 1926, ISBN 978-3-540-01035-7 , p. 371.
- ↑ Hans Theodor Bucherer : Textbook of color chemistry. 2nd edition, Spamer, 1921, ISBN 978-3-662-33512-3 , pp. 35-38.
- ↑ Copper salts on zeno.org, accessed on August 8, 2016.
- ↑ Otto Lueger : Lexicon of the entire technology and its auxiliary sciences: drilling oils to electrum. 3rd edition, Volume 2, Ger. Verlag-Anst., 1926, p. 422.
- ^ Friedrich Mahlke, Ernst Troschel: Handbook of wood preservation. Springer-Verlag, 1950, ISBN 978-3-662-21988-1 , p. 309.
- ↑ David Holde (ed.): Hydrocarbon oils and fats as well as their chemically and technically related substances. 6th edition, Springer-Verlag, 1924, ISBN 978-3-642-89873-0 , p. 432.
- ↑ a b Römpps Chemie-Lexikon. 7th edition, Stuttgart 1973, ISBN 3-440-03853-X .
- ↑ Holzschutzmittel- Mix on Holzfragen.de, accessed on March 23, 2016.
- ^ Brockhaus ABC chemistry. VEB F. A. Brockhaus Verlag, Leipzig 1965, p. 645.
- ↑ Article 69 of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 in its Annex XVII under entry 31 for the substances listed in column 1. A violation against this z. B. installing tar oil-soaked former railway sleepers for garden decoration is a criminal offense in Germany.
- ↑ Wood preservatives - requirements and properties (PDF), leaflet of the Bavarian State Office for Water Management, accessed on Feb. 7, 2019.