Tibetan dwarf hamsters

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Tibetan dwarf hamsters
Systematics
Subordination : Mouse relatives (Myomorpha)
Superfamily : Mice-like (Muroidea)
Family : Burrowers (Cricetidae)
Subfamily : Hamster (Cricetinae)
Genre : Gray hamster ( Cricetulus )
Subgenus : Tibetan dwarf hamsters
Scientific name
Urocricetus
Satunin , 1903

The Tibetan dwarf hamsters ( Urocricetus ) form a subgenus of hamsters belonging to the gray dwarf hamsters . Up to five species can be distinguished, including the Kham dwarf hamster , the Tibet dwarf hamster , Cricetulus tibetanus and the Ladakh dwarf hamster . They inhabit steppes, forests and wetlands in the highlands of Tibet in China , in western Nepal and in the far north of India .

Body features

The head-trunk length of the Tibetan dwarf hamsters is 80 to 112 millimeters, the tail length 30 to 64 millimeters, the hind foot length 15 to 18 millimeters and the ear length 13 to 18 millimeters. The largest skull length is 23.5 to 29 millimeters and the body weight is 20 to 48 grams.

The Tibetan dwarf hamsters differ from the Daurian dwarf hamster and the Sokolow dwarf hamster by their longer tail, which is usually longer than three centimeters. They have this feature in common with the long-tailed dwarf hamster , but differ from it in the small tympanic bubbles . They have both characteristics in common with the gray dwarf hamster .

Body measurements, body weight and karyotype of the species in comparison
Body measurements in millimeters Kham dwarf hamster Tibetan dwarf hamster Cricetulus tibetanus Ladakh dwarf hamster
Head to torso length 88-112 86-103 103 80-98
Tail length 51-64 40-50 30-37 36-42
Hind foot length 17-18 15-18 17-18 15-18
Ear length 16-18 14-18 15-16 13-16
greatest skull length 27-29 26-28 23.5-25.4 25-28
Body weight in grams 20-40 24-39   22-48
Number of chromosomes       22nd

Way of life and distribution

The habitat of the Tibetan dwarf hamsters are steppes , forests and wetlands in the highlands of Tibet. They are diurnal and nocturnal and feed on the seeds of grasses , cereals and insects . The reproduction takes place from May to August and the number of pups per litter is five to ten.

Their distribution area are Tibet , Qinghai , the northwest of Sichuan , the northwest of Gansu and the south of Xinjiang in China, the west of Nepal and Ladakh in the north of India.

Systematics and naming

Tibetan dwarf hamsters (China)
alticola
alticola
kamensis?
kamensis ?
kozlovi?
kozlovi ?
lama
lama
tibetanus
tibetanus
Type localities of the Tibetan dwarf hamsters

External system

In systematics , the species of Tibetan dwarf hamsters are usually assigned to the gray dwarf hamsters (Simpson, 1945; Flint, 1966; Piechocki, 1969; Corbet and Hill, 1980; Honacki and co-workers, 1982; Nowak and Paradiso, 1983; Corbet and Hill, 1986; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Nowak, 1991; Musser and Carleton, 1993; McKenna and Bell, 1997; Nowak, 1999; Pawlinow, 2003; Duff and Lawson, 2004; Musser and Carleton, 2005; Smith and Hoffmann, 2008). They are summarized as the Cricetulus kamensis group or as the subgenus Urocricetus (Pawlinow, 2003; Neumann and coworkers, 2006; Romanenko and coworkers, 2007). Individual forms were also assigned to other species of dwarf gray hamster.

After molecular genetic studies of mitochrondrialen 12S - rRNA gene by Lebedev and staff (2,003) of the Tibetan dwarf hamster is the only examined nature of the group, possibly a sister group of Phodopus or occupies a basal position within the hamster.

Internal system

Smith and Hoffmann (2008) divide the Tibetan dwarf hamsters into four types :

  • the Kham dwarf hamster ( Cricetulus kamensis ) with the subspecies
    • Cricetulus kamensis kamensis in eastern Tibet, northwest Sichuan and southern Qinghai as well
    • Cricetulus kamensis kozlovi in the north of Qinghai, in the north-west of Gansu and in the south of Xinjiang,
  • the Tibetan dwarf hamster ( Cricetulus lama ) mainly in southern Tibet,
  • Cricetulus tibetanus in central southern Qinghai and central Tibet as well
  • the Ladakh dwarf hamster ( Cricetulus alticola ) in southwest Xinjiang, northwest Tibet, western Nepal and Ladakh in northern India.

The division of the Tibetan dwarf hamsters into species and subspecies and their assignment is not without controversy. Wang and Zheng (1973) only differentiate between the species Cricetulus kamensis and Cricetulus alticola and assign kozlovi , lama and tibetanus as subjective synonyms to Cricetulus kamensis . Some systematists adopt this classification (Corbet, 1978; Honacki and co-workers, 1982; Musser and Carleton, 1993, 2005) and most of the others also follow the classification into the two types mentioned (Corbet and Hill, 1980; Nowak and Paradiso, 1983; Corbet and Hill, 1986; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Nowak, 1991; Nowak, 1999; Pawlinow, 2003; Duff and Lawson, 2004).

Other systematists assign all forms to a single species (Feng and co-workers, 1986; Zhang and co-workers, 1997; Wang, 2003) or list Cricetulus lama as a separate species (Ellerman, 1941; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951). In addition, the subjective junior synonym Cricetulus lama is sometimes used instead of Cricetulus kamensis .

designation

Konstantin Alexejewitsch Satunin established the genus Urocricetus with the newly described type species Urocricetus kamensis and the likewise newly described species Urocricetus kozlovi in 1903. The generic name Urocricetus is derived from ancient Greek oura (ουρα, "tail") and Middle Latin cricetus ("hamster").

Flint (1966) refers to Cricetulus lama and Cricetulus alticola as "Tibetan dwarf hamsters" and Piechocki (1969) uses "Tibetan dwarf hamsters" as the German common name for Cricetulus lama , the only species in the group that he mentions.

Web links

literature

Mainly used literature:

  • James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . Allen Press / Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence (Kansas) 1982, ISBN 0-942924-00-2 (English).
  • Guy G. Musser, Michael D. Carleton: Superfamily Muroidea . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 , pp. 894–1531 (English, bucknell.edu - full text of the collective work).
  • Karsten Neumann, Johan Michaux, Wladimir S. Lebedew, Nuri Yigit, Ercüment Çolak, Natalja W. Iwanowa, Andrei B. Poltoraus, Alexei Surow, Georgi Markow, Steffen Maak, Sabine Neumann, Rolf Gattermann: Molecular phylogeny of the Cricetinae subfamily based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes and the nuclear vWF gene . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 39 , no. 1 , 2006, ISSN  1055-7903 , p. 135–148 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.01.010 (English).
  • Andrew T. Smith, Robert S. Hoffmann: Subfamily Cricetinae . In: Andrew T. Smith, Xie Yan (Eds.): A Guide to the Mammals of China . Princeton University Press, Princeton / Oxford 2008, ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 , pp. 239-247 (English).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Smith and Hoffmann, 2008 (pp. 242–245).
  2. ↑ George Gaylord Simpson: The principles of classification and a classification of mammals . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 85 , 1945, ISSN  0003-0090 , p. 1–350 , 86 (English, hdl.handle.net - full text).
  3. ↑ a b c Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Flint: The dwarf hamsters of the Palearctic fauna . In: The New Brehm Library . 2nd Edition. tape 366 . Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2006, ISBN 3-89432-766-9 , here pp. 14–17 (first edition: 1966, reprint of the 1st edition from 1966).
  4. ↑ a b Rudolf Piechocki: Family Wühler . In: Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Martin Eisentraut, Hans-Albrecht Freye, Bernhard Grzimek, Heini Hediger, Dietrich Heinemann, Helmut Hemmer, Adriaan Kortlandt, Hans Krieg, Erna Mohr, Rudolf Piechocki, Urs Rahm, Everard J. Slijper, Erich Thenius ( Ed.): Grzimeks animal life . Encyclopedia of the Animal Kingdom. Eleventh volume: Mammals 2 . Kindler-Verlag, Zurich 1969, p. 301-344 , here p. 307 .
  5. ^ A b Gordon Barclay Corbet, John Edwards Hill: A World List of Mammalian Species . British Museum (Natural History) / Comstock Publishing Associates (Cornell University Press), London / Ithaca 1980, ISBN 0-8014-1260-9 , pp. 157 (English).
  6. ↑ a b c Honacki and coworkers, 1982 (pp. 405-406).
  7. ^ A b Ronald M. Nowak, John L. Paradiso: Walker's Mammals of the World . 4th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1983, ISBN 0-8018-2525-3 , pp. 623 (English).
  8. ^ A b Gordon Barclay Corbet, John Edwards Hill: A World List of Mammalian Species . 2nd Edition. Facts on File Publications / British Museum (Natural History), New York / London 1986, ISBN 0-8160-1548-1 , pp. 175 (English, or ISBN 0-565-00988-5 ).
  9. ^ A b Gordon Barclay Corbet, John Edwards Hill: A World List of Mammalian Species . 3. Edition. Natural History Museum Publications / Oxford University Press, London / New York 1991, ISBN 0-19-854017-5 , pp. 164-165 (English).
  10. ↑ a b Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . 5th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1991, ISBN 0-8018-2525-3 , pp. 705-706 (English).
  11. ^ A b Guy G. Musser, Michael D. Carleton: Family Muridae . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 2nd Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington 1993, ISBN 1-56098-217-9 , pp. 501-755 , 537 (English).
  12. ↑ Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level . Columbia University Press, New York 1997, ISBN 0-231-11012-X , pp. 150 (English).
  13. ↑ a b Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 , pp. 1421 (English).
  14. ↑ a b c Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow: [Systematics of recent mammals] . Publishing house of Moscow State University, Moscow 2003 (Russian, zmmu.msu.ru - original title: Систематика современных млекопитающих . Full text).
  15. ^ A b Andrew Duff, Ann Lawson: Mammals of the World. A checklist . A & C Black Publishers, London 2004, ISBN 0-7136-6021-X , pp. 67 (English).
  16. ↑ a b Musser and Carleton, 2005 (pp. 1041-1042).
  17. ↑ a b Neumann and co-workers (2006).
  18. ↑ Svetlana Anatoljewna Romanenko u. a .: Karyotype evolution and phylogenetic relationships of hamsters (Cricetidae, Muroidea, Rodentia) inferred from chromosomal painting and banding comparison . In: Chromosome Research . tape 15 , no. 3 , 2007, ISSN  0967-3849 , p. 283-297 , 296 , doi : 10.1007 / s10577-007-1124-3 (English).
  19. ↑ Wladimir Swjatoslawowitsch Lebedew, Natalja W. Iwanowa, NK Pawlowa, Andrei B. Poltoraus: Molecular phylogeny of the Palearctic hamsters . In: Alexander O. Awerjanow, Natalja Iossifowna Abramson (eds.): Systematics, Phylogeny and Paleontology of Small Mammals. Proceedings of the International Conference Devoted to the 90th Anniversary of Prof. IM Gromov . Pensoft / Publishing House of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 2003, p. 114–118 (Russian, abstract English). → Quoted in: Neumann and employees, 2006.
  20. ↑ Wang Sung, Zheng Chang-Lin: [Notes on Chinese Hamsters (Cricetinae)] . In: Acta Zoologica Sinica . tape 19 , 1973, ISSN  0001-7302 , pp. 61-68 (Chinese). → Quoted in: Honacki and co-workers, 1982 (p. 406).
  21. ^ Gordon Barclay Corbet: The Mammals of the Palaearctic Region. A Taxonomic Review . British Museum (Natural History) / Cornell University Press, London 1978, ISBN 0-8014-1171-8 , pp. 91 (English). → Quoted in: Honacki and co-workers, 1982 (p. 406).
  22. ↑ Feng Zuo-Jiang, Cai Gui-Quan, Zheng Chang-Lin: [The Mammals of Xizang. The Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau] . Publishing house of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 1986 (Chinese). → Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1042).
  23. ↑ Zhang Yong-Zu, Jin Shan-Ke, Quan Guo-Qiang, Li Si-Hua, Ye Zhong-Yao, Wang Feng-Gui, Zhang Man-Li: Distribution of Mammalian Species in China . China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing 1997, ISBN 7-5038-1599-X (Chinese, English). → Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1042).
  24. ↑ Wang Ying-Xiang: [A Complete Catalog of Mammal Species and Subspecies in China. A taxonomic and geographical reference work] . China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing 2003 (Chinese). → Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1042).
  25. ↑ John Reeves Ellerman: The Families and Genera of Living Rodents. Volume 2: Family Muridae . British Museum (Natural History), London 1941 (English). → Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1042).
  26. ↑ John Reeves Ellerman, Terence Charles Stuart Morrison-Scott: Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946 . British Museum (Natural History), London 1951 (English). → Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1042).
  27. ↑ Konstantin Alexejewitsch Satunin: New rodents from Central Asia . In: Jeschegodnik Soologitscheskowo museia Imperatorskoi akademii nauk . tape 7 , 1903, pp. 571-574 . → Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1042).