Wilford's three-winged fruit

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Wilford's three-winged fruit
Tripterygium hypoglaucum BotGardBln07122011B.jpg

Wilford's three-winged fruit ( Tripterygium wilfordii )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Spindle tree (Celastrales)
Family : Spindle trees (Celastraceae)
Genre : Tri-wing fruits
Type : Wilford's three-winged fruit
Scientific name of the  genus
Tripterygium
Hook.f.
Scientific name of the  species
Tripterygium wilfordii
Hook.f.

Wilford's three-winged fruit ( Tripterygium wilfordii ) is the only species of the Tripterygium plant genus within the spindle tree family (Celastraceae). The climbing plant is native to East Asia and is cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is poisonous in all its components and has medical significance because of its ingredients.

description

inflorescence

Appearance and leaf

Wilford's three-winged fruit grows as a deciduous subshrub or as a partially woody climbing plant and reaches heights of 2 to 6 (rarely up to 10) meters. As a young plant, it has tomentose hairs and in old age it is bare in shady locations.

The alternate, simple leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 1 to 2 inches long. The papery and, depending on the amount of light, herbaceous to leathery leaf blades are usually ovate or elliptical to obovate, 8.6 to 12.5 (rarely 4.6 to 18.4) centimeters long and 5.7 to 8.9 (3, 1 to 12.3 inches wide. It is bald or slightly tomentose with reddish brown hair. The leaf base is pointed or rounded to slightly heart-shaped. The leaf margin is whole to serrate or notched. Towards the outer end, the blade is more or less pointed to pointed or pointed with an often rounded point. The early falling stipules are linear.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period in China extends from May to October. The lateral or terminal, thyrsen-like , inflorescences are composed of several to many smaller thyrs. They reach a length of 12.5 to 23.6 (4.5 to 38) centimeters and a width of 4.7 to 9.3 (2.3 to 15) centimeters.

The small, five-fold flowers with double bloom are normally hermaphroditic or functionally male, and 4 to 6 millimeters long and wide. The minimal chalice is five-lobed, hemispherical and 1 millimeter long. The five small, whitish, yellowish or yellow-green petals are elongated to almost ovate, narrowed towards the base, rounded towards the outer end and 2 to 2.5 millimeters long. The five-lobed, light green disc is fleshy with a bulging edge and a diameter of around 2 millimeters. The five short stamens inserted on the edge of the disc have inward-facing anthers that open lengthways. The Upper constant, slightly lobed ovary is incomplete dreifächrig. The ovules, which are present twice in each compartment, are upright. The pen is short and the light purple scar capitately.

Wing nuts on Wilford's three-winged fruit

Fruit and seeds

Fruit season in China is from August to November. The mostly green and when ripe green-brown, more rarely pink or pink-violet wing nut has three lateral, parchment-like wings (hence the generic name). It is 1.3 to 1.9 (1 to 2.3) centimeters long and 1.2 to 1.5 (0.7 to 1.9) centimeters wide. The approximately 5 millimeter long, somewhat flattened and 1.3 to 3 millimeter wide seed is triangular and contains protein.

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

distribution

Wilford's three-winged fruit is distributed from northeast Myanmar through southern China , Taiwan and Korea to Japan . It is found in mixed forests, on the edges of forests, in wooded areas and in bushes at altitudes between 100 and 3500 meters.

Systematics and botanical history

The genus Tripterygium was established in 1862 by Joseph Dalton Hooker in Genera Plantarum , Volume 1, pp. 360 and 368 with the type species Tripterygium wilfordii . The genus name Tripterygium refers to the trifoliate nature of the fruits. The specific epithet honors the British plant collector Charles Wilford . Long were Tripterygium hypoglaucum (H.Lév.) Hutch. and Tripterygium Regelii Sprague & Takeda are regarded as separate species. Today they are considered synonyms .

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. is the only species of the genus Tripterygium in the subfamily of Celastroideae within the family of Celastraceae .

use

Ornamental plant

Wilford's three-winged fruit is cultivated as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens because of its flowers and fruits and is only partially frost-hardy . It thrives best in well drained soils , but is otherwise considered undemanding.

Triptolide, one of the most potent ingredients in Wilford's three winged fruit
Tripdiolide, another ingredient in Wilford's three winged fruit

ingredients

Tripterygium wilfordii contains a number of highly effective and sometimes toxic active ingredients based on terpenes , mostly diterpenes . The most important compound triptolide (also known as PG490) was isolated and characterized from the more than 70 ingredients , but also tripdiolide , triptolidenol , tripchlorolide and 16-hydroxytriplid . Most of the toxic ingredients are found in the root bark, so mostly only peeled roots are used. The diterpenes are of the Abietane type; the pentacyclic triterpenes have an oleanane body. There are also various alkaloids, such as wilfordin , in the plant. Effect and toxicity are essentially determined by wilfordin and the diterpene derivatives. Triptolide has proven to be particularly effective here, which among other things inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS) prostaglandin synthesis and thus has an anti-inflammatory effect.

The terpenes isolated from Wilford's trifoliate as a plant extract are able to immobilize sperm without affecting the man's hormonal balance .

One of the most important side effects of pure extracts from Wilford's trifoliate fruit is immunosuppression , which can also be beneficial , for example in the case of autoimmune diseases . This results previously preclinical and clinical research shows intracellularly a cortisone -like effect. Proper preparation of the extract and careful dosing can largely suppress toxicity. In a randomized, double-blind study in patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis , symptoms improved after 12 weeks of treatment.

The effectiveness of T. wilfordii extracts or individual substances isolated from them is examined in various preclinical and clinical studies in various diseases. The focus is on inflammation, osteoarthritis, rheumatic diseases, autoimmune diseases and various types of cancer .

The natural substance Celastrol obtained from the plant has been shown to be an anti-obesity agent in recent studies: the administration of Celastrol reduced food intake in mice. Celastrol developed this effect by increasing the sensitivity for the body's own satiety hormone leptin (in: DAZ - Deutsche Apothekerzeitung No. 22 / May 28, 2015, page 8 (2090)).

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), extracts from Wilford's trifoliate fruit are used, for example, to treat herpes zoster infections (shingles), psoriasis and rheumatic diseases . The first traditions about the use of the plant go back to the 16th century.

proof

Individual evidence

Most of the information in this article has been taken from the sources given under references; the following sources are also cited:

  1. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  2. ^ Tripterygium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 20, 2013.
  3. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 (reprint ISBN 3-937872-16-7 ).
  4. ↑ Gordon Cheers: Botanica: The ABC of Plants. 10,000 species in text and images. German edition. Tandem, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-89731-900-4 . Tripterygium wilfordii on p. 897
  5. ↑ R. Bauer: Drugs of Chinese Medicine. In: Lexicon of medicinal plants and drugs. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg.
  6. ↑ S. Czajka: Biosyntheses to tinker with. In: Pharmaceutical newspaper . 1999.
  7. ↑ Sigrun Chrubasik: Effectiveness of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F extract for rheumatoid arthritis - Commentary. In: Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 8/2003, p. 28.
  8. ↑ D. Qui, PN Kao: Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of triptolide, the principal active diterpenoid from the Chinese medicinal herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. In: Drugs R D. 4/2003, pp. 1-18.
  9. ↑ S. Ahmed et al. a .: Biological basis for the use of botanicals in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a review. In: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2/2005, pp. 301-308.
  10. ^ A b X. Tao et al.: Benefit of an extract of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. In: Arthritis Rheum. Volume 46, 2002, pp. 1735-1743.
  11. ^ X. Tao et al. a .: A phase I study of ethyl acetate extract of the chinese antirheumatic herb Tripterygium wilfordii hook F in rheumatoid arthritis. In: J Rheumatol . 28/2001, pp. 2160-2167.
  12. ↑ J. Cibere et al. a .: A randomized double blind, placebo controlled trial of topical Tripterygium wilfordii in rheumatoid arthritis: reanalysis using logistic regression analysis. In: J. Rheumatol. 30/2003, pp. 465-467.
  13. ^ Y. Ren et al: Induction of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis of CHO cells by tripchlorolide. In: Cell Research. Volume 13, 2003, pp. 295-300.
  14. ↑ S. Frese et al .: PG490-mediated sensitization of lung cancer cells to Apo2L / TRAIL-induced apoptosis requires activation of ERK2. In: Oncogene . Volume 22, 2003, pp. 5427-5435.
  15. ↑ XH Jiang et al .: Functional p53 is required for triptolide-induced apoptosis and AP-1 and nuclear factor-B activation in gastric cancer cells. In: Oncogene. Volume 20, 2001, pp. 8009-8018.
  16. ^ AW Meikle: Hormone Replacement Therapy. Humana Press, 1999, ISBN 0-89603-601-4 .
  17. ^ LA Coleman: Nutrition and Rheumatic Disease. Springer, 2007, ISBN 1-58829-976-7 , p. 103.

further reading

  • BM Schmidt et al: Revisiting the ancient concept of botanical therapeutics. In: Nature Chemical Biology . 3/2007, pp. 360-366.
  • SM Kupchan et al .: Triptolide and tripdiolide, novel antileukemic diterpenoid triepoxides from Tripterygium wilfordii. In: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94/1972, pp. 7194-7195. PMID 5072337
  • X. Tao, PE Lipsky: The Chinese anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive herbal remedy Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. In: Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 57/2000, pp. 1221-1227.
  • WZ Gu u. a .: Inhibition of type II collagen induced arthritis in mice by an immunosuppressive extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. In: J. Rheumatol. 19/1992, pp. 682-688.
  • J. Sylvester et al .: Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F extract suppresses proinflammatory cytokine-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase genes in articular chondrocytes by inhibiting activating protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB activities. In: Mol Pharmacol . 59/2001, pp. 1196-1205.
  • Y. Chen et al .: PG27, an extract of Tripterygium wilfordii hook f, induces antigen-specific tolerance in bone marrow transplantation in mice. In: Blood . 95/2000, pp. 705-710, PMID 10627483 .
  • J. Ma et al .: Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive compounds from Tripterygium wilfordii. In: Phytochemistry 68/2007, pp. 1172-1178.
  • I. Wagner: Pharmacological and clinical studies on the effectiveness of a standardized willow bark extract. Dissertation, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 2003, p. 20.

Web links

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