Bye
Tschüs [ tʃyːs ] ( , also bye [ tʃʏs ] , outdated spelling bye ) is a farewell greeting .
Bye has in northern Germany gradually from up in the 1940s usual atschüs developed and finds himself now - to a much greater extent than the greeting Moin - increasingly in High German (South German) language area. In the Baltic region in particular , the form Tschüssing is used; in the Rhineland the form tschö is also common, in Schleswig-Holstein the variant tüüs and in large parts of eastern Germany also tschüssi, along with other farewell formulas . Tschüs , like hello, is by no means disrespectful and colloquial and is common in all social classes and age groups (similar to the southern German and Austrian Grüß Gott ).
Tschüs has been adopted as a loan word from the Romance language area (cf. adieu , adiós, ade ) and actually means “God commanded”. An indication of the origin of the word is given by the above-mentioned older form atschüs (also written adjüs , e.g. by Fritz Reuter (19th century), Low German), adjüst by Gorch Fock (early 20th century), which is rarely used even today in the north Century, Low German) or adjüüs in the Low German fairy tale of the Machandelbaum (1857).
Origin of the word
Source language
Several source languages are assumed for the origin :
- French : According to this model, the word Tschüs comes from French adieu for "with God" or "God commanded", more precisely its Walloon variant adjuus (pronunciation like adjüüs, exactly like the documents from the 19th century in Low German), from which was initially atschüs . At the end of the 17th century , Huguenots who had fled France settled in northern Germany, especially in Bremen and Altona . With them, some French expressions came into the Low German language as buzzwords , probably also atschüs .
- Spanish or Portuguese : Northern Germany, particularly Hamburg and Bremen , had had intensive trade contacts with the Netherlands , Portugal and Spain since the Hanseatic League . According to this model, the word comes bye originally from Spanish (adiós [ aðjos ]) or Portuguese (adeus), in the then Spanish Netherlands to atjüs and penetrated from there into the Low German-speaking one. An origin directly from Spanish or Portuguese is implausible because it does not explain the vowel ü .
The exact history of its origins cannot be explained with absolute certainty due to the sparse written sources before the 19th century. What is certain, however, is that in the 19th century the expression adjüs was the most important farewell formula in Mecklenburg too . It is also occupied by Klaus Groth for the Holstein region (including in Mien Jungsparadies ).
Tschüs (s), adjüs, adiós, adeus and adieu all have the same origin: the Latin ad deum "to God".
Spelling and pronunciation
Since the German orthography reform of 1996 have, depending on the pronunciation of both the spelling bye and bye official validity; The Duden editors differentiate in the 23rd edition according to the pronunciation: bye with a short pronunciation of the vowel, bye with a long pronunciation .
Tschüs (s) and atschüs (s) / adjüs can - depending on the context - be pronounced with both a long ü and a short ü . This also applies to the form Tschüssing , whose ss is always voiceless.
Diminutive forms
Diminutives such tschüsschen also occur - perhaps because the onomatopoeic resemblance to kiss - as well as in youth circles the tschüssi (see below) and sometimes even tschüssikowski, what the Schleswig-Holstein NDR presenter Wilken F. Dincklage (called "Willem") in its Made music shows temporarily popular.
Parallel forms in the Central and Upper German language area
Parallel to the emergence of Tschüs , the Alemannic / Swabian ade may have developed from the French adieu [ aˈdjø ].
Since the 1980s , the word bye has penetrated the Swabian large dialect area, but the foreign word becomes the loan word tschüssle through the usual diminutive (appending the diminutive suffix -le ) , often also in the pronunciation tschissle.
The Rhenish Tschö becomes more dialectal to Tschökes and in the somewhat childish i-language to Tschüssi , which is also widespread in the Thuringian-Saxon region. In the Aachen region , the (more dialectal) form adië or adiëda exists in parallel . In Westphalia the form tschüsskes or tüsskes is also occasionally found . In the Moselle Franconian, however, d. H. in today's Luxembourg , adieu has mutated to äddi .
In the alpine regions of Austria and the rural areas of Bavaria , these expressions could not really gain acceptance until recently. Here the traditional greetings have been preserved, i.e. Grüß Gott and Pfiat di (short form of Pfiat di God = "Protects you God"). In the meantime, however, the use of the word ciao is increasing , a dialect form of Italian schiavo [ sˈkja ] vo ], which, like Servus , actually means “servant” or “slave”. Ciao and the rarer Tschüs are only used here with friends and acquaintances with whom you are on your own . The same applies in German-speaking Switzerland .
Farewell greetings statistics
An Allensbach - survey showed that in Germany the farewell goodbye loses its former dominance slowly. Almost half of Germans prefer him other forms, bye and bye coming together to just over 50 percent. Around 15 percent of friends said goodbye by saying goodbye, which was still 54 percent in 1965. This development is even more evident in younger people .
Others
- In 2012, Passau's Rector Petra Seibert attracted media attention when she declared her school a “ Hello - and bye-free zone”. Six years earlier, a dialect curator had set up prohibition signs in a town in Upper Bavaria that were supposed to indicate a bye-free zone .
- A song sung by Heidi Kabel is called “In Hamburg they say goodbye” .
Individual evidence
- ↑ See Kluge. Etymological dictionary of the German language . Edited by Elmar Seebold. 25th, revised and expanded edition. De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2011, s. v. goodbye .
- ^ Initiative against North German greetings: Passau School becomes a "bye-free zone". www.sueddeutsche.de, February 6, 2012
Web links
- Valentin Erl: The Bavarian knows no "ü" - an (almost) serious consideration of the "Tschüs" / "Tschüss". With numerous additions
- Matthias Heine on welt.de (September 21, 2013): One man, one word - the most difficult word in the German language
- FAQL.de: Meaning of the word and etymology , section Where does the farewell greeting come from, bye?