Fritz Reuter

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Fritz Reuter, lithograph by Josef Kriehuber after Haertel

Fritz Reuter , actually: Heinrich Ludwig Christian Friedrich Reuter , (* November 7, 1810 in Stavenhagen , † July 12, 1874 in Eisenach ) is one of the most famous and important poets and writers of the Low German language . Together with Klaus Groth, he is considered to be one of the founders of newer Low German literature.

Life

Childhood in Mecklenburg

Fritz Reuter in a self-portrait, 1830
Former town hall in Stavenhagen (today Fritz Reuter Literature Museum) with Reuters statue

Fritz Reuter was born in the town hall of the small Mecklenburg town of Stavenhagen. His parents were the mayor and city judge Georg Johann Reuter (1776–1845) and his wife Johanna (1787–1826), daughter of the mayor and city judge of Tribsees , Nikolaus Gottfried Bernhard Ölpke (1740–1792). After the birth of their second son in 1812, Reuter's mother was paralyzed for life, and the boy died at the age of just under two. Fritz Reuter had four half-sisters from numerous premarital and extramarital relationships of the father, two of whom were later legitimized.

Fritz Reuter was the only boy who attended a girls' school for a while, but was otherwise taught at home by parents, relatives and acquaintances until he was 13. At the age of 14 he studied at the scholar school in Friedland together with his cousin August Reuter . Reuter's performance in school was poor and his father was very disappointed that the son lacked discipline. The young Reuter wanted to become a painter and so, besides gymnastics, drawing was the only school subject that appealed to him. Through gymnastics, made popular by the gymnastics father Jahn , and his teacher Karl Horn (member of the Lützower Jäger ), Fritz Reuter encountered the ideas of the original fraternity . This formed the basis of his democratic attitude, which was to have a lasting impact on his life.

In 1826 his mother died. At Easter 1827, the father wanted to change the school to the Friedrich-Franz-Gymnasium (Parchim) ; However, due to lack of concentration and being late, his son was not classified in the prime . Fritz Reuter was not allowed to change until Easter 1828. The relationship with his father continued to cool in the period that followed. He was reluctant to return home on vacation. Reuters “Diligence was unequal; to be recognized in some subjects, missing in others ”, but he managed to get his school-leaving certificate on September 24, 1831.

Studies and fraternity

Fritz Reuter in a self-portrait, 1833

On October 19, 1831, Fritz Reuter began studying law , according to his father's will in Rostock . There he joined the Corps Vandalia Rostock , which excluded him a short time later for "rowdy behavior" and "fraternity activities". In the winter semester of 1831/32 he joined the Rostock Burschenschaft / general public . Throughout his life, Reuter had a friendship with Moritz Wiggers and a deep dislike for John Brinckman , both of whom had also been active at Vandalia as students. From May 1832, however, he continued his studies in Jena . There he became a member of the general fraternity on July 13, 1832 and joined their radical group “Germania” , which is why he was arrested for the first time that same year. On February 19, Reuter left Jena and first went to Camburg . He tried to get a study permit for Halle or Leipzig, but did not succeed.

Seven years in prison

On October 31, 1833, Fritz Reuter was arrested in Berlin on his way home to Stavenhagen. He was interned in the Silberberg fortress and sentenced to death on August 4, 1836 for "participating in treasonable fraternity connections in Jena and libeling majesty". It was not until January 28, 1837 that the judgment was served and the simultaneous pardon for 30 years imprisonment . The sentence was later reduced to eight years at the instigation of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg. Reuter was imprisoned in the fortress in Groß Glogau (from mid-February 1837), Magdeburg (from mid-March 1837), Graudenz (from 15 March 1838) and the fortress Dömitz (from 20 June 1838). On August 25, 1840, he was released in Dömitz.

Reuter later wrote during his imprisonment:

“What did you do with that? Nicks, gor nicks. Blot in us 'gatherings and unner vir Ogen we had talked about thing', de now up apne Strat are fri uted, of Dütschland's freedom and unity. Äwer taum act ween wi tau swack, taum Schriwen tau stupid, followed by wi de olle dütsche Mod ': we talked blot doräwer. "

“And what did we do? Absolutely nothing. Only in our meetings and in private we had talked about things that are now being shouted out on the street, about Germany's freedom and unity. But we were too weak to act, too stupid to write, so we followed the old German fashion: we only talked about it. "

- Quote from Julius Stinde

Success in Low German

Memorial plaque at the Reuterhaus in Altentreptow

After a brief attempt to continue his studies in Heidelberg , he moved in with his uncle, who was a pastor in Jabel . In 1842 Fritz Reuter took up a position as "Strom" (volunteer) with a tenant in Demzin . There he met his future wife Luise , the daughter of pastor Kuntze from Roggenstorf . She worked as a childcare worker in the house of Pastor Augustin in Rittermannshagen . On March 3, 1845, Fritz Reuter's father, who had disinherited his son, died. Fritz Reuter began his writing now, first in High German, later with more success in Low German . In April 1850 Reuter settled in the Pomeranian Treptow an der Tollense , since 1939 Altentreptow , as a private teacher for drawing and gymnastics. He became a Prussian citizen and city councilor. On June 16, 1851, he married Luise Kuntze in Roggenstorf.

Reuterhaus in Neubrandenburg

In 1853 he achieved his first major success with the little book Läuschen un Rimels . The initial print run of 1,200 copies was sold out after just a few weeks. In 1856 Reuter moved to Neubrandenburg as a freelance writer . Reuter lived there in four apartments one after the other (only the house in his second apartment has been preserved today as the “Reuterhaus”). From 1859, Dethloff Carl Hinstorff published Reuters works, which contributed significantly to their distribution. A close friendship developed between Fritz Reuter and Julian Schmidt , the most famous literary critic of the time, who reviewed Reuter's works in the magazine "Grenzboten". “The seven Neubrandenburg years from 1856 to 1863 were Fritz Reuter's most productive literary times and - as he wrote when he left - also his happiest time."

Reuters grave in Eisenach

The University of Rostock awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1863. In the same year Reuter and his wife moved to Eisenach . There they had a neo-Renaissance villa built in 1866/68 based on a design by the architect Ludwig Bohnstedt in Eisenach, at the foot of the Wartburg (today the Reuter Wagner Museum ). During this time, a company trip to Constantinople in 1864 was of creative importance, which he later processed in his last great novel De Reis' nah Konstantinopel or de meckelnbörgschen Montecchi un Capuletti (1867). A lasting memory of this trip was the meeting with the Hamburg journalist François Wille , who lives in Switzerland , with whom he remained in sporadic correspondence from then on and which he also remembers in the novel. At the beginning of April 1874 he suffered a stroke that confined him to a wheelchair. Fritz Reuter died on July 12, 1874 at the age of 63 in Eisenach.

The magazine De Eekboom , named after a poem by Reuters , whose editor was the East Pomeranian dialect poet Albert Schwarz , was the most important mouthpiece of the Low German literary movement for decades.

Services

Reuter Wagner Museum in Eisenach

Along with Klaus Groth , Fritz Reuter is one of those writers who consciously used Low German. According to Reuter, he wrote "in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania dialect". Together with his publisher Hinstorff, Reuter developed a new art form of Low German that made a decisive contribution to the spread of his works in the Low German-speaking area and far beyond. Nevertheless, Reuters Platt has many peculiarities of Mecklenburg. Reuter paved the way for the revival of the Low German language as a literary language and, through his success, also proved to large sections of the population that the Low German language was literate. His works are characterized by subtle humor and numerous satirical allusions. In his stories, Reuter showed himself to be an author who knew how to “watch the people”. In doing so, he repeatedly brought social problems into play and used the stylistic devices of Low German to put hidden tips on the aristocracy and authorities beyond the censorship. His books have been translated into Danish, English, Finnish, French, Italian, Japanese, Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Russian and Swedish, and two of his works ( Woans ick tau 'ne Fru kamm and Ut de Franzosentid ) also into Frisian.

High German transmissions of his works, which Reuter himself had never allowed, did not appear in increasing numbers until 1905.

reception

The institutions of today's Reuter reception include the Fritz Reuter Gesellschaft e. V. based in Neubrandenburg, the Fritz Reuter Literature Museum in Stavenhagen, the Reuter Wagner Museum in Eisenach, the Förderverein Reuter-Museen e. V. and the Fritz Reuter Literature Archive Hans-Joachim Griephan in Berlin. The archive keeps an index of letters from and to Fritz Reuter.

A largely blank spot in research on Fritz Reuter is the Reuter reception from 1933 to 1945 (National Socialism) and from 1945 to 1989 (Soviet occupation zone / GDR).

Works

Selected Works

The standard German equivalent is given in brackets.

Selected poems

  • Ik far an eikbom, de stands by the lake (I know an oak tree that stands by the sea)
  • De Koppweihdag ' (with the line that has become a quote: "Wat is woll gaud för Koppweihdag'?" - What is good for a headache?)
  • De Reknung ahn host

Work editions

  • All works by Fritz Reuter . 15 volumes. Hinstorff, Wismar 1864–1897
  • All works by Fritz Reuter. People's edition in 7 volumes. Hinstorff, Wismar 1877 ff. Years
  • Fritz Reuters Complete Works in Fifteen Books . 4 volumes. Ed .: Hermann Jahnke , Albert Schwarz. A. Weichert, Berlin 1900 to 1920 (changing edition)
  • Fritz Reuters all works in 12 volumes. Ed .: Karl Theodor Gaedertz. Reclam, Leipzig 1905. [reprinted several times].
  • Fritz Reuters all works . Ed .: Carl Friedrich Müller . Hesse, Leipzig 1905
  • Reuters works. Critically reviewed and explained edition in seven volumes . Ed .: Wilhelm Seelmann . Bibliographical Institute, Vienna 1905/1906.
  • Fritz Reuter's works. 2 volumes. Ed .: Karl Macke. 1905/1906.
  • Fritz Reuter - Collected Works and Letters. 9 volumes. Ed .: Kurt Batt . Hinstorff, Rostock 1967. (Reprinted by Reich, Rostock 1990, ISBN 3-86167-003-8 ).

  • All works. Volume 1 of 15. Hinstorff

  • Popular edition. Hinstorff 1902

  • Work edition from 1905

  • Work edition around 1910

Audio books

Letters

Honors

Awards

Museums

The life and work and Fritz Reuter are thematized in the following museums:

Fritz Reuter's birthplace, the old town hall of Stavenhagen, presents itself today as the Fritz Reuter Literature Museum and houses the largest museum exhibition on the life and work of the poet, including his birth room. The Reuter-Wagner-Museum is now housed in the last Reuters residence in Eisenach, a white villa on the driveway to the Wartburg . Concerts and weddings also take place here. Reuter's wife Luise bequeathed the villa and garden (excluding "movables, household appliances, etc." ) to the Schiller Foundation in Weimar, which sold her inheritance to the city of Eisenach a year later. The purchase agreement stipulated that the Reuters study and two other rooms should be kept in their original state. In addition, these rooms, transferred to a museum, should serve as a lasting memory of the poet. The museum opened in 1897. The grave of Fritz Reuters and his wife is in the new cemetery in Eisenach. Of Reuter's four Neubrandenburg apartments, only the second survived the inferno of flames in 1945. Today, as the Reuterhaus, it is a much-visited tourist destination.

Naming

  • Since 1949, the 75th anniversary of his death, Reuter's hometown Stavenhagen has been nicknamed Reuterstadt . In the Hanseatic city of Rostock , the Reutershagen district was named after him.
  • The northern part of Berlin's Neukölln district is generally referred to as Reuterkiez or Reuterquartier due to the Reuterplatz and Reuterstraße located there .
  • Pictures and quotes from Fritz Reuter were printed on the so-called Reutergeld , which is now a sought-after collector's item.
  • In the Fritz-Reuter-Stadt, which was built in Berlin-Neukölln between 1925 and 1933 , the large Britz housing estate with the horseshoe housing estate, the streets in memory of the poet bear the names of several biographical stations (Stavenhagener Straße, Parchimer Allee, Gielower and Talberger Straße, etc.) and his works (Onkel Bräsig, Paster Behrens, Jochen-Nüßler-Straße, Dörchläuchting, Hüsung, Mining, Liningstraße and many more). The Lowise-Reuter-Ring runs around the characteristic horseshoe, and Fritz-Reuter-Allee runs along the eastern edge of the settlement.
  • In addition, a large number of schools, streets, shops, associations and work groups and much more today bear the name of Fritz Reuter or of figures from his works.

Monuments

Memorial plaque in Reuterstraße, in Berlin-Neukölln
Fritz Reuter Memorial in Neubrandenburg
Detail of the Fritz Reuter monument in Stavenhagen: Ut mine fortress stid
  • 1875 in Eisenach, grave monument by Walter Kyllmann with a bust by Bernhard Afinger
  • 1876 ​​in Union Hill, New Jersey (USA)
  • 1885 in the Kalißer Heide (between Alt Kaliß and Göhren), Reuter-Stein
  • 1888 in Jena, bust of Ernst Paul
  • 1893 in Chicago , statue by Franz Engelsman (reliefs lost)
  • 1893 in Neubrandenburg, statue by Martin Wolff
  • 1896 in Wismar, bust by Hermann Zimmermann
  • 1910 in Malliss , Reuter-Stein
  • 1910 in Cottbus, Reuter-Stein at the bathing lake Cottbus-Madlow
  • 1910 in Krakower See on the Lehmwerder peninsula, Reuter-Stein
  • 1911 in Glogau, group of figures "Hawermann with Mining and Lining" (destroyed in 1959)
  • 1911 in Stavenhagen, statue by Wilhelm Wandschneider
  • 1912 in Bremerhaven, Speckenbütteler Park , Reuter-Stein
  • 1914 in Rostock, "Hanne Nüte" fountain by Ewald Holtz (relief portrait today separately on a boulder at a new location)
  • 1914 in Berlin-Neukölln, fountain "Mining und Lining" by Heinrich Missfeldt (destroyed in World War II, completely changed in 1957, restored in 1992 on the basis of the fountain created in 1914)
  • 1921 in Aue , wall fountain and memorial plaque at the Gaedtvilla
  • 1923 in Neubrandenburg, fountain "Mudder-Schulten-Brunnen" by Wilhelm Jäger
  • 1924 in Röbel / Müritz, Reuter-Stein (on the 50th anniversary of death)
  • 1949/58 in Berlin-Neukölln, fountain by Karl Wenke (largely destroyed)
  • 1993 in Berlin-Neukölln, fountain using old parts
  • 2004 in Rostock, statue by Thomas Jastram
  • in Stavenhagen, Reuter-Stein
  • in Dömitz, bust of Friedrich Fuhrmann (1926–1983), sculptor in Dömitz
  • in Barmstedt, Reuter-Stein with relief of?
  • in Gadebusch (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), Reuter-Stein

Dedications

Felix Eberty dedicated his seven-volume history of the Prussian state to Fritz Reuter . Breslau 1867–1873.

Postage stamps

200th birthday of Reuters: German postage stamp from 2010

In 1954, the GDR postal administration issued a commemorative stamp in honor of Fritz Reuter on the 80th anniversary of his death. The Deutsche Bundespost followed in 1985 for its 175th birthday with a special postage stamp. In 2010 the Federal Republic of Germany published a special postage stamp for the 200th birthday. In 2010, the private Nordkurier letter service of the Neubrandenburger Kurierverlag launched the stamp edition “200. Birthday of Fritz Reuter ”.

"If someone does something, what he does , because he can't do what he does (if someone does what he can do, then he cannot do more than he does) "

- Fritz Reuter : De Reis' near Bellingen

Film adaptations

  • 1912: The neighborhood children
  • 1919: Ut mine Stromtid
  • 1924: Livet på lands (after Ut mine Stromtid )
  • 1925: Battle for the plaice
  • 1936: Uncle Bräsig (after Ut mine Stromtid )
  • 1943: Livet på lands (after Ut mine Stromtid )
  • 1954: No husbands
  • 1965: Landmandsliv
  • 1978: Uncle Bräsig (TV series)
  • 1981: From the French era (TV)

Radio plays

Birthday parties

Fritz Reuter's 200th birthday in 2010 was celebrated in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania with various honors, events, publications and celebrations.

literature

The state bibliography of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania currently lists more than 1770 publications on Fritz Reuter and his work. There is no comparable amount of literature about any other personality from Mecklenburg or Western Pomerania.

Web links

Commons : Fritz Reuter  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Fritz Reuter  - Quotes
Wikisource: Fritz Reuter  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ An old family legend, who stubbornly stayed with Reuters, wanted to know that he was descended from Protestants who had been expelled from Salzburg. Despite in-depth genealogical research by the Schwerin archivist Hans Heinrich Leopoldi (1917–1978), who documented Reuter's ancestors over ten generations, no starting point was found that could have confirmed this mahr. --- See Hans Heinrich Leopoldi: Fritz Reuters origin and relationship. In: Fritz Reuter - Collected Works and Letters. Vol. VIII: Letters. - Rostock, 1966/67. [Reprint: Rostock: Konrad Reich Verl., 1990.] pp. 899–920.
  2. ↑ cf. Töteberg, p. 20
  3. ↑ Registration book of the University of Rostock: July 1791 - July 1841
  4. ↑ Registration of Fritz Reuter in the Rostock matriculation portal
  5. ^ Gunther Tilse (ed.): History of the Corps Vandalia to Rostock. Dortmund 1975
  6. ^ Helge Dvorak: Biographical Lexicon of the German Burschenschaft. Volume I: Politicians. Sub-Volume 5: R – S. Winter, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8253-1256-9 , p. 54.
  7. ^ Hans Joachim Gernentz : Fritz Reuter - Festschrift for the 150th birthday. Rostock 1960
  8. ^ Helge Dvorak: Biographical Lexicon of the German Burschenschaft. Volume II: Artists. Winter, Heidelberg 2018, ISBN 978-3-8253-6813-5 , pp. 573-575.
  9. ^ Fellow prisoners (based on Arnold Hückstädt: Briefe. Hinstorff: Rostock 2009, p. 526f.)
    • since 1834: Andreas Wilhelm Scheibner, Carl August Bohl, Johann Adolf Döhn, August Wilhelm Braun, Carl Gustav Stahlberg.
    • since 1835: Franz Rudolf Wachsmuth, Ferdinand Wuthenow , Wilhelm Wolff .
    • since 1836: Gustav Bönnings, Heinrich Wilhelm Schultheiß.
  10. ↑ Lord Mayor Dr. Paul Krüger in the foreword to the 200th birthday. - See "I will never forget the friendly Vorderstadt Neubrandenburg". Fritz Reuter on his 200th birthday. Hinstorff Verlag, Rostock 2010. ISBN 978-3-356-01374-0 . P. 6
  11. ↑ Fritz Reuter and the University of Rostock (PDF) Profile Magazine of the University of Rostock, accessed September 8, 2018
  12. ↑ Enzo Maaß: Konstantinopel 1864: 'You know Dokter Wille?': Fritz Reuter and François Wille: Notes on a travel acquaintance . In: Fritz Reuter Literature Museum (ed.): Kikut: Plattdütsch gistern un hüt. News from Reuterstadt . tape 37 . Stavenhagen 2016, p. 17-27 .
  13. ^ Fritz Reuter: De Eekboom ( Memento from July 26, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ↑ In the effective advertising subtitle of the Läuschen and Rimels it says: "Low German poems with cheerful content in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania dialect".
  15. ↑ See Hans-Joachim Gernentz: Low German - yesterday and today. Contributions to the language situation in the northern districts of the German Democratic Republic in the past and present . Rostock 1980, pp. 28-29 and Dieter Stellmacher: Low German language . 2. revised Weidler, Berlin 2000, pp. 146–151.
  16. ↑ Britta Probohl: Fritz Reuter - a Low German poet . NDR.de
  17. ^ The round of High German transmissions of individual Reuter works was opened by a splendid edition of Ut mine Stromtid and Dörchläuchting published in 1905 by Herlet Verlag in Berlin . - Cf. Ilse Barnikol: Fritz Reuter Bibliography. In: Fritz Reuter - a commemorative publication for the 150th birthday. Ed .: Reuter Committee of the German Democratic Republic. VEB Hinstorff Verlag, Rostock 1960. pp. 187–236 [here p. 198 f.]
  18. ↑ See bibliography of the secondary literature on Fritz Reuter - life, work and effect. kikut 29/2007, pp. 10-175.
  19. ↑ The above three poems are from: Echtermeyer , Deutsche Gedichte. From the beginning to the present . Redesigned by Benno von Wiese , August Bagel Verlag, Düsseldorf 1960 (491th – 525th thousand) - without ISBN
  20. ↑ The individual volumes in different print runs, there were up to 15 editions of individual volumes
  21. ↑ large editions up to 1895
  22. ↑ Arnd Kniese: Fritz Reuter's grave complex is being restored. (PDF; 16.6 MB) In: Denkmalgeflüster February 29 , 2017, November 28, 2017, pp. 6–10 , accessed on July 13, 2019 .
  23. ^ Sabine Weigelt: The Reuterstein. Retrieved September 9, 2011 .
  24. ^ Felix Eberty: History of the Prussian State. Volume 1. Breslau 1867. S. VI ( books.google.de )
personal data
SURNAME Reuter, Fritz
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Reuter, Heinrich Ludwig Christian Friedrich (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Low German writer
DATE OF BIRTH November 7, 1810
PLACE OF BIRTH Stavenhagen
DATE OF DEATH July 12, 1874
Place of death Eisenach