Camburg
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Camburg
City of Dornburg-Camburg
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| Height : | 127 m above sea level NN |
| Area : | 13.31 km² |
| Residents : | 2846 (Dec. 31, 2007) |
| Population density : | 214 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | December 1, 2008 |
| Postal code : | 07774 |
| Area code : | 036421 |
 Camburg, winter view of the city from the castle
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Camburg is a district of the city of Dornburg-Camburg in the northeast of the Saale-Holzland district in Thuringia (Germany).
geography
Camburg is located on the Saale , halfway between Jena and Naumburg in the Saale valley.
history
Numerous archaeological finds show a long historical settlement of the Camburg site and a lively cultural exchange. The settlement grew on both sides of the river Saale until the Middle Ages.
To protect and control the crossing of the Saale from the trade routes, the building of a castle was certainly the reason and therefore the prerequisite for the development of the later city of Camburg. There was evidence of a Slavic settlement during the construction of the railway line.
The mention of Camburg in 1030, taken uncritically from Hölzer's chronicle by Wolfgang Kahl, has no historical evidence and is a pure invention. Another undated message that names a Wilhelm, Count von Camburg, is in the Goseck Chronicle, written around 1135–40, and can be classified between 1089 and 1100. Its source is unknown. Said Wilhelm is mentioned several times with his father, Count Gero zu Brehna and his brothers Dietrich and Günther, at the end of the 11th century, but never with the addition of Camburg . The first mention of the place is a record in the vicinity of the Reinhardsbrunn monastery, which was subsequently dated to the year 1116. In it, Conrad von Wettin hands over a piece of wood from the legacy of Wilhelm von Camburg to Reinhardsbrunn. However, this message was initiated by the Reinhardsbrunn Abbot Ernst, who is known for his forgeries, and for reasons of content it should be received with reservations.
A first documented message exists for 1133 with the mention of a Luf von Camburg. So the emergence of Camburg can be seen at the turn of the 11th to the 12th century. The origin is the castle named Camburg , the location of which is not known today. In the middle of the 12th century the Wettin castle was built on the Turmberg. The castle settlement was built in the immediate vicinity of the castle in the 12th century. Only towards the end of the 12th century, on the initiative of the Wettins, a market settlement developed west of the Saale. It can be documented in 1219. Wilhelm von Camburg, who died in 1116, is among the founding figures of the Naumburg Cathedral. From 1133 to 1190 noble von Camburg were mentioned in documents from the Bishop of Naumburg . During this period there was supposedly a mint in Camburg, which was commissioned by the Margrave of Meissen .
Camburg appears for the first time as a city, then called oppidum , in 1349/50. Such evidence is also available for the 15th century. In 1420 part of the place was mentioned as civitas and another part as sub castrum (probably the one directly below the "lower" castle). The oldest part of Camburg is on the eastern side of the hall directly under the castle (sub castrum, sub urbium) ; This is where the Canons' Monastery, founded in the 12th century, was located, which was moved to Eisenberg shortly after 1200. For a long time, the city and the associated care were administered by pledge holders. In the course of the Saxon fratricidal war, the castle, which was sold to the Vitzthum family, was besieged and destroyed. The city was also badly damaged. The legal status must also have been affected, because Camburg is mentioned as a village in the second half of the 15th century and in the 16th century. It was not until the end of the 16th century that there was talk of a market town which was completely under the jurisdiction of the office. With the establishment of the Duchy of Saxony-Altenburg in 1603, there must have been a renewed granting of city rights, but this has not been proven. Even if the jurisdiction was still severely restricted, there was a mayor and a city council for the first time after 1600.
Camburg also gave its name to an administrative district among the Wettins, who gradually expanded it. In 1404, Nicol Puster, a bailiff appointed directly by the sovereign, appeared for the first time. The two ducal offices of Dornburg and Camburg were administered together until the 17th century. The term "Grafschaft", which was mainly used by chroniclers of the 18th – 20th centuries. Century and was popularly transferred to the district of Camburg, is a misinterpretation of the historical circumstances. The mention of Count Wilhelm von Camburg (known as Count before 1116) refers to the castle as the namesake, but not to the late medieval administrative structure. Until the creation of this Wettin office in Camburg, the ownership structure of the area was very differentiated (imperial property, noble free, margrave ministerial, clerical lords). A closed official area is only documented after the introduction of the Reformation (1539).
The oldest surviving register of the city's inhabitants goes back to the first third of the 15th century. A council is attested for 1569 , and since 1580 there was also a mayor . In 1485 Camburg came together with the castle to the Albertines and in 1547 to the Ernestines . As a result of the ensuing fragmentation, the city came to Saxony-Altenburg in 1603 . In the following decades it changed hands several times: in 1672 it came to Saxe-Gotha , 1680 to Saxe-Eisenberg , 1707 to Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and finally in 1826 as exclave Camburg to Saxe-Meiningen . Since 1922 it has been the center of the Camburg district department , which later became part of the Stadtroda district. About the Jena-Land district (1952–1994) it came to today's Saale-Holzland district.
In 1740, with the fire in the town hall (built in 1655), the entire council archive was lost, so that the data situation before that is uncertain. The successor building from 1741 stood on the east side of the market and in 1862 received a new entrance to the Neumarkt to the south.
A Saale bridge in Camburg was first mentioned in documents in 1506. Before that there was supposed to have been a wooden bridge downstream on the Schöpf . Reports about two inns in Camburg also date from this time.
In the late Middle Ages, the city was mainly on an important trade route from northwest to southeast, the salt route , which led from Stadtsulza (today Bad Sulza ) via Schmiedehausen , Camburg, Frauenprießnitz , Rauschwitz , Klosterlausnitz into the Vogtland and on to Bohemia . Another important route came from Dornburg via Würchhausen , Wichmar , Rodameuschel and continued on to Naumburg .
It is not known today where the oldest church in Camburg stood. Most likely it was right in the castle. With the development of the settlement on the western bank of the Saale, a second church was probably built there at the end of the 12th / beginning of the 13th century, which was consecrated to St. Lawrence. This is first mentioned in a document in 1219. In 1539 the Reformation took place, with which the patronage of St. Laurentius lost its task and was forgotten. The patronage of the church passed from Eisenberg monastery to the sovereign. The town church was destroyed by a lightning strike on July 28, 1701 during a service, except for the tower. In 1709 the reconstruction was finished. Around 1818 the office mill came to Camburg in private ownership. That put an end to the mill front. At this time, Goethe is said to have visited the city on the Saale several times.
At the time of the German Wars of Liberation (1813-1815) Camburg was often used as a camp for troops from various parts of Europe. Even the church served as a prisoner-of-war camp, where up to 600 French were interned. From a survey report of April 13, 1819: "... someone gave up his spirit in it and was buried here, this sanctuary was very polluted by these prisoners and the great stench caused by it was driven out with great difficulty."
The case of the Polish soldier Gabriel Iwan, who fought in the Napoleonic Army, but then stayed in the Camburg region and fought for a right of home for several years, became famous . In the end, he successfully founded a large family that still shapes the cityscape today.
The idyllic city and river landscape of the Saale loop near Camburg was a popular motif in the Romantic era . In their folder The picturesque banks of the Saale by Karl HW Münnich (text) and Julius Fleischmann (illustrations) you can find a charming overall view of Camburg, which was created between 1844 and 1846.
After the war debts had been paid off, the 19th century saw the economy of Camburg and the surrounding villages develop well in the first few decades. The cultural and social life also reached a high level through numerous clubs and societies such as the gymnastics club, the Wandersängerbund, Amicitas and Concordia. In 1890, the city was able to use the new town hall with many lounges. In 1874 Camburg got a connection to the Saalbahn of the Saal-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft , and since 1880 the workers organized themselves in a union . From 1890 there was extensive expansion work on the tracks, and on May 1, 1897 the Zeitz – Camburg railway was opened.
In the district of Tümpling, the landowner Vogt built a sugar factory in 1847/1848. The sugar factory opened earlier by Kaufmann Käsemattel on the northern edge of the city was shut down in 1846. In 1870 Wilhelm Bender founded the volunteer fire department. A war memorial for those who fell in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 was inaugurated on September 1st (Sedan Day) 1895 at the Place of Peace. The monument was removed after 1945 and the stone Saxon coat of arms above the entrance to the former local court was knocked off. At that time the square was called "Adolf-Hitler-Platz". Today there is a memorial in the same place, which commemorates the victims of the death march from the Buchenwald concentration camp , who were driven through the town in April 1945. A telegraph was set up in 1876 and the first telephone in 1900.
In the first decades of the 20th century, development - interrupted by the First World War - was slow. Far-sighted citizens tried to make Camburg a resort with a Kneipp spa. However, they were unsuccessful. The mill and leather factory struggled hard for survival due to the global economic crisis at the end of the twenties. In these decades the population hardly exceeded 3000 - a number that is not exceeded much today. With the construction of an elevated tank in Camburg on July 16, 1904, the high-pressure waterworks was put into operation on December 18, 1904. On November 11, 1908, the memorial stone for the gymnastics father Jahn was inaugurated at the Camburg gymnasium. This is still one of the oldest gyms in Germany. In that year the power station in Döbritschen was opened, which supplies Camburg and the surrounding area with electricity to this day.
During the First World War , the city of Camburg provided its own medical team. The church bells from Camburg and the surrounding area, which were transported to be melted down during the war, were purchased again in 1921. The city's economy suffered a blow of fate when, on November 2, 1928, a large part of the sugar factory's facilities burned down.
During the National Socialist era , after the first repression and arrests, committed citizens came together to resist the Nazi regime. A member of the Neubauer-Poser resistance group from Jena got in touch with Camburg communists who had been holding secret meetings in the seven- storey houses since 1943 . Magnus Poser found accommodation with Otto Hagenauer from Camburg several times. During the Second World War , prisoners of war from Poland had to do forced labor : in agriculture and the like. a. Wolf and Reuße among the farmers . The grave of a Polish victim is in the cemetery. An initially unknown dead prisoner was left behind by a halting train transport with prisoners from the Buchenwald concentration camp and later buried in the cemetery. A group of schoolchildren identified his identity in 1981, and his resting place was soon given an honorable grave monument.
After the Second World War, the brewery and tannery were closed. The rails of the railway line towards Zeitz were dismantled and removed by the Soviet occupiers. The last carriage was used in Camburg until after 1949 by legal counsel Robert Geyer to visit his clients. To this day, Camburg is characterized by a distinctive and diverse club culture.
Since April 1, 1999, Zöthen has belonged to the city of Camburg. On December 1, 2008, the city of Dornburg / Saale and the municipality of Dorndorf-Steudnitz were incorporated, whereupon a city was created under the new name Dornburg-Camburg. Due to the incorporation, the Camburg city arms with Saint Laurentius remained as the common coat of arms.
traffic
The Camburg (Saale) station is located at the Saal Railway (train hall since 1874) and at the disused railway line Zeitz-Camburg .
The A 9 autobahn with the Droyßig (21 b) junction approx. 20 km away runs to the east, while the B 88 runs through the town.
The closest airport is the Jena-Schöngleina airfield, 25 km away .
The Saale is not navigable as a traffic route near Camburg (limited navigability from the Unstrut confluence); limited use for water sports with canoes or kayaks is possible in the Dornburg-Camburg region.
Camburg Castle
Camburg Castle, on the right side of the hall, is located on a mountain spur running in north-south direction, which is separated into two areas by a deep ditch. An important north-south connection (Saale Valley or Nürnberger Strasse) originally ran east of the castle. In the second half of the 11th century, a branch line of the Wettins gained a foothold on the Camburg. For the first time between 1089 and 1100 a Wilhelm is mentioned as Count von Camburg in a chronicle of the 12th century. Together with his wife Gepa, his older brother Dietrich, Count von Brehna and his wife Gerburg, he embodies one of the donor figures of Naumburg Cathedral created in 1250. A castle chapel is first mentioned in 1213. The castle changed hands frequently in the 14th century and was sold to the Vitzthums in 1439 . In the Saxon Fratricidal War (1446–1451), the castle was finally destroyed by Elector Frederick II the Meek (1412–1464). Only the 37 meter high keep was preserved. There was most likely a wooden outer bailey on the area known today as Matzberg.
At the beginning of 1935, accommodation for the HJ and BDM was built on the lower castle . For this purpose, the inn previously located there was demolished and replaced by the buildings that still exist today.
In connection with the building project, extensive excavation work took place under Gotthard Neumann. Some of the finds brought to light are in the Camburg City Museum.
Churches
- Cyriaksruine
- St. Trinity (Protestant)
- St. Marien (Catholic)
Development of the population
Development of the population (from December 31, 1994):
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¹ 1999: incorporation of Zöthen (1998: 183 inhabitants)
Flood years
- through the hall
- 1342, 1360, 1555, 1659.
- In 1622 and 1661 severe floods that destroyed the bridge (and houses)
- 1681, 1682, 1728, 1740 water up to the church
- 1744, 1745, 1752, 1763, 1775, 1784, 1806, 1820, 1821, 1845.
- June 27, 1871: one of the highest floods (source: C. Hölzer)
- 1890, 1909, 1961, 1965, 1994.
- through the Wonnitzer Bach
- 1739, 1755.
Attractions
- the city museum with important prehistoric and early historical finds and extensive exhibition material on the city's history and traditional craft trades (including several workshops that have been completely transferred to the museum inventory)
- According to some historians, the ruins of the Cyriakskirche north of the city are the only remaining buildings in Thuringia from the turn of the millennium.
- The town hall, built in 1889 in the neo-renaissance style
- the house bridge from the 18th century over the pool below the castle
- the Klausloch, a Neolithic cave in the shell limestone rock on the way to Tümpling which served as a dwelling for a Klausner in the Middle Ages
- the coat of arms
Memorials
- A memorial stone on the Platz des Friedens commemorates the victims of the death march from Buchenwald concentration camp , who were driven through the town in April 1945.
- There is a memorial to the fallen of war in the Camburg cemetery.
Personalities
Honorary citizen
- Wilhelm Bender, Medical Councilor and founder of the Camburg Volunteer Fire Brigade in 1870 (March 5, 1905)
- Herbert Teuscher, First Mayor and organizer of the 1000th anniversary of Camburg (June 17, 1991)
- Johann Herzog, leading member of the Kulturbund , committed to the Camburg City Museum (May 9, 2001)
- Elke Lüdecke, 50 years senior honorary position (December 10, 2018)
Sons of the city
- Friedrich Weise (1649–1735), clergyman, theologian and university professor
- Hans Karl Heinrich von Trautzschen (1730–1812), poet and military writer from the Electoral Saxon army
- Eduard Reichardt (1827–1891), agricultural chemist
- Klaus Hermsdorf (1929-2006), Germanist
People related to the place
Sophie Mereau (1770–1806), writer, lived with her stepsister in Camburg between 1800 and 1801.
literature
- Ewald Eichhorn: The county of Camburg as it became, was and is (= publications of the Association for Saxony Meiningische Geschichte und Landeskunde. Issue 20, 1895; Issue 22, 1896; Issue 26, 1897; Issue 34, 1899; Issue 41, 1902 ; Issue 48, 1904; Issue 55, 1907; Issue 60, 1909; Issue 64, 1912, ZDB -ID 513329-4 ). 9 parts. Kesselring Hildburghausen 1895–1912.
- Festival committee of the city of Camburg Saale (Hrsg.): Festschrift for the millennium of Camburg an der Saale. Festival week 1. – 9. July 1950. Thüringer Volksverlag, Jena 1950.
- Johannes Herzog, Margrit Herzog: Camburg on the Saale. Pictures of a small town in Thuringia. Geiger, Horb am Neckar 1992, ISBN 3-89264-690-2 .
- Carl Hölzer: Historical Description of the County of Camburg. Publishing house of the Schreyer'schen Buchhandlung, Camburg 1876.
- Pauline Lörzer: Storms in the Saale Valley - A search for traces of weather phenomena in legends around Camburg . TVV releases. Thuringian Folklore Communications, Volume 26, Issue 3, Weimar 2018.
- Robert Peitz: History of the County of Camburg and Beyond. Issue 1–5. Self-published by the author, Camburg 1915–1922.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gustav Einhorn: The prehistoric and early historical finds of the county Camburg . Gustav Fischer, Jena 1906.
- ^ Sven Ostritz: Archaeological hiking guide Thuringia: Jena and surroundings. Saale-Holzland district . 3. Edition. tape 8 . Beier & Beran, Langenweißbach 2019, ISBN 978-3-95741-099-3 .
- ^ Wolfgang Kahl : First mention of Thuringian cities and villages up to 1300. A manual. 2nd, improved edition. Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2001, ISBN 3-934748-58-9 , p. 18.
- ↑ Bruno's book of the Saxon War (= Monumenta Germaniae historica. German Middle Ages. 2, ISSN 0340-8396 ). Revised by Hans-Eberhard Lohmann. Hiersemann, Leipzig 1937, chapter 99.
- ↑ Andrei Zahn: Was there a monastery on the Cyriaksberg near Camburg / Saale? Investigations on St. Cyriaksberg and St. Petersberg. Probably in: Contributions to the early history and the Middle Ages of East Thuringia, volume 2020.
- ↑ Thomas Bienert: Medieval castles in Thuringia. 430 castles, castle ruins and fortifications. Wartberg-Verlag, Gudensberg-Gleichen 2000, ISBN 3-86134-631-1 , pp. 195-196.
- ^ Werner Mägdefrau : Thuringian cities and city federations in the Middle Ages. Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2002, ISBN 3-936030-34-0 , p. 93.
- ^ Andrei Zahn: The inhabitants of the offices of Burgau, Camburg and Dornburg. A prayer register from around 1421–1425 (= AMF series of publications. 55, ZDB -ID 2380765-9 ). Printed as a manuscript. Working Group for Central German Family Research, Mannheim 1998.
- ↑ Carl Hölzer: Historical Description of the County of Camburg. Schreyer'sche Buchhandlung, Camburg 1876.
- ↑ Pauline Lörzer: How Thuringia became a home - The fate of Gabriel Iwans in the 19th century . In: Thuringian Association for Folklore (Hrsg.): Country change culture (exchange). Historical experiences with migration and integration in Thuringia . Erfurt 2019.
- ^ Karl HW Münnich: The picturesque banks of the Saale. Photomechanical reprint of the 1979 edition - Reprint of the Dresden edition, 1848. New edition and commentary by Marga Steiger. Urania-Verlag, Leipzig a. a. 1989, ISBN 3-332-00349-6 , pp. 69-71, 115-140.
- ↑ Thuringian Association of the Persecuted of the Nazi Regime - Association of Antifascists and Study Group of German Resistance 1933–1945 (Ed.): Local history guide to sites of resistance and persecution 1933–1945. Volume 8: Thuringia. VAS - Verlag für Akademische Schriften, Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-88864-343-0 , p. 206.
- ↑ StBA Area: changes from 01.01. until December 31, 1999
- ↑ stjohann-jena.de ( Memento of the original from February 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Golden Book of the City; kept in the City Museum Camburg
Web links
- www.dornburg-camburg.de/camburg.php - detailed location information on the website of the city of Dornburg-Camburg