Tschub
The Tchub ( Ukrainian Чуб / Tchub , Stirnlocke '; Ukrainian Чуприна Tschupryna (also Chupryna Ukrainian), Haarschopf' Оселедець Oseledets (also Oseledec ), herring '; Russian хохол , Haarschopf' and polish Chochoľ , transcribed Chochol ) is the traditional hairstyle of Ukrainian Cossacks: A strand of hair, curl or a mop of hair is located in the middle or near the forehead or on the side of an otherwise shaved head.
As a stereotypical feature, the name Chochol became a derogatory term ( ethnophaulism ) for Ukrainians and Little Russians in Russian and Polish .
Naming, use, etymology
The traditional hairstyle of the Ukrainian Cossacks - a strand of hair, a curl or a mop of hair in the middle or near the forehead or on the side of an otherwise shaved head - has several names in different languages:
- Ukrainian Чуб / Tschub 'forelock' is a neutral term used in the local language.
- Ukrainian Чуприна Chupryna ' Haarschopf ' is another national language term, which in German, also transcribed as Tschupryna , is rare or uncommon.
- Ukrainian Oселедець Oseledets ' Hering ' (also Oseledec ), is also rare or uncommon in German.
- Chochol (German spelling from Russian хохо́л , ' Haarschopf ' and Polish chochoł ) can be used neutrally, but as a stereotypical characteristic of the Cossacks - pars pro toto - in Russian and Polish it has become a derogatory term ( ethnophaulism ) for Ukrainians and Little Russians .
The Ukrainian word Чуб ( Chub , Tschub ) is linguistically and genetically related to the Gothic skuft and the Germanic Schopf . In Swiss , Tschogg or Tschuber denotes, in addition to the plume of a bird, also “the hair on top of a person's head”; Scuffia the means Italian hood and ciuffo Schopf .
history
This strand of hair on a bald head, which is typical of the Cossacks, is traced back to a tradition of the clan of Grand Duke Svyatoslaw I. Igorewitsch (Old Russian СвѧтославИ Игоревичь; 942–972 AD), whose nobles identified themselves with this hairstyle.
Georgi Wladimirowitsch Vernadski quotes and translates the description of Svyatoslav I by Leo Diaconus from the year 971:
- “ His appearance was as follows: He was of medium size - neither too big nor too small. He had bushy eyebrows, blue eyes and a snub nose. He was shaved but wore a long, bushy mustache. His head was shaved except for a lock of hair on one side as a sign of the nobility of his clan. "
Vernadski adds: “ This picture of Svyatoslav I is very similar to the pictures of Cossack hetmanes of the 16th and 17th centuries, even including the lock of hair on the shaved head called oseledets. "
Perception and representation
The perception of the Tschub and the representation of a Cossack with Tschub is in the self-image of the Ukrainians a symbol of freedom and strength.
The Ukrainian poet Stepan Rudanskyj ( Степан Васильович Руданський ; 1834–1873) gives in the first two stanzas of his poem Чуприна Chupryna a transfigured explanation of the function of this strand of hair from the perspective of the Cossacks.
| Чуприна | Hair (translation) |
|---|---|
|
Питалися козака: |
The Cossack is asked: |
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The Cossack Mamaj , the idealized representation of a freedom-loving Cossack, is an allegorical figure and a national symbol of Ukraine, which embodies the peculiarities attributed to it in its self-image. As this symbolic epitome he was particularly after the dissolution of Zaporozhye Sich very popular in 1775 and is today one of the most common representations in Ukrainian folk painting .
Although legend has it that Mamaj was born in 509 - more than 400 years before Grand Duke Svyatoslav I, for whom the chub is documented in writing by a contemporary - Mamaj is mostly depicted as chub in paintings from the late 17th century to the present day .
In the painting The Zaporozhian Cossacks Write a Letter to the Turkish Sultan , the painter Ilya Repin portrayed many of his courageous, humorous Cossack protagonists with Tschub.
The soccer club Metalurh Zaporischschja in the capital of the Zaporizhia Oblast in southern Ukraine has chosen the “Zaporozhian Cossack” - clearly recognizable by his clothes, his mighty mustache and the chub on his bald head - as a mascot to entertain the audience.
In the tragicomic music film Propala Hramota (Ukrainian Пропала Грамота , The Lost Letter , Soviet Union 1972), which is based on a novella by Nikolai Gogol , some of the Cossacks are portrayed with Tschub.
There are several Ukrainian surnames that are derived from Чуб / Chub / Tschub or Чуприна / Chupryna / Tschupryna and their variants. At Gogol there is the literary figure Cossack Tschub , the type of rich Cossack who bears this name.
Similar hairdresses in other cultures
The Sikha ( Sanskrit शिखा śikhā 'head of hair'; Hindi चोटी choTi ; Marathi शेंडी shendi ) is a tuft of hair or a curl on the back of the head in the male members of Orthodox Hinduism .
Perçem (پرچم) transcribed Pertschem , or Pesch , in the culture of the Ottoman Empire is a forelock or tuft of hair on a smoothly shaved head.
Ottomans on Horseback (1568)
Coat of arms of the Prince of Schwarzenberg (1792)
Detail of the coat of arms of the Hungarian city of Komádi
In the Mohammedan tradition, for example at the funeral in Turkey, this type of hairstyle plays a similar role as the chub with the Cossacks:
- “ Then the body is sewn into a canvas sack that is open at both ends and placed in the coffin, after the head has been shaved smooth except for a tuft of hair at the top. The Turks used to do this while they were still alive, but now this is only done by the Orthodox. ...; Then the two angels come, grab the dead man by the tuft of hair, pull him out of the sack, put him between them and ask him ... "
Similar hairstyles were documented by travelers in the 18th century for Persians and Kurds.
Further examples can be found in Asia and Africa.
Individual evidence
- ^ Alfons Brüning: Unio non est unitas . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-447-05684-7 , p. 93.
- ↑ Peter Schuster, Harald Tiede: The uniforms and badges of the Cossacks in the German Wehrmacht . Patzwall, 1999, ISBN 978-3-931533-42-7 , p. 63.
- ↑ Ann Beylard-Ozeroff, Jana Králová, Barbara Moser-Mercer: Translators' Strategies and Creativity: Selected Papers from the 9th International Conference on Translation and Interpreting, Prague, September 1995. In honor of Ji? Í Levý and Anton Popovi? . John Benjamin Publishing Company, May 15, 1998, ISBN 978-90-272-8346-7 , p. 91.
- ↑ Andrew Evans: Ukraine: The Bradt Travel Guide . Bradt Travel Guides, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84162-181-4 , p. 378.
- ↑ Manfred Quiring: Russia: Orientation in the giant empire . Ch. Links Verlag, September 9, 2013, ISBN 978-3-86284-230-8 , p. 47.
- ↑ Natalie O. Kononenko: Ukrainian Minstrels: Why the Blind Should Sing: And the Blind Shall Sing . Taylor & Francis, July 3, 2015, ISBN 978-1-317-45313-0 , p. 390.
- ^ Christian Samuel Theodor Bernd: The German language in the Grand Duchy of Posen and a part of the neighboring Kingdom of Poland (etc.) . Eduard Weber, 1820, p. 254.
- ↑ Christian Ganzer: Soviet Heritage and Ukrainian Nation: the Museum of the History of Zaporog Cossacks on the island of Chortycja . Ibidem-Verlag, 2005, ISBN 978-3-89821-504-6 , p. 59.
- ^ Andreas Kappeler: The difficult path to the nation: Contributions to the recent history of the Ukraine . Böhlau Verlag Vienna, 2003, ISBN 978-3-205-77065-7 , p. 197.
- ↑ Natascha Drubek-Meyer: Gogol's "eloquentia corporis": incorporation, identity and the limits of figuration . Otto Sagner, 1998, ISBN 978-3-87690-725-3 , p. 170.
- ↑ David D. Laitin: Identity in Formation: The Russian-speaking population in the Near Abroad . Cornell University Press, 1998, ISBN 9780801484957 , p. 175.
- ^ Ewa Majewska Thompson: The Search for self-definition in Russian literature . Rice University Press, 1991, ISBN 978-0-89263-306-7 , p. 22.
- ↑ Serhii Plokhy: Ukraine and Russia . University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2008, pp. 139-141.
- ↑ vasmer.info: этимология слова чуб (etymology of чуб ).
- ^ Journal for German Language, Vol. 1 . JF Richter, 1888, p. 545.
- ↑ Franz Joseph Stalder: attempt of a Swiss Idiotikon: mingled with etymological remarks ... . Samuel Flick, 1806, p. 320.
- ↑ Lorenz Diefenbach: Lexicon comparativum linguarum Indogermanicarum . J. Baer, 1851, p. 256 f.
- ↑ George Vernadsky: Kievan Russia . Yale University Press, 1973, ISBN 978-0-300-01647-5 , pp. 42-43.
- ↑ Leo Diaconus: Historiae Libri decem , Part 9, Chapter XI, pp. 156–157.
- ↑ Free translation of the English text.
- ↑ Степан РУДАНСЬКИЙ: чуприна (Ukrainian).
- ↑ Руданський С. «Твори в трьох томах» ( works in three volumes ) - К.: Наукова думка.
- ↑ Sports photos by the фотослужба агентства "УНІАН" (photo service agency UNIAN).
- ↑ Propala Hramota on Youtube.
- ↑ Nikolaĭ Vasilʹevich Gogolʹ: Evenings on the manor near Dikanka . G. Müller, 1910.
- ^ Yearbooks of Literature. - Vienna, Gerold 1818-1849 . Gerold, 1849, p. 159.
- ^ Bulgaria: Yearbook of the German-Bulgarian Society. V. . F. Meiner, 1943/44, p. 273.
- ↑ Ivanka Ivanova Pietrek: Pearls from Bulgarian Folklore - Part Four: “New Songs from the Pazardzhik Region” Part Four . epubli GmbH, June 18, 2014, ISBN 978-3-8442-9099-8 , p. 59.
- ^ Alfred de Bessé: The Turkish Empire: History and Statistics, Religious and State Constitution, Morals and Uses, Current Situation . Remmelmann, 1854, p. 54.
- ^ F. Kratochwill: The Viennese Elegante. Original fashion sheet. Edited by F. Kratochwill . Franz Edler von Schmid, 1855, p. 26.
- ↑ Guillaume Antoine Olivier, Matthias Christian Sprengel, TF Ehrmann: Journey through the Turkish Empire, Egypt and Persia: during the first six years of the French Republic or from 1792 to 1798 . Verlag des Landes, Industrie, Comptoirs, 1808, p. 230.