Tuloma
|
Tuloma Туло́ма , Tuållâmjokk , Tuulomajoki |
||
|
|
||
| Data | ||
| Water code | RU : 02010000312101000001127 | |
| location | Murmansk Oblast ( Russia ) | |
| River system | Tuloma | |
| origin |
Verkhachulomskoye reservoir 65 km southwest of Murmansk 68 ° 36 ′ 19 ″ N , 31 ° 44 ′ 18 ″ E |
|
| Source height | 80 m | |
| muzzle |
Kola Bay near Kola Coordinates: 68 ° 53 ′ 21 ″ N , 33 ° 0 ′ 52 ″ E 68 ° 53 ′ 21 ″ N , 33 ° 0 ′ 52 ″ E |
|
| Mouth height | 0 m | |
| Height difference | 80 m | |
| Bottom slope | 1.3 ‰ | |
| length | 64 km | |
| Catchment area | 21,500 km² | |
| Discharge at the GES Nizhne-Tulomskaya A Eo gauge : 21,500 km² at the mouth |
MNQ 1956/1985 MQ 1956/1985 Mq 1956/1985 MHQ 1956/1985 |
148 m³ / s 228 m³ / s 10.6 l / (s km²) 395 m³ / s |
| Left tributaries | Shovna, Pyaiwe | |
| Right tributaries | Pecha | |
| Reservoirs flowed through | Verkhnulomskoye, Nizhnetulomskoye | |
| Small towns | Werkovulomski , Murmaschi , Kola | |
| Navigable | not navigable | |
 Verkhtulomskoye Reservoir |
||
 Catchment area and course of the Tuloma (left in the picture) |
||
The Tuloma ( Russian Туло́ма ; Scoltsamian Tuållâmjokk ; Finnish Tuulomajoki ) is a 64 km long tributary of the Arctic Ocean on the Kola Peninsula beyond the Arctic Circle , in northern Russia .
course
The Tuloma flows away about 65 km as the crow flies south-west of the Murmansk Oblast Administrative Center from the 745 km² Verkechchulomskoye Reservoir, whose water level is 80 m above sea level . Until the dam was built in the 1960s, it escaped from the 78.9 km² lake Notosero . The Tuloma flows almost in a straight line in a north-easterly direction through the mountainous area of the northern Kola Peninsula to its confluence with the extreme tip of the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea . The mouth is located immediately west of the small town of Kola , ten kilometers south of Murmansk.
The most important tributaries of the Werhnachulomskoje reservoir are the Nota (Nuorttijoki) with its tributary Jawr (Jaurijoki) and the Lotta ( Finnish Luttojoki , Skoltsamisch Lått , North Sami Lotto or Lohttu ), which all originate in Finland . The right Nota tributaries Wuwa and Girwas as well as the left Lotta tributaries Akkim and Annama flow directly into the Werhnachulomskoje reservoir today. The most important tributaries of the actual Tuloma below the reservoir are the Pecha from the right and Schowna and Pjaiwe from the left. Less than a kilometer east of the Tuloma, the Kola River flows into the Kola Bay.
On the Tuloma are the urban-type settlements of Werrechulomski and Murmaschi and the small town of Kola.
Hydrology
The catchment area of the river covers 21,500 km², including that of the actual Tuloma below the Verkhnulomskoje reservoir, 6,250 km².
The mean flow rate near the mouth is 228 m³ / s with a mean monthly minimum of 148 m³ / s in March and a mean monthly maximum of 395 m³ / s in June, with the annual fluctuations being leveled out by the reservoirs. The Tuloma is the most water-rich river on the Kola Peninsula. The eleven kilometers of the lower reaches from the barrage of the Nizhnetulomskoye reservoir to the mouth, on which the river is sometimes more than a kilometer wide, are exposed to the action of the tides .
The Tuloma freezes over between late December and February and stays frozen between April and early June.
Use and infrastructure
The Tuloma is not navigable, but is used for logging .
In the 1930s, the Nizhnetulomskaya GES hydropower plant ("Lower Tuloma hydropower plant") with an output of 57.2 megawatts (today) was built on the lower reaches of the river near Murmaschi . The reservoir has an area of 38 km². In the 1960s, Lake Notosero with the Padun waterfalls at its outlet was dammed up to the Werrechulomskoye reservoir near Werrechulomski . The local hydropower plant Verkhnulomskaya GES ("Upper Tuloma Hydropower Plant") is the largest in northwestern Russia with an installed capacity of 268 megawatts. The current operator of the power plants is the joint stock company TGK-1 (TGC-1) , which emerged from several north-west Russian energy suppliers, including KolEnergo , and which is controlled by Gazprom Energoholdung .
Before the dams were built, the Tuloma was considered to be one of the best salmon rivers in the region, comparable to the Tanaelva (Tenojoki) on the Finnish- Norwegian border. Fish ladders were built at both power stations , but only the one at the lower dam fulfills its purpose to such an extent that the population at the Tuloma and its tributary Pecha was able to recover at a lower level.
Not far from the estuary, the Tuloma at Kola is crossed by a road bridge. In 2005, a good two kilometers below the Tuloma estuary, the more than one kilometer long, four-lane Kolabucht bridge was opened, over which the A138 leading to the Norwegian border now runs. On the left bank of the Tuloma, the regional road R12 leads to WerCHNULOMSKY and further, bypassing the WerCHNULOMSKOYE reservoir to the north, to the Finnish border. The railway line from Kola to Nikel on the Norwegian border crosses the river above the Nizhnetulomskaya hydroelectric power station near Murmashi.
| Surname | completion position |
Power in MW |
Annual output in GWh |
Fall height in m |
Number of turbines |
operator |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nizhnetulomskaya GES | 1938 | 57.2 | 250 | 17.5 | 4th | TGC-1 |
| Verkhtulomskaya GES | 1966 | 268 | 800 | 58.5 | 4th | TGC-1 |
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Tuloma in the State Water Directory of the Russian Federation (Russian)
- ↑ a b Article Tuloma in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ↑ a b Tuloma on the website of the Geographical Institute of the RAN (Russian)
- ↑ a b Tuloma at the Murmaschi gauge - hydrographic data at R-ArcticNET (at the Nizhnetulomskaya hydroelectric power station)
- ↑ TGK-1 website (Russian, English)