Tusculans

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The Tusculans were a Roman family who held power in the city of Rome in the 10th and 11th centuries and whose power base was, in addition to the pontificate, the (eponymous) city and county of Tusculum .

history

The progenitor Alberich I († around 920/25) of Franconian (or Lombard) origin, presumably due to the name Alberich, became Duke of Spoleto in 917 , fought against the Hungarians and Saracens and married the daughter of the Roman noble leader Theophylact I. from Tusculum . His descendants, the Counts of Tusculum, enforced the noble papacy , according to which only members of the urban Roman nobility were allowed to be elected popes. In addition to the Holy See and the Conclave, they ruled the city's senate during the saeculum obscurum and provided its consuls.

The concept of pornocracy is linked to the rise of the Tusculans, which refers in particular to Theodora I of Tusculum and her daughters Marozia I and Theodora II of Tusculum, as well as Marozia II , the daughter of Theodoras II. Other people who are still known today from this environment are Theophylact I. von Tusculum , Alberich I. and Alberich II. , The husbands and sons of the women mentioned.

The strongest opponents of the Tusculans (loyal to the emperor) in Rome were the (urban Roman-minded) Crescentians , although the families were often related by marriage. Alternating with the Crescenti, the Tusculans provided four popes up to the turn of the millennium and, after they had defeated the Crescentians under Benedict VIII from 1012, they were able to install four more popes from their family as well as a number of client popes as the de facto sole rulers in the city . With the election of Leo IX. In 1049 the power of the Tusculans came to an end. The Gregorian reforms introduced by Gregory VII in 1075 were not least a reaction to the nepotism of the Tusculan popes.

It is assumed that the Roman noble family of Colonna , which is still flourishing today, descended from the Tusculans. Petrus de Columna (Pietro de Colonna), † after 1120, is considered the son of John, Count of Tusculum, and grandson of Count Gregory II (around 1000 - 1054). From the 12th century, the Colonna competed with the Orsini for power and influence over the Holy See and the Papal States. With Martin V they also provided a pope from 1417 to 1431.

Popes

During their rule of Rome, the Tusculans provided eight popes:

Counts of Tusculum

  • Theophylact I , † 915/924, Count of Tusculum
  • Johannes Crescentius, papal chamberlain (Vestrararius), Count of Tusculum as husband of Theodora II.
  • Gregory I, * around 935, † before June 2, 1013, Count of Tusculum, Consul and Dux
  • Theophylact II., * Around 980, † April 9, 1024, his son, Count of Tusculum until 1012, as Pope Benedict VIII from 1012-1024
  • Romanus, † November 6, 1032, his brother, Count of Tusculum, as John XIX. Pope 1024-1032
  • Alberich III. , * around 975, † 1032/1044, his brother, Count of Tusculum, Consul and Dux
  • Gregory II, * around 1000, † 1054, his son, Count of Tusculum
  • John, his son, Count of Tusculum
  • Theophylact III, † end of 1055, brother of Gregory II, Count of Tusculum, as Benedict IX. Pope from 1032-1048
  • Guido, his brother, Count of Tusculum
  • Johannes, † after 1073, his son, Count of Tusculum, Bishop of Velletri, as Benedict X. Antipope 1058-1059
  • Peter I * around 1000, brother Guidos, Count of Tusculum
  • Octavian, his brother, Count of Tusculum
  • Ptolemy I (Tolomeo I), † 1126, Count of Tusculum
  • Ptolemy II (Tolomeo II), † 1153, his son, Count of Tusculum, ⚭ 1117 Bertha, an illegitimate daughter of Emperor Heinrich V ( Salier )
  • Gionata, his son, Count of Tusculum

Tribe list

Family table
  1. Theophylact , * before 864, † 915/924, Count of Tusculum, ⚭ Theodora I the Elder , † after 915, Senatrix of Rome, Vestaratrix (papal chamberlain )
    1. Marozia I , * around 890, † 932, ⚭ I 910 Alberich I , murdered around 920/25, Duke of Spoleto 897–920, Patricius of Rome, Count of Fermo ; ⚭ II 925 Guido von Tuszien , † 929/930, Count and Duke of Lucca ; ⚭ III. 932 Hugo I , King of Italy ( Bosonids ), Guido's half-brother, † 947
      1. (I) Alberich II. , * 911, † August 31, 954, Patricius of Rome 932–954, Margrave of Spoleto, Count of Fermo ; ⚭ 936 Alda von Provence , daughter of King Hugo I of Italy , * 925, † 954
        1. Octavian, * 937, † May 14, 954, as Johannes XII. Pope 955-964
        2. Deodat
          1. Benedict VII. , † July 10, 983, Pope 974–983
        3. Gregory I, * around 935, † before June 2, 1013, Count of Tusculum, Consul and Dux ; ⚭ Maria, † before June 2, 1013
          1. Theophylact II, * around 980, † April 9, 1024, Count of Tusculum, as Benedict VIII Pope 1012-1024
          2. Romanus, † November 6, 1032, Count of Tusculum, as John XIX. Pope 1024-1032
          3. Alberich III. , * around 975, † 1032/1044, Count of Tusculum, Consul and Dux ; ⚭ Ermilina
            1. Gregory II, * around 1000, † 1054, Count of Tusculum
              1. Johannes, Count of Tusculum
                1. ? Petrus de Columna (Pietro de Colonna), † after 1120, ancestor of Colonna
              2. Daughter (Theodora) ⚭ Pandulf Duke of Salerno
            2. Theophylact, around 1000 or around 1021, † end of 1055, as Benedict IX. Pope 1032-1044 and 1048
            3. Guido, Count of Tusculum
              1. Johannes, † after 1073, Count of Tusculum, Bishop of Velletri, as Benedict X. (Anti-) Pope 1058-1059
            4. Peter I * around 1000, Count of Tusculum
              1. John, Bishop of Lavico
            5. Octavian, Count of Tusculum
      2. (II) Bertha, ⚭ Ancharius, Margrave of Spoleto , * 915, † 940
      3. (illegitimate) John XI. , † 936, Pope 931–935
    2. Theodora II the Younger , Senatrix of Rome, ⚭ Johannes Crescentius, papal chamberlain (Vestrararius), Count of Tusculum
      1. Crescentius de Theodora , * around 915/20, † July 7, 984, Patricius of Rome, Count of Terracina; ⚭ Sergia
        1. Crescentius I. Nomentanus , beheaded April 29, 998, Patricius of Rome, Count of Terracina; ⚭ Stephania, † April 29, 998
          1. John II. Crescentius , † May 18, 1012, Patricius 1003-1012
          2. Rogata, ⚭ Oktavian Graf and Rector of Sabina
        2. Johannes I. Crescentius , † 988
      2. John XIII , † September 6, 972, Bishop of Narni, Pope 965–972
      3. (after KJ Hermann, see below) Benedict VII. (see above)
      4. (after KJ Hermann) Marozia II around 960 "Senatrix" from Rome; ⚭ Theophylact of Tusculum
        1. (after KJ Hermann) Gregor I, Count of Tusculum (see above)
      5. (after KJ Hermann) Stephania II. † 987, "Senatrix" from Rome; ⚭ Benedict I of Sabina ,.
        1. Benedict II. Count of Sabina, † 998; ⚭ Theodoranda, daughter of Crescentius of the Marble Horse

without connection:

  • Crescentius, city prefect of Rome, 1012-1019 attested
  • Crescentius, Count of Sabina 1003-1047, † 1047
  • Oddo, Count of Sabina 1006-1036, brother of Count Crescentius, † 1036
  • Johannes Crescentius, † 1027, Lord of Palestrina
  1. Ptolemy I (Tolomeo I), Count of Tusculum, † 1126
    1. Ptolemy II Count of Tusculum, † 1153; ⚭ 1117 Bertha, an illegitimate daughter of Emperor Heinrich V ( Salier )
      1. Gionata, Count of Tusculum
      2. Rainald

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