Ujjain
| Ujjain उज्जैन |
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 India
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| State : | Madhya Pradesh | ||
| District : | Ujjain | ||
| Sub-district : | Ujjain | ||
| Location : | 23 ° 11 ' N , 75 ° 47' E | ||
| Height : | 490 m | ||
| Area : | 92.68 km² | ||
| Residents : | 515,215 (2011) | ||
| Population density : | 5559 inhabitants / km² | ||
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Ujjain ( Hindi उज्जैन ) is a city with around 550,000 inhabitants in the Ujjain district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh . It is one of the seven "holy cities" of India; As in Nashik , Prayagraj and Haridwar , a Kumbh Mela takes place here every 12 years .
Location and climate
Ujjain is located on the Malwa Plateau on the Shipra River approx. 192 km (driving distance) west of Bhopal and approx. 56 km north of Indore at an altitude of approx. 490 m . The climate is warm to hot; Rain (approx. 890 mm / year) falls almost exclusively in the summer monsoon months .
population
As a result of the sustained population growth in large parts of northern India and due to immigration, the city's population has increased enormously in recent decades:
| year | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |
| Residents | 362.266 | 431.162 | 515.215 |
The population of Ujjain consists mainly of Hindus (approx. 77.5%), Muslims (almost 19%) and Jains (approx. 2.5%); small minorities are Sikhs , Christians and Buddhists . As is customary in censuses in India, the male population clearly exceeds the female population. Mostly Malwi and Hindi are spoken .
economy
Traditionally, agriculture still forms the basis of all economic activity in the surrounding villages. Traders, craftsmen and service providers of all kinds have settled in the city itself; there are also numerous smaller manufacturing companies .
history
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Excavations north of Ujjain revealed traces of human habitation from the 8th century BC. To days; the then Avanti kingdom was on the main trade route from northern India to Mesopotamia and Egypt . The region is one of the cradles of Hinduism; According to a legend, Shiva once changed the old name to Ujjaiyini ("who conquers with pride") to emphasize his victory over the demon king Tripuri . The ancient city was a regional capital of the Maurya ; later it belonged to the Gupta empire ; from the end of the 8th to the 14th century, Ujjain was the capital of the Paramara Empire.
After the Islamic invasion of northern India , the Sultanate of Delhi ruled (from 1344), in the 15th and early 16th centuries the Sultans of Mandu ruled , who were subjugated by the Mughals in 1562 . Between 1714 and 1737 Raja Jai Singh II from Jaipur was governor of the city three times. Then came the Marathas and the Scindias ; In 1801, the Indore- resident Holkar dynasty conquered the city, which fell to the British in 1818.
Attractions
Important buildings are the Mahakaleshwar Temple , a Jyotirlinga (one of the 12 holiest Shiva temples), the Harsiddhi Mandir , the Gopal Mandir and the Jantar Mantar observatory .
