Vahlia

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Vahlia
Vahlia capensis

Vahlia capensis

Systematics
Super asterids
Asterids
Lamiids
Order : Vahliales
Family : Vahliaceae
Genre : Vahlia
Scientific name of the  order
Doweld
Scientific name of the  family
Vahliaceae
( Reichb. ) Dandy
Scientific name of the  genus
Vahlia
Thunb.

Vahlia is the only genus of the family of Vahliaceae and order Vahliales . The only five to a maximum of eight species are only distributed in the Old World from Africa including Madagascar to the Indian subcontinent .

description

The Vahlia species are annual or biennial herbaceous plants or subshrubs . The opposite leaves are simple and have entire margins. There are no stipules.

In zymous inflorescences , the flowers are usually in pairs. The relatively small, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . There are five sepals . The five petals are free. There is only one circle with five stamens that are free from each other. Two or three carpels are one under permanent, single-chamber ovary grown. The two to three free stamps end in heady scars .

Two- to three-fold capsule fruits are formed which contain many (50 to 200) tiny seeds.

Spread and evolution

The Vahlia species are only found in the Old World . Their distribution areas are in Sub-Saharan Africa , Madagascar , East Africa, Iraq and the Indian subcontinent .

There are few fossil records that could be assigned to the Vahliaceae family. Scandianthus has been described from the Upper Cretaceous in Sweden , which can be carefully placed near the genus Vahlia . Scandianthus have ten stamens, a single-chamber ovary with apical-lateral placentation , free styles and opening, septicidal fruits. There are pollen finds from the Oligocene and Miocene .

Systematics

The Vahliaceae family is within the Lamiiden its own order Vahliales. Their position within the Lamiiden is still unclear; the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group put them in a polytomy in 2016 in APG IV with the Solanales , Lamiales , Gentianales and Boraginales .

Vahlia is the only genus in the Vahliaceae family. The genus Vahlia was established by Carl Peter Thunberg . The genus name Vahlia honors the Norwegian-Danish botanist Martin Henrichsen Vahl (1749–1804). A synonym for Vahlia Thunb. is Bistella Adans.

There are five to eight Vahlia - types :

  • Vahlia capensis (L. f.) Thunb. : It is distributed in southern Africa with three subspecies and four varieties, which are listed in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”:
    • Vahlia capensis (L. f.) Thunb. subsp. capensis : It occurs only in the South African provinces of Limpopo , North Cape , Western Cape and Northwest .
    • Vahlia capensis subsp. ellipticifolia Bridson
    • Vahlia capensis subsp. vulgaris Bridson . With the varieties:
      • Vahlia capensis subsp. vulgaris var. latifolia Burtt Davy : It occurs only in the South African province of Gauteng .
      • Vahlia capensis subsp. vulgaris var. linearis E. Mey. ex Bridson (Syn .: Vahlia cynodonteti Dinter )
      • Vahlia capensis subsp. vulgaris var. longifolia (Gand.) Bridson (Syn .: Vahlia capensis sensu JHRoss , Vahlia longifolia Gand. )
      • Vahlia capensis subsp. vulgaris Bridson var. vulgaris
  • Vahlia dichotoma (Murray) Kuntze : It is common in Madagascar , Sri Lanka , India and Vietnam .
  • Vahlia digyna (Retz.) Kuntze : It is common in tropical Africa, Somalia , Ethiopia , Egypt , Pakistan and India .
  • Vahlia geminiflora (Caill. & Delile) Bridson : It is common in Mali , Nigeria , northeast Africa and the Middle East. It is an invasive plant in Chad.
  • Vahlia somalensis Chiov. : It occurs with two subspecies only in East Africa :
    • Vahlia somalensis Chiov. subsp. somalensis
    • Vahlia somalensis subsp. goddingii (Bruce) Bridson

swell

Individual evidence

  1. a b c The family of Vahliaceae in APWebsite .
  2. ^ A b Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane, Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen: Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-139-49638-4 , pp. 380 ( Vahliaceae in google book search).
  3. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group : An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, Volume 181, pp. 1-20. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12385
  4. Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
  5. ^ A b Vahliaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  6. Species list for Vahlia in the Red List of South African Plants

Web links