Vernatsch
Vernatsch in South Tyrol, Italian Schiava (pronounced: skjawa ), compare Trollinger in Germany , was the dominant wine in South Tyrol and northern Trentino until the end of the 20th century . The largest cultivation area is the " Kalterersee " which can also be cultivated in locations south and north of the center of Kaltern in the southern Überetsch . The “ St. Magdalener ” is grown in the areas around St. Magdalena to the north-east of the city of Bozen . Other traditional Vernat pigs are the “ Meran hill” and the “Grauvernatsch”. The "South Tyrolean Vernatsch" may come from all South Tyrolean growing areas. The distinctive fruit and / or almond aroma and the shiny ruby red color are characteristic of Vernatsch.
Names, varieties and origins
Early mentions and history
Before the 19th century, single varietal or strictly regulated wines were rare and not recorded in South Tyrol. H. Most of the time, wines were a mixed set (different sorts together in the vineyard) that were based on yield, proceeds, basic taste and also fashions. The early mentions are therefore not proven to match the modern varieties, since if the origin is not, then often distinctive characteristics in the cultivation (vine, upbringing, grape) or the wine (taste) seem decisive for the choice of name (see Bozner Weine, Traminer or Muscatel ).
- Vernatsch : In 1370 Charles IV in Prague only allowed four other expensive wines to be imported in addition to “ Vernatschia ”. 1490 named as a " crosslinker " by a South German monastery as a better South Tyrolean variety. Around 1600 Marx S. v. Selva the Vernatsch and the Trollinger. In 1644, Christoph A. Lindner at the Anreiterhof in Moritzing lists' noble vernätsch, black vernätsch, black slavery . In the early modern age, Vernatscher was a South Tyrolean imitation of a sweet wine from Brescia, which was apparently mainly made from white varieties. The independent variety Weißvernatsch (Vernaccia bianca) was widespread in the Adige Valley south of Bozen until the 19th century. According to sources, the conversion to today's classic mash fermentation led to an increased focus in cultivation on red Vernatsch and Gschlafene in the 16th and 17th centuries. Among other things, the brief rule of Bavaria around 1810 led to increased demand from southern Germany, so that the profitable Vernatsch was increasingly preferred. After the phylloxera invasion from 1901 and the First World War, large new plantings were necessary. The strong demand from the DA-CH region after the Second World War then contributed to the dominance of the variety with up to 70% of the volume of wine at the end of the 20th century in South Tyrol. The DOC regulations from 1971 and the quality orientation then led to a halving of the cellar quantities within a few decades. In the new millennium, the amount continues to decrease due to the conversion in the vineyards to other grape varieties. Known possible origins of names or similarities are ' Vernaccia ' (originally Ligurian white wine, places in Tuscany and Sardinia), Vernazza , Verna (Latin born into slavery), Vernacula (Latin native variety).
- Schiava : Mentioned in the central and eastern northern Italian region since the Middle Ages, e.g. B. in notarial documents under the Lombards rule since the 11th century as ' vineis sclavis ', 1195 in Brescia and later as the most common variety name in the Veneto-Lombard area. An earlier cultivation in Veneto, large parts of Lombardy and parts of Friuli is documented or assumed. Mentioned possible origins of names or similarities are the form of education (slave), the origin (Slavs, Schlavonia / Slavonia in Eastern Croatia), 'Gschlafene' (similar low-acid old South Tyrolean variety mentioned since 1320).
- Trollinger : used from the Middle Ages in German-speaking countries north of the Alps to the Palatinate for wines from Tyrol, e.g. B. in Württemberg in customs regulations from approx. 1560 and 1661. From various sources, a planting in large quantities in Württemberg is assumed from the 16th or 17th century at the latest.
Varieties and main synonyms
Several varieties are known of the Vernatschrebe. In terms of ampelography, there have been three generally recognized modern main varieties since the 19th century which, depending on their location and related clones, possibly with mutations, can be recognized.
- Großvernatsch , Italian ' Schiava Grossa ' and in Württemberg and Germany Trollinger (grape variety) . The variety is dominant today due to extensive clone research and good qualities; earlier the burgrave office (Merano area) was apparently the main area of distribution. ' Edelvernatsch ' is modernly used as a name for wines made mainly from this variety. As a mutation selection with smaller grape sizes, ' Tschaggelevernatsch ' is usually assigned to this variety.
- Mittervernatsch or ' Kleinvernatsch ', Italian ' Schiava Gentile '. Due to the lower quality in modern viticulture and the scarcely practiced cloning research, the variety is rarely used in new plantings, earlier apparently dominant in the Überetsch and Bolzano regions and viewed by ampelographers and oenologists as the most valuable variety, probably because of the lower yields.
- Grauvernatsch , Italian ' Schiava Grigia ' and in Trentino ' Cenerina ' are viewed as a completely separate variety, even if morphologically and in terms of aromas and tannins there are similarities to the other Vernatsch varieties . Due to the difficult cultivation, u. a. Stalks and berries that remain immature, there are hardly any larger vineyards, mainly from this variety, so that wines labeled with this name are usually a mixed set. The variety is considered to be typical of the St. Magdalener Zone in the past and is said to be historically a decisive factor for the high reputation of this wine among the Vernat pigs.
- In modern times, Lagrein and, to a lesser extent, Pinot Noir are predominantly used in mixed batches or as blending partners . The DOC regulations allow up to 15% other red South Tyrolean DOC varieties, while St. Magdalener today uses up to 5% Lagrein, the other single-site bottlings (Kalterersee, Meraner Hügel, etc.) are mostly pure Vernatsch pigs. Exceptions are selections and mostly more expensive niche wines, some of which do not have any of the classic Vernatsch names on the label. Historically relevant in the 18th and 19th centuries are the varieties Gschlafene (in Trentino 'Rossara', according to the international wine register, identical to Schiava Lombarda and Varenzasca), noble black (Negrara, Black Whale, Salts, Carbonera, Zottelwälsche, Schwarzhottler), Malvasia , Teroldego , Marzemino , Buchholzer Vernatsch and various other lost varieties u. a. also white ones like the Blaterle .
Modern genetic tests and comparisons
Genetically, Großvernatsch and Mittervernatsch share about half of the genome. Grauvernatsch shares about half of the genome with Mittervernatsch. Thus, the designation of these three varieties as a family would be correct, even if the hierarchy and family tree cannot be resolved and a parent / child / sibling relationship is questioned by ampelographers, or has not been listed by other vine genetics researchers in comparative studies. Together with the Teroldego, Mittervernatsch is recognized as the genetic parent of the Lagrein and Marzemino. From early DNA analyzes of Pinot , Teroldego and Lagrein to more recent studies, no parentage or sibling relationship between the Vernatsch family and the old European varieties still existing today, such as B. also Savagnin can be detected. A long propagation culture and thus the age of the Vernatsch varieties or their original varieties seems likely. The investigation of grape seeds from the early Middle Ages and Roman times may bring new knowledge here in the future.
The modern Vernatsch varieties grown in South Tyrol or in central northern Italy should not be confused with the following independent modern grape varieties: Vernaccia (various white and red wine varieties in Italy), Schiava Lombarda (red variety in Lombardy, earlier in South Tyrol as Gschlafene and in Trentino as Rossara in cultivation).
The origin or descent from the Illyrian Balkans or Pannonia and originally u. a. from the Vitis vinifera orientalis. The origin of the name of Schiava is supported by a study of the genetic similarity of Schiava Lombarda (Gschlafene) with Ribolla gialla and Heunisch (Gouais blanc) , which points to a common ancestral variety and origin in East Central Europe.
Cultivation
The use as a grape variety of the modern Vernatsch varieties has steadily decreased since the 1990s. See cultivation of the Großvernatsch grape variety (Trollinger, Schiava Grossa) in Northern Italy, or Trollinger wine in Württemberg .
In 1978 the name Kalterersee still had 2,545 hectares and in 2018 it shrank to 373 hectares of registered vineyards, the St. Magdalener area shrank in the same period by a little more than half to 178 hectares in 2018, similar to the Meraner Leiten 97 ha, while South Tyrolean Vernatsch, Grauvernatsch, Vinschgau Vernatsch, Bozner Leiten and Klausner Leitacher together only cover approx. 43 ha.
| year | South-Tirol
total |
South Tyrol as a whole
Vernat pigs |
proportion of
Vernatsch |
Kalterer
lake |
St.
Magdalener |
Merano
hill |
South t.
Vernatsch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | 5,316 ha
360,325 hl |
3,572 ha
254,126 hl |
67%
71% |
2525 ha
191,662 hl |
457 ha
36,539 hl |
230 ha
10,243 hl |
238 ha
10,779 hl |
| 1998 | 4,956 ha
342,736 hl |
2,362 ha
190,001 hl |
48%
53% |
1001 ha
80,147 hl |
308 ha
21,783 hl |
199 ha
10,830 hl |
787 ha
62,610 hl |
| 2017 | 5,318 ha
273,693 hl |
807 ha
51,909 hl |
15%
19% |
401 ha
29,000 hl |
186 ha
11,634 hl |
103 ha
3,395 hl |
103 ha
6,816 hl |
Synonyms
Due to its earlier widespread distribution, especially as a table grape, the Trollinger is known by at least 183 names: see list at Trollinger (grape variety) .
Web links
literature
- Hans Ambrosi , Bernd HE Hill, Erika Maul, Ernst H. Rühl, Joachim Schmid, Fritz Schumann: color atlas grape varieties. 300 varieties and their wines. 3rd, completely revised edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-8001-5957-4 .
- Horst Dippel (ed.): The wine lexicon. Special edition. Gondrom, Bindlach 1994, ISBN 3-8112-1114-5 .
- Pierre Galet : Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages. Hachette, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-01-236331-8 .
- Christine Krämer: Grape varieties in Württemberg: origin, introduction, distribution and the quality of wines from the late Middle Ages to the 19th century . Tübingen building blocks for regional history 7. Ostfildern: Thorbecke, 2006.
- Otto Linsenmaier : The Trollinger and his relatives . Society for the history of wine writings on the history of wine 92. Wiesbaden: Society for the history of wine, 1989.
- Jancis Robinson : The Oxford Wine Lexicon. 3rd, completely revised edition. Hallwag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-8338-0691-9 .
- Ivo Maran, Stefan Morandell: Vernatscher, Traminer, Kalterersee wine. News from South Tyrol's wine history (= writings on wine history. 188). Society for the History of Wine, Wiesbaden 2015.
- Herbert Taschler, Ivo Maran, Stefan Morandell, Barbara Raifer, u. a .: South Tyrolean Vernatsch: yesterday - today - tomorrow . Bolzano: Athesia Verlag 2018.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding, Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Erika Maul, Reinhard Töpfer, Alina Ganesch: SCHIAVA GENTILE. Retrieved February 21, 2020 (American English).
- ↑ Thierry Lacombe, Jean-Michel Boursiquot, Valérie Laucou, Manuel Di Vecchi-Staraz, Jean-Pierre Péros: Large-scale parentage analysis in an extended set of grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) . In: Theoretical and Applied Genetics . tape 126 , no. 2 , February 1, 2013, ISSN 1432-2242 , p. Supplementary material 5: 77 , doi : 10.1007 / s00122-012-1988-2 .
- ↑ JF Vouillamoz, MS Grando: Genealogy of wine grape cultivars: 'Pinot' is related to 'Syrah' . In: Heredity . tape 97 , no. 2 , August 2006, ISSN 1365-2540 , p. 102–110 , doi : 10.1038 / sj.hdy.6800842 ( nature.com [accessed February 20, 2020]).
- ^ Christian Rottensteiner: Pedigree South Tyrolean wine grapes Vernatsch / Schiava / Trollinger, Lagrein & relatives . December 13, 2019, doi : 10.6084 / m9.figshare.7811627.v2 ( figshare.com [accessed February 19, 2020]).
- ↑ José F Vouillamoz, M Stella Grando: Généalogie des cépages: le 'Pinot' est apparenté à la 'Syrah' . Ed .: IASMA Research Center. 2007.
- ↑ G. de Lorenzis, S. Imazio, L. Brancadoro, O. Failla, A. Scienza: Evidence for a sympatric origin of Ribolla gialla, Gouais Blanc and Schiava cultivars (V. vinifera L.) . In: South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture . tape 35 , no. 1 , 2014, ISSN 2224-7904 , p. 149-156 .
- ↑ Markus Blaser: Vernatsch: Once mass wine - soon in short supply? In: Visto Vino & Storia. June 19, 2019, accessed on February 19, 2020 (German).