Valery Fyodorovich Bykovsky
| Valery Bykovsky | |
|---|---|
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| Country: |
 Soviet Union
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| Organization: | WWS |
| Call sign: | Ястреб (Jastreb - " hawk ") |
| selected on | March 7, 1960 (1st cosmonaut group) |
| Calls: | 3 space flights |
| Start of the first space flight: |
June 14, 1963 |
| Landing of the last space flight: |
3rd September 1978 |
| Time in space: | 20d 17h 48min |
| retired on | January 1982 |
| Space flights | |
Valery Fjodorowitsch Bykowski ( Russian Валерий Фёдорович Быковский , scientific transliteration Valerij Fëdorovič Bykovskij ; born August 2, 1934 in Pawlowski Possad near Moscow ; † March 27, 2019 ) was a Soviet cosmonaut .
education
After completing his school education in 1951, Bykowski studied at the Katschinsk Higher Military Aviation School of the Soviet Air Force , which he graduated in 1955. He then served as a fighter pilot.
In 1968 he graduated from the engineering faculty of the military academy for engineers of the air force "Prof. NJ Schukowski “ with the qualification as an aviation cosmonaut engineer . In 1973 he defended his dissertation in the field of autonomous cosmic navigation as a candidate in technical sciences .
Astronaut activity
Vostok
Bykowski was appointed to the first Soviet cosmonaut group in 1960 , which consisted of 20 air force pilots.
Bykowski was initially not one of the six cosmonauts who were specially trained for the Vostok spacecraft from June 1960. When Valentin Varlamov injured his cervical spine on July 24, 1960, Bykowski moved up to one of the six cosmonauts scheduled for the first flights.
Valery Bykovsky was scheduled for the flight from Vostok 3 in August 1962 as a replacement for Andrijan Nikolajew . It was not used, but it was a strong candidate for the next space flight from Vostok 5 . The aim of the mission was a group flight together with Vostok 6 , which should be controlled by a woman. A long-term record should be set with a flight duration of around eight days. In mid-May 1963 Bykowski was confirmed as the pilot of Vostok 5. As a call sign he chose ястреб ( jastreb ; Eng . Hawk).
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The launch of Vostok 5 took place on June 14, 1963, but the spacecraft did not reach the intended orbit, but circled the earth at a lower altitude. As a result, the planned eight-day mission had to be shortened. Two days later, Vostok 6 started with Valentina Tereschkowa (callsign Чайка (Chaika - seagull )). The two spaceships approached within three miles. After less than five days, Bykovsky landed in the Kazakh steppe in the Kazakh Soviet Republic . He held the record for the longest solo flight in space at the time.
In the time after his landing, Bykowski gave lectures at home and abroad. He was always in the shadow of Valentina Tereschkowa propagandistically. His lecture tours led him a. a. in Eastern and Western European countries, Mexico and Asian countries.
The lunar landing program
After the Vostok program was completed, two programs ran in parallel: the Vozhod program , which performed spectacular first performances with modified Vostok spaceships, and the Soyuz program , which had a manned moon landing as a long-term goal.
Bykowski was assigned to the Soyuz program with 15 other cosmonauts in January 1964, but was still considered as commander of Voschod 1 at times .
From autumn 1965 Bykowski was in training for one of the first two Soyuz flights. The responsibilities for team assignments were always a point of contention between the head of cosmonaut training Nikolai Kamanin and Sergei Koroljow , the head of the design office, and later his successor, Vasily Mishin .
In November 1966, Bykovsky was nominated to command Soyuz 2 . For the first time manned spaceships were to be docked together on this flight; in addition, a transfer of two cosmonauts to Soyuz 1 should take place.
In December 1966 concrete plans were made for the lunar program, after which Bykowski was named as one of three candidates as commander for the first orbit around the moon.
Canceled flight from Soyuz 2A
The launch of Soyuz 1 with Vladimir Komarov on board on April 23, 1967. Bykovsky should together with Yevgeny Khrunov and Alexei Yeliseyev after a day with Soyuz 2A followed and as a passive target of Rendezvous serve, and the first manual coupling of two manned spaceships. It was planned to switch from Chrunow and Jelissejew through the open space. Both spaceships were to remain in orbit for four days. At Soyuz 1, however, serious problems with the on-board power supply and the attitude control system arose shortly after reaching orbit, making coupling impossible. As a result, the launch of Soyuz 2A was canceled.
When Soyuz 1 landed, the main parachute failed due to design and manufacturing defects (glue residue in the pull-out channel). The return capsule hit the ground at around 40 m / s, killing Komarov. It was only during the subsequent investigation of the Soyuz 2A parachute system that the defects that had caused the accident were discovered. A safe landing with the reserve parachute would only have been possible for both spaceships without prior activation of the main system.
The lunar program
While Chrunow and Jelissejew continued to train for their exit into Earth orbit, Bykowski prepared for the coming moon flights. After the crash of Soyuz 1, the necessary design changes were delayed, so that the next manned Soyuz flight did not take place until October 1968. Bykowski had a good chance of performing the first moon flight together with Nikolai Rukawischnikow .
After the successful American flights of Apollo 8 , Apollo 9 , Apollo 10 and Apollo 11 , the Soviet manned lunar program was canceled.
The Soviet Union focused on long-term space station missions in orbit. Bykowski was now scheduled to be in command of a crew that was expected to dock with Soyuz 14 at Salyut 1 . However, after the Soyuz 11 disaster in June 1971, there were further delays in the program.
Salyut 1 had a planned crash in October 1971, three more space stations exploded shortly after take-off or could not be stabilized. Valery Bykowski was not used.
Soyuz 22
Bykovsky did his second space flight on September 15, 1976, when he took off with Vladimir Axjonow in the Soyuz 22 spacecraft . This was a rather unusual mission because the spaceship did not dock with the Salyut 5 space station , but orbited the earth with an unusually high inclination and short orbital period. Above all, the area of the GDR should be photographed.
Soyuz 31
Bykowski made his third flight as part of the Interkosmos program, which gave pilots from friendly nations the opportunity to fly on board the Soviet spaceships.
On August 26, 1978, he started together with the GDR cosmonaut Sigmund Jähn in Soyuz 31 to the Salyut 6 space station , where they visited the regular crew of Vladimir Kowaljonok and Alexander Ivanchenkov . After a week in the near-earth region, Bykowski and Jähn returned to Earth with Soyuz 29 . Her ergonomically adapted seats were relocated from Soyuz 31 to the return capsule from Soyuz 29.
In 1980 Bykovsky replaced Viktor Gorbatko as the commander of Soyuz 37 . On this Interkosmos flight to Salyut 6, Phạm Tuân, a cosmonaut from Vietnam, was in space for the first time .
Farewell as a cosmonaut
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Bykowski left the cosmonaut group on January 26, 1982. On this day, Pawel Popowitsch , Andrijan Nikolajew and Alexej Leonow left the service as cosmonauts, so that of the original 20 members of the first group only Viktor Gorbatko and Boris Wolynow were active.
He worked as a test engineer until 1988, after which Bykowski became director of the House of Soviet Sciences and Culture in Berlin . He had been retired since 1990.
Bykowski was bearer of the Order of the Red Star , the Order of Lenin , the Order of the Red Banners of Labor , the Order of Karl Marx and the honorary title Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of the GDR .
Other foreign awards were: Hero of the Socialist Work of the People's Republic of Bulgaria , Order Georgi Dimitrov , Hero of the Work of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam , Order of the Grunwald Cross of the People's Republic of Poland
He was married to Valentina Sukhova. Her older son died in an airplane accident in 1986.
See also
Web links
- Short biography on spacefacts.de
- Валерий Федорович Быковский on astronaut.ru (Russian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d biography Valeri Bykowskis on tass.ru (russ.)
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Bykovsky, Valery Fyodorovich |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Быковский, Валерий Фёдорович (Russian) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | soviet cosmonaut |
| DATE OF BIRTH | August 2, 1934 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Pavlovsky Posad near Moscow, USSR |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 27, 2019 |