Wilhelm Radloff

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1917

Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff , Russian Wassili Wassiljewitsch Radlow ( Russian Васи́лий Васи́льевич Ра́длов ; born January 17, 1837 in Berlin ; † May 12, 1918 in Petrograd ) was a German-Russian linguist , Turkologist and ethnographer . Radloff is considered to be the founder of Turkology and the scientific studies of the Turkic peoples and was director of the Asian Museum in Saint Petersburg .

Life

Wilhelm Radloff was born in Berlin on January 17, 1837, the only child of the Berlin police commissioner and Prussian reserve officer Wilhelm Radloff. After his death - on May 12, 1918 in Saint Petersburg - his wife moved to Berlin, where she later passed away at an old age, while her only son Alexander later died of an illness in Paris.

School and study time

After attending school and grammar school in Berlin, Wilhelm Radloff began his studies in 1854 in order to devote himself to religious studies , but very soon switched to philosophy and philology , whereby he did not focus on the capacities of that time in Berlin - such as Franz Bopp or Hermann Steinthal - represented Indo-European languages , but on the still largely unexplored oriental languages, especially the Altaic , which were represented in Berlin by Wilhelm Schott . During his studies, Radloff mainly dealt with Turkish , Mongolian and Manchu , but also learned Chinese , Hebrew , Arabic , Persian and Russian . His main area of ​​research was the Manchu- Tungus languages, but his later circumstances should lead him to focus on Turkish-speaking tribes. On May 20, 1858 , Radloff received his doctorate in Jena and became engaged to Pauline-Auguste Fromm, the daughter of an elementary school teacher.

Preparation in Saint Petersburg

Shortly after his doctorate, Radloff traveled to Saint Petersburg in 1858 , where the Vostočnyj Faculty (Oriental Faculty) had been re-established in 1854 to continue his studies there at the university. At that time, various scholars relevant to Radloff's field of work, such as Alexander Kasembek , Sheikh Muḥammed Ayad Ṭanṭavī , Elias Nikolajewitsch Beresin , Daniel Chwolson , Wassili Pavlovich Wassiljewitsch or Otto Böhtlingk, were active in Saint Petersburg, and various scientific expeditions were organized there at that time , such as those from the Amur region by Leopold von Schrenck or the Siberian region by Friedrich Bogdanowitsch Schmidt . Instead of studying at the university, however, he deepened his knowledge in the Asian Museum. Meanwhile, he earned his living by taking private lessons in German and Latin . At the suggestion of Peter Meyendorff , he abandoned his plan to take part in FB Schmidt's expedition, which has been postponed again and again, in order to take on an apprenticeship in Barnaul in western Siberia instead . He passed the necessary examination as a school teacher at the university, whereupon his appointment as teacher for German and Latin - for 5 years - at the Barnaul Mining Academy (Barnaulskoje gornoje utschilischtsche) was confirmed on May 14, 1859, where he arrived after a five-week trip and stayed with a short break from 1859 to 1871.

Activity and research in Siberia

During his activity as a high school teacher at the imperial mountain school, Radloff turned his interest to the indigenous Turkic-speaking ethnic groups from Siberia . During this time he traveled to the Siberian region every year in the summer holidays - a total of ten times - with the exception of the year 1864, when he went to Saint Petersburg to extend the five-year contract, from where, after successful completion, he went to Berlin and South Tyrol traveled to arrive again in Barnaul in the fall of 1864. In 1860 (accompanied by his wife, who has meanwhile arrived from Berlin), 1861, 1862 and 1863, his study area was the language area of ​​the Turkish tribes of the Altai, the Soyots on the Sajan Mountains , the Kazak-Kirgizians, the tribes of the Ili Valley and the Abakan area . After the interruption in 1864, his research trips in 1865, 1866 and 1867 again took him to the Altai region and western Siberia. The meanwhile progressive conquest of Turkestan by Russia made it possible for Radloff to visit the tribes there, so that he traveled to the Yedisu area in 1868 until Samarkand advanced and in 1869 he reached the Ili Valley. He made his last and 10th trip in 1870 once again to the Altai and approached the Chinese border area to the city of Kobdo . With his Siberian travels, Radloff had set out to research the Turkic tribes of the northern walled walls of Central Asia. The Altai was his main field of work; southward he had come to the central Serafshan valley and the Chinese city of Gulja , eastward to the Chinese city of Kobdo and the Sayan Mountains.

Scientific work

Radloff published his ethnographic finds in the monograph Aus Sibirien (1884).

From 1866 to 1907 he translated and published a number of monuments of the folklore of the Turkic peoples ( samples of the folk literature of the Turkish tribes of South Siberia (1866–1907) , texts 10 parts, translation 8 parts), including in 1885 the epic Manas . He was the first to publish the Orkhon inscriptions . Four volumes of his comparative dictionary of Turkic languages and vernaculars ("An attempt at a dictionary of Turkic dialects") followed from 1893 to 1911.

Since 1885 Radloff was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences . In Prussia , his scientific merits were recognized by his admission to the Order Pour le Mérite for the sciences and arts in 1908 . As early as 1895 he was accepted as a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences .

As the successor to Leopold von Schrenck, he was director of the Kunstkammer (Peter the Great Museum for Anthropology and Ethnography) in Saint Petersburg from 1894 to 1918 .

In 1937 Radloff's work fell into disapproval in the USSR and was tabooed when it was spread that he had been a long-time employee of the German espionage organization: his pictures were removed from the walls and the so-called Radlowski Krushok (Radloff-Kränzchen), which was run by W. Barthold's leadership, which met each month to listen to lectures in Turkic and Altaic languages, was disbanded. After Barthold's death, A. Samoilowitsch led this circle, but in 1937 he was arrested and disappeared. Radloff was also no longer allowed to be quoted in the books.

Publications (selection)

  • Samples of the folk literature of the Turkish tribes of South Siberia , Volume 1–8, Volume 10, Saint Petersburg 1866-1904 (and translation, 8 parts).
  • Comparative grammar of the northern Turkic languages. Part 1: Phonetics. Leipzig, 1882-1883.
  • Dictionary of the Kinai Language , Saint Petersburg, 1874.
  • Анализ болгарских числительных имен, в известиях Албекри и др. авторов (1878).
  • The sound alternation and its significance for language development («Negotiations of the Fifth International Orientalist Congress»), Berlin, 1882.
  • On the language of the Comanians ("International Journal for General Linguistics"), Leipzig, 1884-1885.
  • Attempt at a dictionary of Turkic dialects , 4 volumes, Saint Petersburg 1888-1905.
  • The Old Turkish Inscriptions Mongolia Saint Petersburg 1894, 1899.
  • Observations sur les Kirghis Paris, 1864.
  • Мифология и миросозерцание жителей Алтая («Восточное Обозрение», 1882, №7 and 8, 1883, №8).
  • Ethnographic overview of the Turkic tribes of Siberia and Mongolia , Leipzig 1883.
  • From Siberia Leipzig, 1884 (a Russian version was published in 1989).
  • Shamanism and its cult Leipzig, 1885.
  • Сибирские древности (в «Материалах по археолог России, издаваемых Императорской, археолорской, археологической),.
  • Atlas of the Antiquities of Mongolia Saint Petersburg, 1892.
  • The Yakut language in its relation to the Turkic languages . St.-Pétersbourg: (Acad. Imp. D. Sciences), 1908.
  • The Kudatku Bilik [Qutad · gu bilig] of the Yusuf Chass-Hajib [J¯usuf H¯ass .H¯agib] . St. Petersburg: (Kaiserl. Akad. D. Wiss.), 1910.
  • Suvarṇaprabhāsa: translated from Uighur into German, Leningrad: Akad. Nauk SSSR 1930.
  • Suvarṇaprabhāsa: (sutra zolotogo bleska); tekst ujgurskoj redakcij, Sanktpeterburg. Imperatorskaya Akad. Nauk. XV, 1913 - 1917. Reprint, Osnabrück. Biblio-Verlag 1970.

literature

  • Materialy biograph. Imp. Akad. Nauk, 2 , 1917.
  • Ahmet Temir The life and work of Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837-1918). A contribution to the history of Turkology , in: Oriens, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Oct. 30, 1955), pp. 51-93.
  • Ahmet Temir: Türkoloji tarihinde Wilhelm Radloff devri . Ankara 1991.
  • Jens Peter Laut:  Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 21, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-428-11202-4 , p. 96 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Jens Peter Laut: Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm . In: Lexicon Grammaticorum Vol. 2 (L – Z), Tübingen 2009, pp. 1235–1236.

Single receipts

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Gert A. Zischka, Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexikon - Biographical handbook for the history of science , in: Kröners Taschenausgabe, 306 , Kröner, Stuttgart 1961, I-VIII & 1-710 S., here p. 523
  2. ↑ Source is missing
  3. ↑ Ahmet Temir : Life and Creation of Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837-1918) - A contribution to the history of Turkology , Oriens , 1 , 1955, pp. 51–93, here p. 51
  4. ↑ Ahmet Temir: Life and Creation of Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837-1918) - A contribution to the history of Turkology , Oriens , 1 , 1955, pp. 51–93, here p. 64, with reference to a communication by Prof. Nikolaus Poppe (University of Washington)
  5. ↑ Ahmet Temir: Life and Creation of Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837-1918) - A contribution to the history of Turkology , Oriens , 1 , 1955, pp. 51–93, here p. 51 f.
  6. ↑ a b Ahmet Temir: Life and Creation of Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837-1918) - A contribution to the history of Turkology , Oriens , 1 , 1955, pp. 51–93, here p. 53.
  7. ↑ Ahmet Temir: Life and Creation of Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837-1918) - A contribution to the history of Turkology , Oriens , 1 , 1955, pp. 51–93, here pp. 54 f.
  8. ↑ a b Ahmet Temir: Life and Creation of Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837-1918) - A contribution to the history of Turkology , Oriens , 1 , 1955, p. 51–93, here p. 53 f.
  9. ↑ a b c Ahmet Temir: Life and Creation of Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837-1918) - A contribution to the history of Turkology , Oriens , 1 , 1955, pp. 51–93, here p. 55.
  10. ↑ a b Ahmet Temir: Life and Creation of Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837-1918) - A contribution to the history of Turkology , Oriens , 1 , 1955, pp. 51–93, here pp. 55 f.
  11. ↑ a b c d Ahmet Temir: Life and Creation of Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837-1918) - A Contribution to the History of Turkology , Oriens , 1 , 1955, pp. 51–93, here p. 56.
  12. ↑ Manas, Roland, Siegfried. Three heroes and their media and political staging
  13. ↑ Orden Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts: The members of the order. Volume 2 (1882-1952). Gebrüder Mann-Verlag, Berlin 1978, p. 220.
  14. ^ Members of the previous academies. Wilhelm Radloff. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities , accessed on May 29, 2015 .
  15. ↑ Ahmet Temir: Life and Creation of Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1837-1918) - A contribution to the history of Turkology , Oriens , 1 , 1955, pp. 51–93, here pp. 64 f.
  16. ↑ Temir belongs to the environment of Gerhard von Mende , for whom he worked during the Greater German period (1939-1945). See: Sebastian Cwiklinski, Volga Tatars in Germany during World War II. German Ostpolitik and Tatar nationalism. Klaus Schwarz, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-87997-296-6 , p. 36.

Name variants

Wilhelm Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff, Wassilij Wassiljewitsch Radloff, Vasilij Vasilʹevič Radlov, Wassilij Radloff, Vasilij Radlov, W. Radloff

See also

Web links

Commons : Wilhelm Radloff  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Wilhelm Radloff  - Sources and full texts
personal data
SURNAME Radloff, Wilhelm
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm (full name); Radlow, Wassili Wassiljewitsch; Ра́длов, Васи́лий Васи́льевич (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian Turkologist and ethnographer of German origin
DATE OF BIRTH January 17, 1837
PLACE OF BIRTH Berlin
DATE OF DEATH May 12, 1918
Place of death Petrograd