Wizlaw III. (To reprimand)

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Shield and helmet seal of the Rügen Prince Wizlaw III. from 1302 - redrawing Theodor Pyl 1894
Equestrian seal of the Rügen prince Wizlaw III. - Redrawing Theodor Pyl 1894

Wizlaw III. (* 1265 or 1268 ; † November 8, 1325 ) was the last Slavic prince of Rügen . He is probably identical with the minstrel Wizlaw from the Jena song manuscript .

Life

Prince Wizlaw von Rügen was born in 1265 or 1268 as the first of presumably four sons and four daughters in the marriage of Prince Wizlaw II and the Welf princess Agnes von Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Probably under the influence of his maternal relatives, he received a chivalrous and courtly upbringing. He was taught by the Stralsund Magister Ungelarde († around 1300), who was also known as a singer. A traditional event from Wizlaw's youth was anything but nice: Wizlaw was stabbed by him during a prayer in the Riga Cathedral after he gave a merchant an unwilling answer about a guilt. As a result, he suffered from a walking problem.

Wizlaw III. was first mentioned in documents in 1283 when he confirmed a donation from his father to the Neuenkamp monastery . His father ruled until the end of his life and did not inherit the royal throne in 1302 to Wizlaw alone: ​​he had to share it with the only surviving brother Sambor. Both feuded in such a way that in 1304 they were urged to sign a document compelling them to keep peace in the future - otherwise their husbands would have been entitled to oppose them. After Sambor's death in 1304, Wizlaw ruled alone until 1325. Since he was still without an heir, his liege lord, the Danish king Erik Menved , signed a contract of inheritance with him in 1310. In it it was agreed that the Rügische fief should fall to the Danish crown on the death of Wizlaws without heirs. At the same time, the branch lines of the princes of Rügen, the lords of Gristow and von Putbus , waived a possible successor.

Wizlaw's reign was anything but peaceful: he was drawn into the margrave war for supremacy in the Baltic Sea region between his liege lord Erik VI. of Denmark (Erik Menved), Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg and the rich trading cities on the Baltic Sea. Wizlaw's relationship with Stralsund , that influential and powerful city in the Principality of Rügen, was particularly complicated . After Stralsund had bought itself free from an impending invasion of Danish, Mecklenburg and other allied troops in 1313 under the impression of the conquest of Rostock by Heinrich II of Mecklenburg through monetary payments and waiver of privileges, Wizlaw tried to expand his influence on the city. The negotiations on this failed because Stralsund was not prepared to accept the restrictions of the Luebian law demanded by Wizlaw and in 1314 allied itself with Waldemar von Brandenburg and the Rügischen landed gentry against his sovereign. When an army under Duke Erich I von Sachsen-Lauenburg attacked Stralsund in 1316, Wizlaw had taken part in the sea-side siege of the city on the part of the Danish fleet. The siege ended with the victory over the besieging army with a nightly failure of the Stralsund and the capture of the duke. The siege fleet also suffered great losses and Wizlaw had to flee. Peace was only concluded in 1317. Wizlaw, who lacked money due to the cost of the war, granted Stralsund far-reaching privileges and pledged the princely duties and jurisdiction to the city. In addition, he ceded his coin to her for a sum of money , in which the Sundian mark was minted from 1319 .

Wizlaw was married twice: first (before 1305) to Margareta from an unknown gender and after her death (around 1310) to Agnes from the Lindow-Ruppin family . The first marriage probably remained childless, but with the first daughter Euphemia a motherhood of Margareta is possible. With Agnes, Wizlaw had the daughter Agnes (married to Prince Albrecht II of Anhalt-Zerbst ) and the long-awaited successor Jaromar as the last child. But he died, presumably around the age of thirteen, on May 24, 1325 before his father (November 8, 1325). Wizlaw died of a broken heart because he could not cope with the death of his only son, who was also the last male offspring of the royal family. His widow entered into two further marriages with Heinrich II. Von Mecklenburg and Rudolf I von Sachsen-Wittenberg .

After the death of King Erik VI. Menveds 1319 the inheritance treaty with Denmark had become obsolete and in 1321 Wizlaw had concluded a fraternization treaty with his nephew, Duke Wartislaw IV of Pomerania-Wolgast. When he died in 1326, the war of succession started .

In the spring of 2013, the fragment of a seal of the early medieval high nobility, namely that of Witzlaw III., Was found for the first time in Germany on a rinsing field near Stralsund. As a rule, seals were smashed or melted down after the owner's death, including this one.

The song and sayings poet Wizlaw

We have received 14 songs and 13 sayings from the singer Wizlaw, which are included as an addendum in the Jena song manuscript on pages 72vb - 80vb. His work is amazingly versatile: Sang sayings on moral issues, Minnelieder in the sense of the old masters, sacred songs, a mystery, a day song , a eulogy and again also clear erotic allusions. Wizlaw is also very keen to experiment musically: You can find highly complex melismatic melodies as well as grabbing hit songs, a composition in pure pentatonic and even oriental echoes. His best-known song is the autumn song Loibere risen , which can still be found today in the repertoire of many medieval groups and was even interpreted by Angelo Branduardi .

He has composed more songs than has been handed down, as three sheets of the Jena song manuscript can be proven to have been lost. That is why the authorship of the first slogan Ich wil singen in the niuwen wîse ein liet is unclear - it was previously attributed to Friedrich von Sonnenburg , whose oeuvre is directly preceded in the Codex; however, it could also belong to the Wizlaw corpus. The assignment of an author's name to the lyrics could only be done because a Wizlaw called himself in three different songs. Three of the songs are only partially preserved due to the missing pages. All Minneieder and Proverbs also contain the melodies in square notation , several proverbs are sung in the same melody ("in the same tone ") (as is usual with song poets ).

Two prince prize strophes, one from the praise of women and one from the golden one, praise the Rügen prince. Some scientists (Seibicke, Wallner, Wachinger) are of the opinion that Prince Wizlaw III. was not the minstrel Wizlaw. However, other literary and musicologists who have dealt with Wizlaw see an identity of both people.

The following arguments are put forward for identity:

  1. In the Jena song manuscript you can find the two mentioned prince prize strophes, in which the Rügen prince is dubbed “Wizlaw the boy” in order to distinguish him from his father of the same name. The same codex contains the Wizlaw songs, in which he describes himself as "Wizlaw the boy". It should be noted, however, that the authors of the stanzas could not have known that they would one day be gathered together in a code.
  2. In a song the singer praises a minneweise ( senende wise ) of the singer "Unghelarte". This is documented around 1300 in Stralsund .
  3. In an eulogy, Wizlaw praises a Lord von Holstein (Count Erich von Holstein-Schauenburg, documented as provost of Hamburg in 1328 ). It is documented that the Holsteiners were closely connected to the Rügen Princely House. A Herr von Holstein also signed the peace document between Princes Wizlaw and Sambor in 1304.

The following arguments are used against identity:

  1. The name Wizlaw was not uncommon. The addition of the boy is also not so unique that different people could not wear it.
  2. The traditional oeuvre, especially the verse poetry, is more suited to a professional poet than to an aristocratic dilettante. Especially prince award rulings - like the one on the Count of Holstein - belong in the repertoire of paid custom poetry. In the light of contemporary court literature, it is unlikely that a higher-ranking prince (!) Could publicly praise a befriended nobleman in verse.

The name of the prince and singer is often spelled differently in the various publications: Wizlaw, Wizlav, Wizlaf, Wizlaff, Witzlaw, Witzlav, Witzlaf, Witzlaff .

literature

(in chronological order)

  • Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen : Minnesinger, German song poet of the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries I - IV. Leipzig 1838, reprint Aalen 1963 (Wizlaws texts: p. 78–85, volume I, Wizlaws melodies: p. 808– 817, Volume IV)
  • CG Fabricius: Documents on the history of the Principality of Rügen under the indigenous princes. , Szczecin 1851
  • Ludwig Ettmüller : The Prince of Rügen Wizlaws the fourth sayings and songs in Low German. (Library of the entire German national literature, 33rd volume), Quedlinburg and Leipzig 1852, new edition by Edition Rodopi, Amsterdam 1969
  • Theodor Pyl : songs and sayings of Prince Wizlaw von Rügen. Greifswald 1872
  • Franz Kuntze: Wizlaw III - the last prince of Rügen. Hall a. P. 1893
  • Theodor Pyl:  Wizlaw III. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 43, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1898, pp. 684-688.
  • Georg Holz , Franz Saran , Eduard Bernoulli (eds.): The Jenaer Liederhandschrift. Part I. Faithful copy of the text, ed. by Georg Holz, part II. Transmission, rhythm and melody, arr. by Eduard Bernoulli and Franz Saran, Leipzig 1901, reprint Hildesheim 1966
  • Erich Gülzow : Prince Wizlaw von Rügen's Minnelieder and sayings. Greifswald 1922
  • Ursula Scheil: Genealogy of the princes of Rügen (1164-1325). Greifswald 1945
  • Wesley Thomas, Barbara Garvey Seagrave: The Songs Of The Minnesinger, Prince Wizlaw Of Rügen. Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina 1967
  • Sabine Werg: The sayings and songs of Wizlav von Rügen. Research and critical edition of the poems. Hamburg 1969
  • W. Seibicke: "wizlau diz scrip" or: Who is the author of J, fol. 72v-80v? In: NdJb. 101/1978, pp. 68–85 (argument that the poet Wizlaw was not the Prince of Rügen)
  • Wolfgang Spiewok: Wizlaw III. von Rügen, a poet. In: Almanac for Art and Culture in the Baltic Sea District, 8/1985
  • Horst-Diether Schroeder: The First War of the Rügen Succession - Causes, Course and Results . 1986, In: Contributions to the history of Western Pomerania: the Demmin Colloquia 1985–1994 . Thomas Helms Verlag, Schwerin 1997, ISBN 3-931185-11-7 .
  • Birgit Spitschuh: Wizlaw von Rügen: a monograph. Greifswald 1989
  • Joachim Wächter : The Principality of Rügen - An overview . 1993, In: Contributions to the history of Western Pomerania: the Demmin Colloquia 1985–1994 . Thomas Helms Verlag, Schwerin 1997, ISBN 3-931185-11-7
  • Burghart Wachinger: Wizlav . In: author lexicon 10/1999, pp. 1292–1298
  • Reinhard Bleck: Investigations into the so-called saying poetry and the language of Prince Wizlaw III. from Rügen. In: Göppingen work on German studies . 681/2000, Kümmerle Verlag
  • Lothar Jahn: After the longing lament I have to sing - spotlights on the music of the minstrel Wizlaw: In: Karfunkel Musica . 1/2005, Wald-Michelbach, pp. 44-49
  • Meinolf Schumacher : Write this, Wizlav! The sayings and songs of Wizlav, the young / Write this, Wizlav! The sayings and songs of Wizlav, the young . In: Mare Balticum, Vol. 3: Wizlav von Rügen, Complete Songs and Sayings [Booklet], Ensemble Peregrina. SACD Tacet, Stuttgart 2020.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Nordkurier of April 25, 2013 p. 3
  2. http://www.wizlaw.de/html/5__generation.html
predecessor Office successor
Wizlaw II. Prince of Rügen
1302–1325
Wartislaw IV of Pomerania-Wolgast