Worshipful Society of Apothecaries
The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries in London is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London . It is one of the largest professional associations with more than 1,600 members in 2012. It ranks 58th in the order of precedence .
The Society is itself a member of The London Museums of Health & Medicine and its guild church is St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe . Today the society takes on social, ceremonial and philanthropic activities and in the field of education and training and supports the City of London , its administration and the Lord Mayor of London .
history
Before the company was founded in 1617, the pharmacists in London belonged to the Grocers' Company (founded in 1345: "Mistery of Grossers, Pepperers and Apothecaries"). Before 1300 they were a member of the Guild of Pepperers (founded before 1180).
The pharmacists separated from the Grocers' Company in 1617, after a long struggle for independence, when they received a royal charter from James I. By the end of the 17th century its members called for (among others Nicholas Culpeper ) the monopoly of the College of Physicians out who were entitled alone medicine to operate. In 1704 the House of Lords overturned a decision by the Queen's Bench in the "Rose Case", which gave pharmacists the right to do medicine. Thus, the pharmacists were at that time the forerunner of today's family doctor system's, or the general practitioner .
The Apothecaries Act 1815 gave the Society the power to license and regulate medical professionals in England and Wales. The Society retained this role as a member of the United Examining Board until 1999; it still had the authority thereafter, but rarely used it after the dissolution of the United Examining Board.
Well-known figures who qualified for a medical profession through the Society's licensing were John Keats (1816), Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1865, who became the first woman in Britain to practice a medical profession) and Nobel Prize winner Sir Ronald Ross KCB FRS (1881).
Motto and coat of arms
The Society was given a coat of arms by William Camden (Clarenceux) on December 12, 1617, just a week after receiving the Royal Charter, from which one can conclude that long preparatory work was still under the common roof of the Grocers' Company. The Society, on the other hand, wasn't that quick to pay its bill at the College of Arms . Payment was not ordered by the court until April 1620.
The award document (Grant) from 1617 describes the "inventor of medicine" (the inventor of physic), Apollo , with a beaming head, who conquered the pestilence, which is heraldically represented by a wyvern . Apollo holds a bow and arrow in his raised hands.
The company's motto is Opiferque Per Orbem Dicor , a Latin partial quote from Ovid , which alludes to Apollo . It means: "All over the world I am called the bringer of help". The full quote from the first book of Metamorphoses (Daphne and Apollo) establishes the connection with medicine:
Inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem dicor, et herbarum subiecta potentia nobis. Hei mihi, quod nullis amor est medicabilis herbis; nec prosunt domino, quae prosunt omnibus, artes!
“Medicine is my invention, all over the world I am called the bringer of help, and the power of herbs is in my power. But alas! because there are no healing herbs for love; and so do not help the Lord, the abilities that helped everyone! "
The shield holders are golden unicorns and the helmet gem is a rhinoceros . The unicorns were possibly in the honor of James I and the horns of the unicorn and rhinoceros were considered | Pharmaceuticals . The depiction of the crest is based on Dürer's depiction of a rhinocerus from 1515.
The representation in the original award document also gives the society a helmet of a peer rank and the text describes a red and white helmet cover . This is special and unusual, although some other companies also have helmets of the nobility in their coat of arms ( Worshipful Company of Fishmongers , Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths , Worshipful Company of Clockmakers ). The term 'Society' instead of the usual 'Company' has purely traditional reasons, whereby the charter and also the award document use both terms.
Apothecaries' Hall
The registered office of the company is the Apothecaries' Hall in Blackfriars (London) . The building was originally part of the Dominican Priory of the Black Friars , and was called Cobham House until it was acquired by the Society in 1632 .
The building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. The new building was built on the same site according to a design by Edward Jerman and was completed in 1672. Even then, an "Elaboratory" was set up, which was the first time that drugs were manufactured . By 1922, the Society manufactured medical pharmaceutical products in the hall and sold some of these products at a retail outlet on Water Lane (Blackfriars Lane). Many of these drugs served the needs of clients such as the Royal Navy , British Army , British East India Company and the like. a.
Fundamental renovation work was carried out on the building in 1780. A renovation in the 1980s changed almost nothing to the appearance of the late 18th century.
Apothecaries' Hall is the oldest existing Livery Hall in the City of London. The arrangement of the Great Hall, Court Room and Parlor on the upper floor dates from the construction period from 1668 to 1670.
Education - history and qualifications
In addition to further training for pharmacists, the company also offered simple medical qualifications until 1999. Since the 1815 Apothecaries' Act, which was supplemented by other Acts of Parliament, one could acquire the license Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries (LSA). When the General Medical Council was established in 1858, the LSA was also registered as a qualification. Since 1885, the exam included surgery, obstetrics and gynecology , which was required by the Medical Act 1886, and in 1907 the title was therefore changed to LMSSA . The company lost its recognition by the General Medical Council as a service provider for simple medical qualifications in 2008 after the United Examining Board was abolished in 1999 .
Between 1815 and 1998, the Society also hosted the exams for Apothecaries' Assistants (Dispensers). Agatha Christie took this exam in 1917 and certainly learned a lot in the process that she later used in more than 80 poisonings in her books.
Since 1928, when the Society invented the first Postgraduate Qualification in Midwifery (the Mastery of Midwifery, MMSA), pharmacists have pioneered the introduction of 15 more diplomas in specialized fields not offered by universities, medical royal colleges, or other medical institutions. This includes, for example, the Diploma for Forensic and Clinical Aspects of Sexual Assault (2009-2014), which was adopted by the Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine in 2014 .
The society currently awards diplomas in the following qualifications (with year of introduction):
- Medical jurisprudence (1962), History of medicine (1970), GenitoUrinary medicine (1973), Philosophy of medicine (1978), Medical care of catastrophes (1994), Forensic medical sciences (1998), HIV medicine (2002).
In addition, the Society now supports lecturers at UK Medical Schools and organizes courses and public lectures through two faculties: the Faculty of the History and Philosophy of Medicine and Pharmacy and the Faculty of Conflict and Catastrophe Medicine .
Events and lectures
The “Apothecaries” have an extensive program for members but also for the public. Apothecarie's Hall is open to the public on Open House Day. In addition, the Faculty of Conflict and Catastrophe organizes two public lectures annually: the Audrey Few Lecture and the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Lecture, and the Faculty of the History and Philosophy of Medicine and Pharmacy organizes lectures named after important personalities: Monckton Copeman, Geoffrey Flavell, John Locke, Osler, Sydenham, Sir Hans Sloane, Gideon de Laune.
archive
The Society of Apothecaries maintains an archive known as 'The Collection'. In 2002 the archive even received funding from the Heritage Lottery .
Members and association structure
At least 80% of the members must practice medical professions and at least 85% must be qualified or registered pharmacists . In fact, the membership is mostly made up of prominent medical professionals, less of surgeons, who for historical reasons are often members of the Barbers' Company .
The following ranks are awarded in the Society:
- master
- Warden ("Senior Warden", "Junior Warden")
- 21 assistants (as well as some assistants emeriti)
- Liverymen (full members who are also Freemen of the City of London. Liverymen are divided into two classes: "Guardant" and "Couchant")
- Freemen of the society ("Yeomen")
- Apprentices
Master, Wardens and Assistants together form the “court” that conducts the company's business.
Members of the court wear dark blue skirts with gold piping . Master and Wardens carry chains of office and special robes - the master robe with Bisamfell trimmed (musquash), the robes of the Wardens are with polecat fur trimmed (Fitch). Liveryms are dressed when they reach this rank (today with a black robe and a blue-cream-colored epitogue ). Academic clothing is only intended for two occasions: for the qualification of the Master of Midwifery (MMSA - abolished in 1963, light blue lambskin trimmed robe with blue and white epitoge) and a dark blue skirt with blue and gold piping for the Licentiate (LMSSA).
The shareholder (Chief Operating Officer) is referred to as the “Clerk” and the Hall is run by the “Beadle”. The clerk wears a black attorney's robe with blue braids and the beadle's robe is decorated with small rosettes. there is also a Dean, the Registrar, the Curator and the Presidents of the Faculties .
Chelsea Physic Garden
The Society of Apothecaries is perhaps best known for establishing the Chelsea Physic Garden , London, in 1673. This is one of Europe's oldest botanical gardens and the second oldest in Britain. Sir Hans Sloane gave the Society the rights to the Manor of Chelsea . The 4 acre (1.6 ha) garden became the most biodiverse collection of medicinal plants in Europe under the direction of Philip Miller . The seed exchange program that originally started with the Hortus Botanicus Leiden enabled the first cotton planting in the Colony of Georgia . The garden has only been a charitable organization since 1983 and has been open to the public ever since.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.apothecaries.org/
- ^ Bromley and Child, The Armorial Bearings of the Guilds of London (1960)
- ↑ "and throughout the world I am called the bringer of help".
- ↑ Medicine is my invention, throughout the world I am called the bringer of help, and the power of herbs is under my control [but] alas for me, love cannot be cured by herbs, so the skills which help everyone else do not benefit their master.
- ^ Underwood EA (ed.), Science, Medicine and History vol. 1 (1953) p.347
- ↑ http://fflm.ac.uk/
- ↑ Open Doors Day ( Memento of the original from October 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , October 27, 2014
- ↑ 'The Collection' Archives. (No longer available online.) In: Society of Apothecaries. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014 ; Retrieved November 7, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.burgon.org.uk/society/library/trans/tbs07.pdf
- ↑ http://www.chelseaphysicgarden.co.uk/garden/
