Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge

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Coordinates: 41 ° 12 ′ 10 ″  N , 29 ° 6 ′ 41 ″  E

Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
Official name Yavuz Sultan Selim Köprüsü
use Highway , railroad
Convicted North Marmara Highway (Otoyol 6)
Crossing of Bosporus
place Istanbul Province
( Garipçe in Sarıyer and Poyraz in Beykoz )
construction combined suspension and cable-stayed bridge
overall length 2164 m
width 58.5 m
Longest span 1408 m
height 326 m
Headroom 73 m
completion March 6, 2016
opening 26th August 2016
planner Michel Virlogeux , Jean-François Klein
toll 9.90 Turkish lira for automobiles
location
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (Istanbul)
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge

The Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge ( Turkish: Yavuz Sultan Selim Köprüsü ) is the third bridge that spans the Bosporus near Istanbul . The foundation stone was laid on May 29, 2013, the completion was on March 6, 2016 and the bridge was officially opened to traffic on August 26, 2016. The bridge is named after the Ottoman Sultan Selim I , also called Yavuz Sultan Selim ( Turkish for Sultan Selim, the strict or the just ).

The first Bosphorus Bridge (" Bridge of the Martyrs of July 15 ") was opened in 1973; the second Bosphorus Bridge (" Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge ") followed in 1988.

The Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge received the Outstanding Structure Award from the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE) in 2018 .

Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, in the background the entrance to the Black Sea

location

The combined highway and - railway bridge is a part of the motorway project Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu ( Northern Marmara Motorway , in the international construction industry known as Northern Marmara Motorway ) that of Edirne coming highway O 3 / E 80 to the after Ankara continuous motorway O- 4 / E 80 and will bypass the actual urban area of ​​Istanbul in a large arc in the north.

The Third Bosphorus Bridge , as it was called up to the groundbreaking ceremony, crossed the Bosporus at its northern end at the villages Garipçe on the western and Poyraz on the eastern side and connects the major northern Istanbul's districts Sarıyer on the European side of the Bosphorus and Beykoz on the Asian side. It stands far north of the two existing bridges over the strait , the Bridge of the Martyrs of July 15 and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge.

description

Scheme of the support system
Alternating levels of stay cables and hangers

The Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge is a combined suspension and cable-stayed bridge with two A-shaped, 326 m high pylons . The 58.5-meter-wide road carrier has at its center a double-track railway line for high-speed trains , the four-lane side of the two each carriageway flanked the highway. The pylons carry two suspension cables as well as stay cables. In the middle field between the pylons, the suspension ropes are attached directly next to the railroad tracks (i.e. on the inner edge of the track), while the stay cables are mounted on the outer edges of the track girder. To increase the rigidity, the stay cables were arranged in the first third of the span, in the remaining area there is a pure hanging effect. There are no hangers in the two fringes. Here the stay cables are attached to the inner edge of the roadway. The bridge has a total length of 2164 meters, the span of the central field is 1408 meters. Due to the curvature of the earth , the pylons are 7 cm further apart at the top than at the foundation. It replaces the Chinese Tsing Ma Bridge (span 1377 meters) as the railway bridge with the longest span in the world. Further superlatives: the two pylons are the highest bridge piers in the world and the bridge is the widest suspension bridge in the world with a single deck.

The design of the bridge goes back to Michel Virlogeux , who had an aversion to a two-story bridge with a 15 m high deck. Since twisting has to be ruled out on the almost 60 m wide deck, he resorted to the concept used by John August Roebling for the Brooklyn Bridge to stiffen a suspension bridge with stay cables. The planning of the suspension bridge with high rigidity was carried out under the direction of Jean-François Klein by the Swiss engineering firm Tingénierie with advice from Michel Virlogeux.

history

A working group consisting of IC İçtaş , Turkey and Astaldi , Italy received the order for the construction, operation and maintenance as well as the final handover ( BOT model : build, operate, transfer) of the North Marmaray motorway project with the Bosporus Bridge as an integral part . Thereafter, a construction period of 36 months was planned, followed by an operating period of 10 years and 2 months. At the end of this time, the bridge must be handed over to the Turkish state in a defined condition. However, Astaldi mentions a concession period of just over 10 years on its website, including the three-year construction period. The general and concession contractor for the entire construction project commissioned a general contractor , a joint venture of the Korean companies Hyundai Engineering & Construction and SK Engineering & Construction JV, to plan and implement the Bosphorus Bridge for a flat rate of 615 million Swiss francs , which was responsible for the actual construction work on Turkish Subcontracted.

Very different information is given about the costs. They should amount to 3.5 billion euros, 2.5 billion US dollars and 4.5 billion US dollars. The differences arise because such information is only meaningful, especially for BOT models, if it is precisely described what the costs include.

construction

The project was supposed to start earlier, but no offer was made in the first submission date on January 10, 2012, obviously due to a lack of project financing. The order was not placed until October 31, 2012.

Construction should have started soon afterwards, at least one of the large pylon foundations was well advanced when the foundation stone was officially laid on May 29, 2013, the anniversary of the conquest of Constantinople , in the presence of President Abdullah Gül , accompanied by his wife Emine Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and numerous other high-ranking personalities was celebrated. President Gül announced the new name of the bridge. In his speech, Prime Minister Erdoğan determined that the bridge should open two years later on May 29, 2015. In fact, the completion took place on March 6, 2016. The official opening for traffic on August 26, 2016 takes place on the anniversary of the Battle of Manzikert , with which the Turkish conquest of Anatolia began. The date is supposed to combine the boldness of the struggle of that time with the boldness of the bridge building.

  • Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge p3 Jan 2014.JPG
  • Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge p5 Jan 2014.JPG
  • Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge p7 Jan 2014.JPG
  • Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, under construction, Feb 2014.jpg
  • 1 Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge July 2015.jpg
  • 2 Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge July 2015.jpg
  • 3 Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge July 2015.jpg

criticism

The bridge and the motorway project have long been controversial. It was criticized that the traffic jams on the two existing bridges would not be reduced by the bridge in the far north, since long-distance traffic in the city area only played a minor role. The highway is destroying forests, which are indispensable for Istanbul's drinking water supply.

The name of the bridge has been criticized primarily by Alevis , as they blame Selim I for the massacre of their population group in the course of the persecution of Alevis in the Ottoman Empire . The head of the construction company tried to appease the fact that the people will in practice call the bridge only the Third Bosphorus Bridge in the future .

Meanwhile, the deficit budget of the toll company has to be covered with tax money. Turkey has already transferred a total of 245 million US dollars for the first six months of 2019 to the Turkish Ictas and the Italian Astaldi, writes the daily Cumhuriyet . For the months up to December another $ 270 million is due. Due to the drop in the rate of the lira, compensation payments for missing toll income are significantly more expensive for Turkey.

Web links

Commons : Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Third bridge over the Bosporus completed. In: faz.net. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 6, 2016, accessed on May 20, 2016 .
  2. ↑ Official opening of the Bosphorus Bridge: First trip on Istanbul's mega-project. tagesschau.de, August 26, 2016, accessed on August 26, 2016 (English).
  3. ↑ The Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, Turkey on iabse.org
  4. ↑ a b Yavuz Sultan Selim Köprüsü. In: 3kopru.com. Accessed on May 20, 2016 (animations on the project website, Turkish).
  5. ↑ a b Schweizerische Bauzeitung TEC21, May 23, 2014, No. 21–22, pp. 26–30
  6. ↑ www.espazium.ch: bosporusbruecke_laengs.pdf (plan: T-ingénierie)
  7. ^ Yavuz Sultan Selim Köprüsü 2 yılda bitecek. In: zaman.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013 ; Retrieved May 19, 2016 (Turkish).
  8. ↑ a b First trip on Istanbul's mega-project , on Tagesschau online, August 26, 2016, accessed on August 26, 2016.
  9. ^ Mark Hansford: Third Bosphorus Bridge to mirror New York design. In: nce.co.uk. July 5, 2012, accessed on May 20, 2016 (full text possibly via Google search, English).
  10. ^ Foundation was laid for the new pearl of Bosphorus, the third bosphorus bridge and north marmara motorway. In: ictas.com.tr. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013 ; accessed on May 19, 2016 (speech by İbrahim Çeçen, Chairman of IC İçtaş at the laying of the foundation stone).
  11. ↑ a b Astaldi: Laying of the first stone of the third Bosporus bridge. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: astaldi.com. Retrieved on May 20, 2016 (PDF; 140 kB, English).  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.astaldi.com
  12. ↑ Istanbul: Turkey builds third bridge over the Bosporus. In: spiegel.de. Der Spiegel , May 29, 2013, accessed on May 20, 2016.
  13. ↑ a b c Third Bosphorus Bridge: İçtaş-Asdaldi Consortium wins the contract. In: deutsch-tuerkische-nachrichten.de. May 29, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  14. ^ Gökhan Kurtaran: Financial woes hit highway and third Bosphorus bridge tender. In: hurriyetdailynews.com. January 11, 2012, accessed May 20, 2016.
  15. ↑ 3. Köprü İnşaatından İlk Görüntüler: Denize Dolgu Yapılmış, Ağaçlar Kesilmiş. In: baskahaber.org. March 3, 2013, accessed on May 20, 2016 (report on the construction work, Turkish).
  16. ↑ 3. köprünün ismi Yavuz Sultan Selim. In: ntvmsnbc.com. May 26, 2013, accessed May 20, 2016 (Turkish).
  17. ^ Andrew Finkel: The Bridge to Nowhere. In: nytimes.com. Latitude, International Herald Tribune, November 16, 2011, accessed May 20, 2016.
  18. ^ Christiane Schlötzer: Ottoman dreams. Construction projects in Turkey. In: süddeutsche.de. Süddeutsche Zeitung , June 3, 2013, accessed on May 20, 2016.
  19. ^ Ali Berat Meric: Turkey's Alevis Outraged by 'Executioner' Name for Bridge. In: bloomberg.com. Bloomberg LP , May 30, 2013, accessed May 20, 2016.
  20. ↑ Güneş Kömürcüler: 'Sultan Selim Bridge' to be called '3rd Bridge': Consortium head. In: hurriyetdailynews.com. June 3, 2013, accessed May 20, 2016.
  21. ↑ Erdogan's canal plan is getting crazier