Beets

Beets
	Red-fruited bryony ( Bryonia dioica )
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Rosids
	Eurosiden I
Order :	Pumpkin-like (Cucurbitales)
Family :	Pumpkin family (Cucurbitaceae)
Genre :	Beets
Scientific name
	Bryonia
	L.

The bryony ( Bryonia ) are a genus of plants within the cucurbit family (Cucurbitaceae). The twelve or so species are common in Eurasia and North Africa. They are the only forage plants of the strictly oligolectic bryan sand bee .

description

Subterranean plant part of the red fruited bryonia ( Bryonia dioica )

Illustration from Johann Georg Sturm : Germany's flora in illustrations of the red-fruited bryony ( Bryonia dioica )

Bryonia dioica flower in close-up

Canary bryony ( Bryonia verrucosa ) with fruits

Ripe fruits of the white bryony or blackberry bryony ( Bryonia alba )

Vegetative characteristics

Bryony species grow as climbing to prostrate, deciduous, perennial herbaceous plants . The tuberous roots are beet-shaped. The above-ground, stiffly hairy to bald shoot axes grow up to 4 meters and die in autumn . The tendrils are unbranched.

The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blades are circular to ovoid or spear-shaped, three to five-sided or palmate, three to five lobes. The leaf lobes are egg-shaped to delta-shaped or triangular. There are no glands on the leaf blades.

Generative characteristics

The bryan species are mostly dioecious ( dioecious ), rarely monoecious ( monoecious ) separate-sex plants. The beetroot ( Bryonia dioica ) is dioeciously separated sexes ( dioecious ), that is, there are female and male plant specimens. In the case of the white bryony ( Bryonia alba ), however, there are flowers of both sexes on one plant specimen, so they are monoecious, separate sexes ( monoecious ). Crosses between these two species by Carl Correns , one of the three rediscoverers of Mendel's rules , led to the discovery of the genetic anchoring of the sexual system in plants in 1903.

The flowers are always unisexual. 4 to 16 male flowers are arranged in lateral, racemose or tufted inflorescences . Usually two to six (one to ten) female flowers are arranged in lateral, umbrella-clustered to cluster-like inflorescences. There are no bracts .

The flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The flower cup (hypanthium) is more or less bell-shaped. The five sepals are lanceolate to delta-shaped. The corolla is funnel-shaped-bell-shaped to almost wheel-shaped. The five bald petals are elongated-ovoid to ovate-lanceolate with a length of 3 to 7 millimeters. The petals are white to cream-colored, greenish-white or yellowish-green or yellowish. The crown throat is usually green and there are faint green lines.

In the male flowers, four of the five stamens are fused in two pairs and one is free and look like three stamens. The stamens are inserted near the edge of the flower cup. In the female flowers, the single-chambered ovaries are ovate to broadly ellipsoidal and contain three to ten ovules . The slender, columnar stylus ends in three stigmas that are bilobed. There may be three to five staminodes present or absent.

When ripe, the red to orange or black berry-like fruits are spherical, smooth, do not open and contain two to eight seeds. The egg-shaped or elongated and flattened seeds have no aril .

Ingredients and toxicity

When ripe, the red or black berries of the red berries and the white bryony are very poisonous: 15 of them can be fatal to a child. All other components of the plant, roots, tendrils and leaves are also poisonous. Rubbing the berries on the skin causes skin irritation and blistering.

Systematics

Male flowers of Bryonia syriaca

Canary bryony blossom ( Bryonia verrucosa )

Taxonomy

The genus Bryonia was established by Carl von Linné in 1753 . Bryonia alba L. was introduced as a lectotype in 1929 by Mary Letitia Green in Proposals by British Botanists , page 190.

The genus Bryonia belongs to the tribe Bryonieae in the subfamily Cucurbitoideae within the family of Cucurbitaceae .

Species and their distribution

The genus Bryonia is common in Eurasia and North Africa.

There are about twelve species in the genus Bryonia :

Bryonia acuta Desf. (Syn .: Bryonia cretica subsp. Acuta (Desf.) Tutin ): It iswidespreadin Portugal , Sicily , Malta , Algeria , Tunisia , Morocco and Libya .
White bryony or blackberry bryony ( Bryonia alba L. , Syn .: Bryonia dioica M.Bieb. Non Jacq. Nom. Illeg., Bryonia monoeca E.HLKrause non Aitch. & Hemsl. Nom. Illeg.): It is from Northern Widespread across Central and Southeastern Europe to West Asia . It is a neophyte in many areas .
Bryonia aspera Steven ex Ledeb. (Syn .: Bryonia afghanica Podlech , Bryonia haussknechtiana Bornm. , Bryonia macrostylis Heilbr. & Bilge ): It occurs in West Asia , Central Asia , the Caucasus , India and Pakistan .
Bryonia cretica L .: It is common in the eastern Mediterranean .
Red -fruited bryony ( Bryonia dioica Jacq. , Syn .: Bryonia cretica subsp. Dioica (Jacq.) Tutin , Bryonia digyna Pomel , Bryonia sicula Guss. )
Bryonia lappifolia Vassilcz. : It occurs in Tajikistan .
Bryonia marmorata E.Petit (Syn .: Bryonia cretica subsp. Marmorata (E.Petit) Jauzein , Bryonia corsica (Maire) AWHill ): You only come to Corsica and Sardinia before.
Bryonia melanocarpa Nabiev : It occurs in Kazakhstan .
Bryonia monoica Aitch. & Hemsl. : It occurs in Central Asia .
Bryonia multiflora Boiss. & Hero. (Syn .: Bryonia lasiocarpa Mouterde , Bryonia macrophylla Boiss. ): It occurs in Turkey , Syria , Iraq and Iran .
Bryonia syriaca Boiss. (Syn .: Bryonia micrantha Boiss. Non Hochst. Nom. Illeg.): It occurs in Syria, Jordan , Lebanon , Israel and the Sinai Peninsula .
Canary Wild Melon or Canary Bryony ( Bryonia verrucosa Aiton , Bryonia hederifolia Jacq. ): You only come to the Canaries before.

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literature

C. Jeffrey: A review of the genus Bryonia L. (Cucurbitaceae). In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 23, 1969, pp. 441-461.
Stefanie M. Volz: Evolution of dioecy in the Cucurbitaceae genus Bryonia - a phylogenetic, phylogeographic, and SCAR-marker approach. Dissertation on obtaining a doctorate in natural sciences at the Faculty of Biology at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich, September 2008. Full text PDF.
Stefanie M. Volz, Susanne S. Renner : Phylogeography of the ancient Eurasian medicinal plant genus Bryonia (Cucurbitaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast sequences. In: Taxon , Volume 58, 2009, pp. 550-560. Chapter 2 - Full Text PDF.
H. Schaefer, Susanne S. Renner: Phylogenetic relationships in the order Cucurbitales and a new classification of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae). In: Taxon , Volume 60, 2011, pp. 122-138.
Guy L. Nesom: Cucurbitaceae. : Bryonia Linnaeus. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Volume 6: Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae to Droseraceae , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 6, 2015, ISBN 978-0-1953-4027-3 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Guy L. Nesom: Cucurbitaceae. : Bryonia Linnaeus. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Volume 6: Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae to Droseraceae , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 6, 2015, ISBN 978-0-1953-4027-3 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bryonia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 2, 1753, p. 1012. scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.
↑ ^a ^b Bryonia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on May 21, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k T. Henning, N. Holstein, E. von Raab-Straube (2017): Cucurbitaceae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bryonia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 16, 2017.

Web links

Commons : bryony ( Bryonia ) - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Bryonia at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

Posts about Bryonia in Plants For A Future . Retrieved May 25, 2018.

Ingredients of the bryony at giftpflanze.com

awl.ch - Bryonia alba

[FoNA-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Guy L. Nesom: Cucurbitaceae. : Bryonia Linnaeus. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Volume 6: Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae to Droseraceae , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 6, 2015, ISBN 978-0-1953-4027-3 .

[FoPakistan-2] Bryonia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[Linné1753-3] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 2, 1753, p. 1012. scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.

[Tropicos-4] Bryonia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on May 21, 2018.

[Euro+Med-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k T. Henning, N. Holstein, E. von Raab-Straube (2017): Cucurbitaceae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

[GRIN-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bryonia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 16, 2017.