Goat milker (genus)
Goat milker | ||||||||||
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Goat milker ( C. europaeus ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||
Caprimulgus | ||||||||||
Linnaeus , 1758 |
The nightjar or Real Nightjars ( Caprimulgus ) are the most species-rich bird genus from the family of Nightjars (Caprimulgidae).
features
Night swallows are mostly thrush-sized twilight or nocturnal flying insect hunters. They usually have very long wings, a long tail, a very short beak - but whose beak is very wide - and very short feet. The middle toe is greatly elongated in many species and apparently serves as a cleaning claw .
distribution
Until 2010, the genus was considered to be distributed worldwide. With the exception of New Zealand and the offshore Pacific islands as well as the polar cold regions and most of Australia , Caprimulgus species have been described from all continents . However, according to molecular biological studies by Han, Robbins and Braun, the goat milkers of the New World were divided into several other genera according to their relationships. The majority of these former Caprimulgus species now belong to the genus Antrostomus , which was re-established for the former species of goat milkers from North and Central America, including the Caribbean islands.
Two species breed in Europe, the European goat milker ( Caprimulgus europaeus ) and the red-necked goat milker ( Caprimulgus ruficollis ). The Pharaoh's goat milker ( C. aegyptius ) and the Bajuda goat milker ( C. nubicus ) appear as rare wanderers in Southeast Europe .
Way of life
Their extremely nimble and almost silent flight can appear as if they dangle from a consecration to a raging falcon . With a few exceptions, the very soft plumage is inconspicuous and often very well adapted to the subsoil that the respective species visits during the day. The sexes are very similar to each other, but the males usually have more conspicuous, almost always white plumage features on the underside of the wing and on the outer control feathers of the tail.
Nest building is only rudimentary in some species; most species lay their eggs on unprepared, but dry and protected subsoil.
All Palearctic and some Nearctic species are migratory birds. Some Holarctic or altitude-dwelling species can survive unfavorable weather-related food shortages in a torpid state lasting several days or even several weeks .
Danger
Little is known about the population and threatened status of many of these crepuscular and nocturnal birds. The population of the Vaurie nightjar ( Caprimulgus centralasicus ), the Prigogine nightjar ( Caprimulgus prigoginei ) and the Nechisar nightjar ( Caprimulgus solala ), of which there are hardly any secured field observations , but only specimen copies in natural history collections are available.
species
The species of Caprimulgus that remained after the 2010 revision are all from the Old World , mainly from Africa and Asia :
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Caprimulgus
- Andaman nightjar ( Caprimulgus andamanicus )
- Bramble nightjar ( Caprimulgus donaldsoni )
- Jungle Nightjar ( Caprimulgus indicus )
- Flag nightjar ( Caprimulgus longipennis ) formerly found in Macrodipteryx
- Flag nightjar or oar wing ( Caprimulgus vexillarius ) formerly found in Macrodipteryx
- Spotted nightjar ( Caprimulgus tristigma )
- Gray Nightjar ( Caprimulgus jotaka )
- Hindu nightjar ( Caprimulgus asiaticus)
- Nightjar ( Caprimulgus poliocephalus)
- Short-towed nightjar ( Caprimulgus clarus )
- Long-tailed nightjar ( Caprimulgus macrurus )
- Madagascar nightjar ( Caprimulgus madagascariensis )
- Maharajan nightjar ( Caprimulgus atripennis )
- Marble nightjar ( Caprimulgus inornatus )
- Mees nightjar ( Caprimulgus meesi )
- Natal nightjar ( Caprimulgus natalensis )
- Nechisar nightjar ( Caprimulgus solala )
- Nubian goat milker ( Caprimulgus nubicus )
- Palau Nightjar ( Caprimulgus phalaena )
- Whistling nightjar ( Caprimulgus pectoralis
- Pharaoh's goat milker ( Caprimulgus aegyptius )
- Philippines nightjar ( Caprimulgus manilensis )
- Magnificent Swallow ( Caprimulgus eximius )
- Prigogine nightjar ( Caprimulgus prigoginei )
- Rust-cheeked nightjar ( Caprimulgus fraenatus )
- Red-necked goat milker ( Caprimulgus ruficollis )
- Salvadori nightjar ( Caprimulgus pulchellus )
- Savannah nightjar ( Caprimulgus affinis )
- Towing Nachtschwalbe ( Caprimulgus climacurus )
- Star nightjar ( Caprimulgus stellatus )
- Sulawesi nightjar ( Caprimulgus celebensis )
- Sunda nightjar ( Caprimulgus concretus )
- Sykes nightjar ( Caprimulgus mahrattensis )
- Vaurien nightjar ( Caprimulgus centralasicus )
- Wood Nightjar ( Caprimulgus batesi )
- Welwitsch nightjar ( Caprimulgus fossii )
- Goat milker ( Caprimulgus europaeus )
- Bridle Nightjar Caprimulgus rufigena )
The genus Antrostomus was established for a part of the New World milker species . The Puerto Rican nightjar ( Antrostomus noctitherus ), believed to be extinct, was rediscovered in a small population in the 1980s and is considered critically endangered.
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Antrostomus
- Mexican nightjar ( Antrostomus arizonae )
- Nightjar ( Antrostomus saturatus )
- Brown-necked nightjar ( Antrostomus ridgwayi)
- Eight Carolina Schwalbe ( Antrostomus carolinensis )
- Guatemalan nightjar ( Antrostomus badius )
- Hispaniolanachtschwalbe ( Antrostomus ekmani )
- Cuban nightjar ( Antrostomus cubanensis )
- Puerto Rico Nightjar ( Antrostomus noctitherus )
- Rostnachtschwalbe ( Astrostomus rufus )
- Salvin nightjar ( Antrostomus salvini)
- Black-throated nightjar ( Antrostomus vociferus )
- Silk Nachtschwalbe ( Antrostomus seriocaudatus )
In addition, a new monotypical genus was created:
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Gactornis
- Collar Nachtschwalbe ( Gactornis enarratus )
There were also two species in the new genus Nyctipolis
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Nyctipolis
- Spix's nightjar ( Nyctipolus hirundinaceus )
- Mourning Nightjar ( Nyctipolus nigrescens )
To Nyctidromus it was put:
- Ecuador nightjar ( Nyctidromus anthonyi ) formerly also Setopagis anthonyi
To Elothreptus came:
- White-winged nightjar ( Eleothreptus candicans ) sometimes used to be Stenopsis candicans
- Cayenne nightjar ( Setopagis maculosa ) formerly Caprimulgus maculosus
- Pygmy night swallow ( Setopagis parvula )
- Roraima nightjar ( Setopagis whitelyi )
To Hydropsalis are counted:
- White-tailed nightjar ( Hydropsalis cayennensis )
- Spotted-tailed nightjar ( Hydropsalis maculicaudus )
The mirror nightjar is now in the genus Systellura :
- Great mirror nightjar ( Systellura longirostris )
The bearded night swallow ( Eurostopodus mystacalis , formerly Caprimulgus mystacalis ) is now part of the genus Eurostopodus .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Kin-Lan Han, Mark B. Robbins & Michael J. Braun: A multi-gene estimate of phylogeny in the nightjars and nighthawks (Caprimulgidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 55, 2, pp. 443-453, May 2010
literature
- DT Holyoak: Nightjars and their Allies. Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-854987-3 .
- Christopher M. Perrins (Ed.): The FSVO encyclopedia birds of the world. Translated from the English by Einhard Bezzel. BLV, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 2004, ISBN 978-3-405-16682-3 (Title of the original English edition: The New Encyclopedia Of Birds. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003).