Zipa
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Zipa Ци́па |
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 Rapids on the Zipa |
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| Data | ||
| Water code | RU : 18030200212117100023655 | |
| location | Buryatia ( Russia ) | |
| River system | Lena | |
| Drain over | Witim → Lena → Arctic Ocean | |
| source |
Stanowoi Highlands 55 ° 2 ′ 44 ″ N , 111 ° 49 ′ 40 ″ E |
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| Source height | approx. 1950 m | |
| muzzle |
With coordinates: 55 ° 23 '8 " N , 115 ° 55' 52" E 55 ° 23 '8 " N , 115 ° 55' 52" E |
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| Mouth height | 550 m | |
| Height difference | approx. 1400 m | |
| Bottom slope | approx. 2 ‰ | |
| length | 692 km | |
| Catchment area | 42,200 km² | |
| Discharge at the Baun A Eo gauge : 3240 km² Location: 530 km above the mouth |
MQ 1960/1990 Mq 1960/1990 |
29 m³ / s 9 l / (s km²) |
| Discharge at the Z.Uzhu A Eo gauge : 15,600 km² Location: 286 km above the mouth |
MQ 1961/1990 Mq 1961/1990 |
105 m³ / s 6.7 l / (s km²) |
| Discharge at the gauge near the mouth |
MQ |
270 m³ / s |
| Left tributaries | Totscha, Uakit, Gorbylok | |
| Right tributaries | Zipikan , Amalat , Aktragda | |
| Flowing lakes | Baunt | |
| Navigable | not navigable | |
 Location of the Zipa (Ци́па) in the catchment area of the Witim |
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The Zipa ( Russian Ци́па ) is a 692 km long left tributary of the Vitim in Eastern Siberia ( Russia ). In the upper reaches it is also known as the Upper Zipa (Russian Верхняя Ципа / Verkhnyaja Zipa) in the middle reaches as the Lower Zipa (Russian Нижняя Ципа / Nischnjaja Zipa).
course
The Zipa flows at an altitude of around 1950 m from a cirque lake at the western end of the 2500 m high Southern Muja Mountains (Yuzhnomuisk Mountains) not far from its transition to the Ikat Mountains , both of which are part of the Stanowoi Highlands . The origin of the river is about 150 km as the crow flies east -south- east of the northern end of Lake Baikal and 100 km south of the Novy Uoyan settlement on the Baikal-Amur mainline .
The river soon turns in an easterly to north-easterly direction and is referred to as Upper Zipa (Verkhnyaya Zipa) up to its confluence with the 165 km² large lake Baunt at 1059 m . It leaves the lake at its northeast end as Lower Zipa (Nizhnyaya Zipa) and maintains its northeastern direction of flow in the wide, little sloping, swampy and lake-rich depression south of the Southern Muja Mountains, where it meanders strongly . Already only called Zipa there, the river turns sharply to the south and breaks through the part of the Witim plateau called the Babanty Mountains in a narrow valley with a multitude of rapids , before turning again to the northeast and finally at a height of 550 m , about 120 km southeast of Taksimo flows into the Lena tributary Witim. Near the mouth, the river is about 150 m wide, four meters deep and has a flow speed of 1.2 m / s.
The most important tributaries are the Zipikan , Amalat and Aktragda from the right and shorter rivers such as Tocha, Uakit and Gorbylok from the southern Muja Mountains from the left.
The Zipa flows through the territory of the Republic of Buryatia along its entire length ; the mouth lies on the border with the Transbaikalia region , which is marked there by Witim.
Hydrology
The Zipa catchment area covers 42,200 km². The mean flow rate (MQ) at the mouth is 270 m³ / s, at the middle course, 286 km above the mouth, still 105 m³ / s with a minimum of 0.7 m³ / s in March and a maximum of 314 m³ / s in July.
Zipa freezes over from October to May, and in some years until June. In the upper reaches, it freezes to the bottom for three to five and a half months a year.
Use and infrastructure
The Zipa is not navigable. It only flows through very sparsely populated areas; There are only a few small towns on its banks, including the “Kurort Baunt” at the confluence of the Upper Zipa with the lake of the same name. The small health resort Baunt of local importance with some hot springs is the end of a road. Via this it can be reached from the republic capital Ulan-Ude, about 700 km away, as well as from the administrative center of the neighboring region Transbaikalia Chita via Romanowka on the upper Vitim.
If the project of a large dam on the Witim (Mokskaja dam) , which has existed since the 1970s, is realized - the last time construction was started in 2010 - a good 100 km of the Zipa lower reaches would also fall into the reservoir area.
The river is a worthwhile destination for canoeists , especially on the section through the Babanty Mountains, which is rich in rapids .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Article Zipa in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ↑ a b Zipa in the State Water Register of the Russian Federation (Russian)
- ↑ Zipa at the Baun gauge - hydrographic data at R-ArcticNET
- ↑ a b Zipa at the Z.Uzhu gauge - hydrographic data at R-ArcticNET
- ↑ Article Baunt in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ↑ Description of the Zipa from W. Vladimirov: Tourist routes in the Vitim basin , 1971 (Russian)
- ^ Description of the Lower Zipa from water routes of the USSR. Asian part , 1976 (Russian)