Jurisprudence and List of ER episodes: Difference between pages
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The following is a '''list of episodes''' for the long-running [[Peabody Award|Peabody]] and [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] Award-winning U.S. [[medical drama]] ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''. |
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[[Image:CourtGavel.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Philosophers of law ask "what is law?" and "what should it be?"]] |
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'''Jurisprudence''' is the [[theory]] and [[philosophy]] of [[law]]. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal philosophers, hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, [[legal systems]] and of legal institutions. As jurisprudence has developed, there are three main aspects with which scholarly writing engages: |
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* '''[[Natural law]]''' is the idea that there are unchangeable laws of nature which govern us, and that our laws and institutions should try to align with this natural law. |
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* '''Analytic jurisprudence''' asks questions distinctive to legal philosophy like, "What is law?" "What are the criteria for legal validity?" or "What is the relationship between law and morality?" and other such questions that legal philosophers may engage. |
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* '''[[Normative jurisprudence]]''' asks what law ought to be. It is close to [[political philosophy]], and includes questions of whether one ought to obey the law, on what grounds law-breakers might properly be punished, the proper uses and limits of regulation, how judges ought to decide cases. |
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[[:Category:ER episodes|Some episodes]] have separate, more detailed summaries. |
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Modern jurisprudence and philosophy of law is dominated today primarily by Western academics. The ideas of the Western legal tradition have become so pervasive throughout the world that it is tempting to see them as universal. Historically, however, many philosophers from other traditions have discussed the same questions, from Islamic scholars to the ancient Greeks. |
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As of [[September 25]], [[2008]], '''310''' episodes have been broadcast. |
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==Etymology== |
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The Latin word ''juris'' is the genitive form of ''jus'' meaning "law." So, ''juris'' means "of law" or "legal." ''Prudentia'', meaning "knowledge" in Latin, translates into English as "prudence." The native English word is "wisdom," which originally also meant "knowledge." |
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==Season 1: 1994–1995== |
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[[Image:Oldbaileylondon-900.jpg|thumb|The Central Criminal Court of England and Wales]] |
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''Jurisprudence'' already had this meaning in [[Ancient Rome]], even if at its origins the discipline was a monopoly of the [[College of Pontiffs]] (''Pontifex''), which retained an exclusive power of judgment on facts, being the only experts (''periti'') in the ''[[jus]]'' of [[traditional law]] (''mos maiorum'', a body of [[oral law]]s and customs verbally transmitted "by father to son"). Pontiffs indirectly created a body of laws by their pronunciations (''[[sentence (law)|sententiae]]'') on single concrete (judicial) cases. |
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==Season 2: 1995–1996== |
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Their sentences were supposed to be simple interpretations of the traditional customs, but effectively it was an activity that, apart from formally reconsidering for each case what precisely was traditionally in the legal habits, soon turned also to a more equitative interpretation, coherently adapting the law to the newer social instances. The law was then implemented with new evolutive ''Institutiones'' (legal concepts), while remaining in the traditional scheme. Pontiffs were replaced in 3rd century BC by a laical body of ''prudentes''. Admission to this body was conditional upon proof of competence or experience. |
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==Season 3: 1996–1997== |
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Under the [[Roman Republic]], schools of law were created, and the activity constantly became more academic. In the age from the early [[Roman Empire]] to the 3rd century, a relevant literature was produced by some notable groups including the [[Proculians]] and [[Sabinians]]. The degree of scientific depth of the studies was unprecedented in ancient times and reached still unrivaled peaks of skill. It is about this activity that it has been said that Romans had developed an [[art]] out of the law. {{weasel-inline}} |
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==Season 4: 1997–1998== |
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After the 3rd century, ''Juris prudentia'' became a more bureaucratic activity, with few notable authors. It was during the [[Byzantine Empire]] (5th century) that legal studies were once again undertaken in depth, and it is from this cultural movement that [[Justinian I|Justinian]]'s [[Corpus Juris Civilis]] was born. |
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==Season 5: 1998–1999== |
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==Natural law== |
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Natural law theory asserts that there are laws that are immanent in nature, to which enacted laws should correspond as closely as possible. This view is frequently summarised by the maxim ''an unjust law is not a true law'', in which 'unjust' is defined as contrary to natural law. Natural law is closely associated with morality and, in historically influential versions, with the intentions of God. To oversimplify its concepts somewhat, natural law theory attempts to identify a moral compass to guide the lawmaking power of the state and to promote 'the good'. Notions of an objective moral order, external to human legal systems, underlie natural law. What is right or wrong can vary according to the interests one is focused upon. Natural law is sometimes identified with the slogan that "an unjust law is no law at all", but as [[John Finnis]], the most important of modern natural lawyers has argued, this slogan is a poor guide to the classical [[Thomism|Thomist]] position. |
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==Season 6: 1999–2000== |
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===Aristotle=== |
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[[Image:Francesco Hayez 001.jpg|thumb|left|Aristotle, by Francesco Hayez]] |
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Aristotle is often said to be the father of natural law.<ref>Shellens, "Aristotle on Natural Law."</ref> Like his philosophical forefathers, [[Socrates]] and [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]] posited the existence of [[natural justice]] or natural right (''dikaion physikon'', ''δικαιον φυσικον'', [[Latin]] ''ius naturale''). His association with natural law is due largely to the interpretation given to him by [[Thomas Aquinas]].<ref>Jaffa, ''Thomism and Aristotelianism''.</ref> This was based on Aquinas' conflation of natural law and natural right, the latter of which Aristotle posits in Book V of the ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' (= Book IV of the ''[[Eudemian Ethics]]''). Aquinas' influence was such as to affect a number of early translations of these passages,<ref>H. Rackham, trans., ''Nicomachean Ethics'', Loeb Classical Library; J. A. K. Thomson, trans. (revised by Hugh Tedennick), ''Nicomachean Ethics'', Penguin Classics.</ref> though more recent translations render them more literally.<ref>Joe Sachs, trans., ''Nicomachean Ethics'', Focus Publishing</ref> |
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==Season 7: 2000–2001== |
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Aristotle notes that [[natural justice]] is a species of political justice, viz. the scheme of [[distributive justice|distributive]] and [[restorative justice|corrective justice]] that would be established under the best political community;<ref>''Nicomachean Ethics'', Bk. V, ch. 6–7.</ref> were this to take the form of law, this could be called a natural law, though Aristotle does not discuss this and suggests in the ''Politics'' that the best regime may not rule by law at all.<ref>''Politics'', Bk. III, ch. 16.</ref> |
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==Season 8: 2001–2002== |
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The best evidence of Aristotle's having thought there was a natural law comes from the ''[[Rhetoric (Aristotle)|Rhetoric]]'', where Aristotle notes that, aside from the "particular" laws that each people has set up for itself, there is a "common" law that is according to nature.<ref>''Rhetoric'' 1373b2–8.</ref> The context of this remark, however, suggests only that Aristotle advised that it could be rhetorically advantageous to appeal to such a law, especially when the "particular" law of ones' own city was averse to the case being made, not that there actually was such a law;<ref>Shellens, "Aristotle on Natural Law," 75–81</ref> Aristotle, moreover, considered two of the three candidates for a universally valid, natural law provided in this passage to be wrong.<ref>"Natural Law," ''International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences''.</ref> Aristotle's theoretical paternity of the natural law tradition is consequently disputed. |
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==Season 9: 2002–2003== |
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[[Image:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Al-Fatiha|first]] [[sura]] in a Qur'anic manuscript by [[Hattat Aziz Efendi]].]] |
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{{main|Sharia|Fiqh}} |
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Sharia ('''{{lang|ar|شَرِيعَةٌ}}''') refers to the body of [[Islamic]] [[law]]. The term means "way" or "path"; it is the legal framework within which public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on [[Islamic]] principles of jurisprudence. Fiqh is the term for Islamic jurisprudence, made up of the rulings of Islamic jurists. A component of Islamic studies, Fiqh expounds the methodology by which Islamic law is derived from primary and secondary sources. |
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==Season 10: 2003–2004== |
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Mainstream Islam distinguish ''fiqh'', which means understanding details and inferences drawn by scholars, from ''sharia'' that refers to principles that lie behind the fiqh. Scholars hope that ''fiqh'' and ''sharia'' are in harmony in any given case, but they cannot be sure.<ref>On the Sources of Islamic Law and Practices, The Journal of law and religion [0748-0814] Souaiaia yr:2005 vol:20 iss:1 pg:123</ref> |
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==Season 11: 2004–2005== |
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===Thomas Aquinas=== |
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[[Image:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg|left|thumb| Thomas Aquinas was the most important Western mediaeval legal scholar]] |
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Saint Thomas Aquinas [Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino] (c. 1225 – [[7 March]] [[1274]]) was a [[philosopher]] and [[theology|theologian]] in the [[scholasticism|scholastic]] tradition, known as "Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Universalis". He is the foremost classical proponent of [[natural theology]], and the father of the [[Thomism|Thomistic]] school of philosophy, for a long time the primary philosophical approach of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The work for which he is best-known is the ''[[Summa Theologica]]''. One of the thirty-three [[Doctor of the Church|Doctors of the Church]], he is considered by many Catholics to be the Church's greatest theologian. Consequently, many [[Institutions named after Thomas Aquinas|institutions of learning]] have been named after him. |
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==Season 12: 2005–2006== |
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Aquinas distinguished four kinds of law. These are the eternal, natural, human, and divine law. Eternal law is the decree of God which governs all creation. [[Natural law]] is the human "participation" in the eternal law and is discovered by reason.<ref>[[Louis Pojman]], ''Ethics'' ([[Belmont, California|Belmont]], [[California|CA]]: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1995).</ref> Natural law, of course, is based on "first principles": |
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:''. . . this is the first precept of the law, that good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided. All other precepts of the natural law are based on this . . .''<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/a/aquinas/summa/FS/FS094.html#FSQ94A2THEP1 ''Summa'', Q94a2.]</ref> |
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The desire to live and to procreate are counted by Aquinas among those basic (natural) human values on which all human values are based. Human law is [[positive law]]: the natural law applied by governments to societies. Divine law is the specially revealed law in the [[scriptures]]. |
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==Season 13: 2006–2007== |
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===Thomas Hobbes=== |
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[[Image:Thomas Hobbes (portrait).jpg|right|thumb|Thomas Hobbes was an English Enlightenment scholar]] |
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In his treatise ''[[Leviathan (book)|Leviathan, (1651)]]'', Hobbes expresses a view of natural law as a [[precept]], or general rule, found out by [[reason]], by which a man is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life, or takes away the means of preserving the same; and to omit that by which he thinks it may best be preserved. Hobbes was a [[social contract|social contractarian]]<ref>Basically meaning: the people of a society are prepared give up some rights to a government in order to receive social order.</ref> and believed that the law gained peoples' tacit consent. He believed that society was formed from a [[state of nature]] to protect people from the state of war between mankind that exists otherwise. Life is, without an ordered society, "solitary, poore, nasty, brutish and short". It is commonly commented that Hobbes' views about the core of human nature were influenced by his times. The [[English Civil War]] and the Cromwellian dictatorship had taken place, and he felt absolute authority vested in a monarch, whose subjects obeyed the law, was the basis of a civilized society. |
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==Season 14: 2007–2008== |
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===Lon Fuller=== |
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Writing after [[World War II]], Lon L. Fuller notably emphasised that the law must meet certain formal requirements (such as being impartial and publicly knowable). To the extent that an institutional system of social control falls short of these requirements, Fuller argues, we are less inclined to recognise it as a system of law, or to give it our respect. Thus, law has an internal morality that goes beyond the social rules by which valid laws are made. Fuller and [[Jurisprudence#H.L.A. Hart|Hart]] were colleagues at Oxford University. One of the disagreements between Fuller, a natural lawyer, and [[Jurisprudence#H.L.A. Hart|Hart]], a positivist, was whether [[Nazi]] law was so bad that it could no longer be considered law. |
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==Season 15: 2008–2009== |
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===John Finnis=== |
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{{Main|John Finnis}} |
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Sophisticated positivist and natural law theories sometimes resemble each other more than the above descriptions might suggest, and they may concede certain points to the other "side". Identifying a particular theorist as a positivist or a natural law theorist sometimes involves matters of emphasis and degree, and the particular influences on the theorist's work. In particular, the older natural lawyers, such as Aquinas and John Locke made no distinction between analytic and normative jurisprudence. But modern natural lawyers, such as John Finnis claim to be positivists, while still arguing that law is a basically moral creature... |
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{| class="wikitable" width="100%" |
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==Analytic jurisprudence== |
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[[Image:David Hume.jpg|thumb|left|Hume made the famous [[is-ought problem|is-ought distinction]]]] |
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! width="65"|Season # !! width="65"|Series # !! Title !! width="300"|Writer(s) !! width="180"|Director !! width="120"|Original airdate |
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{{Main|Analytic jurisprudence}} |
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Analytic, or 'clarificatory' jurisprudence is using a neutral point of view and descriptive language when referring to the aspects of legal systems. This was a philosophical development that rejected natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be.<ref>See H L A Hart, 'Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals' (1958) 71 ''Harv. L. Rev.'' 593</ref> [[David Hume]] famously argued in ''[[A Treatise of Human Nature]]''[http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/h/hume/david/h92t/]<ref>David Hume, ''A Treatise of Human Nature'' (1739)</ref> that people invariably slip between describing that the world ''is'' a certain way to saying therefore we ''ought'' to conclude on a particular course of action. But as a matter of pure logic, one cannot conclude that we ''ought'' to do something merely because something ''is'' the case. So analysing and clarifying the way the world ''is'' must be treated as a strictly separate question to normative and evaluative ''ought'' questions. |
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{{Episode list |
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The most important questions of analytic jurisprudence are: "What are laws?"; "What is ''the'' law?"; "What is the relationship between law and power/sociology?"; and, "What is the relationship between law and morality?" Legal positivism is the dominant theory, although there are a growing number of critics, who offer their own interpretations. |
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|Title= Life After Death |
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|Aux1=Joe Sachs |
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|Aux2=Christopher Misiano |
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|OriginalAirDate= [[September 25]], [[2008]] |
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|ShortSummary= Gates hurries to the scene of the ambulance explosion after learning it was Pratt, not Sam, in the ambulance. Pratt is rushed back to County suffering from blast injuries, where the ER staff work to stabilize him. Eventually, a carotid tear develops, and he dies. Meanwhile, Abby misdiagnoses a patient, and talks about her plans to leave Chicago with Luka, while Morris must pick up the pieces after Pratt's death. |
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|Title= Another Thursday at County |
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|OriginalAirDate= [[October 9]], [[2008]] |
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|ShortSummary= A new batch of interns as well as the new head of the ER arrive for their first day at County, whilst adjusting a bio-terrorist with a bag full of [[Ricin#Use_as_a_chemical.2Fbiological_warfare_agent|Ricin]] is admitted with a broken leg. |
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|Title= The Book Of Abby |
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|OriginalAirDate= [[October 16]], [[2008]] |
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|Title= Parental Guidance |
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|OriginalAirDate= [[October 23]], [[2008]] |
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|Title= Haunted |
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|OriginalAirDate=[[October 30]], [[2008]] |
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|Title= Oh Brother |
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|Title= Heal Thyself |
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|OriginalAirDate= November 13, 2008 |
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|Title= Age of Innocence |
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|Title= Let it Snow |
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|Title= The High Holiday |
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==External links== |
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===Legal positivists=== |
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* ER's official episode guide [http://www2.warnerbros.com/ertv/web/episode_guide.html "Seasons 1-11"] |
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{{Main|Legal positivism}} |
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* ER's official episode guide [http://www.nbc.com/ER/episodes/ "Seasons 12-present"] |
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Positivism simply means that the law is something that is "posited": laws are validly made in accordance with socially accepted rules. The positivist view on law can be seen to cover two broad principles: Firstly, that laws may seek to enforce justice, morality, or any other normative end, but their success or failure in doing so does not determine their validity. Provided a law is properly formed, in accordance with the rules recognized in the society concerned, it is a valid law, regardless of whether it is ''just'' by some other standard. Secondly, that law is nothing more than a set of rules to provide order and governance of society. No legal positivist, however, argues that it follows that the law is therefore to be obeyed, no matter what. This is seen as a separate question entirely. |
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* What the law ''is'' - is determined by social facts (or "sources') |
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* What obedience the law is ''owed'' - is determined by moral considerations. |
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====Bentham and Austin==== |
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[[Image:Bentham.jpg|thumb|right|Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law till the twentieth century]] |
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{{Main|Jeremy Bentham|John Austin (legal philosopher)}} |
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One of the earliest legal positivists was Jeremy Bentham. Bentham was an early and staunch supporter of the utilitarian concept (along with [[David Hume|Hume]]), an avid prison reformer, advocate for [[democracy]], and strongly [[atheist]]. Bentham's views about law and jurisprudence were popularized by his student, [[John Austin (legal philosopher)|John Austin]]. Austin was the first chair of law at the new [[University of London]] from 1829. Austin's [[utilitarianism|utilitarian]] answer to "what is law?" was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience".<ref>John Austin, ''The Providence of Jurisprudence Determined'' (1831)</ref> Contemporary legal positivists have long abandoned this view, and have criticised its oversimplification, H.L.A. Hart particularly. |
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[[Category:ER]] |
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====Hans Kelsen==== |
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[[Category:Lists of drama television series episodes]] |
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[[Image:1kelsen.jpg|thumb|left|Hans Kelsen]] |
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{{Main|Hans Kelsen}} |
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Hans Kelsen is considered one of the preeminent jurists of the [[20th century]]. He is most influential in Europe, where his notion of a [[Grundnorm]] or a "presupposed" ultimate and basic legal norm, still retains some influence. It is a hypothetical norm on which all subsequent levels of a [[legal system]] such as [[constitutional law]] and "simple" law are based. Kelsen's ''pure theory of law'' described the law as being a set of social facts, which are normatively binding too. Law's normativity, meaning that we must obey it, derives from a basic rule which sits outside the law we can alter. It is a rule proscribing the validity of all others. |
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Kelsen was a Professor at several universities in Europe, notably the [[University of Vienna]] and the [[University of Cologne]]. In [[1940]], he moved to the [[United States]], giving the [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Lectures]] at [[Harvard Law School]] in [[1942]] and becoming a full professor at the department of [[political science]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in [[1945]]. During those years, he increasingly dealt with issues of [[international law]] and international institutions such as the [[United Nations]]. |
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====H.L.A. Hart==== |
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{{Main|H.L.A. Hart}} |
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In the Anglophone world, the pivotal writer was [[H.L.A. Hart]], who argued that the law should be understood as a system of social rules. Hart rejected Kelsen's views that sanctions were essential to law and that a normative social phenomenon, like law, can not be grounded in non-normative social facts. Hart revived analytical jurisprudence as an important theoretical debate in the twentieth century through his book [[The Concept of Law]].<ref>H.L.A. Hart, ''The Concept of Law'' (1961) Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-876122-8</ref> As the chair of jurisprudence at [[Oxford University]], Hart argued law is a 'system of rules'. |
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Rules, said Hart, are divided into primary rules (rules of conduct) and secondary rules (rules addressed to officials to administer primary rules). Secondary rules are divided into rules of adjudication (to resolve legal disputes), rules of change (allowing laws to be varied) and the rule of recognition (allowing laws to be identified as valid). The "rule of recognition", a customary practice of the officials (especially judges) that identifies certain acts and decisions as sources of law. A pivotal book on Hart was written by Neil MacCormick[http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/staff/neilmaccormick_51.aspx] in 1981 (second edition due in 2007), which further refined and offered some important criticisms that led MacCormick to develop his own theory (the best example of which is his recently published Institutions of Law, 2007). Other important critiques have included that of [[Ronald Dworkin]], [[John Finnis]], and [[Joseph Raz]]. |
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In recent years, debates about the nature of law have become increasingly fine-grained. One important debate is within legal positivism. One school is sometimes called ''[[exclusive legal positivism]]'', and it is associated with the view that the legal validity of a norm can never depend on its moral correctness. A second school is labeled ''[[inclusive legal positivism]]'', and it is associated with the view that moral considerations ''may'' determine the legal validity of a norm, but that it is not necessary that this is the case. |
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====Joseph Raz==== |
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{{Main|Joseph Raz}} |
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Some philosophers used to contend that positivism was the theory that there is "no necessary connection" between law and morality; but influential contemporary positivists, including Joseph Raz, John Gardner, and Leslie Green, reject that view. As Raz points out, it is a necessary truth that there are vices that a legal system cannot possibly have (for example, it cannot commit rape or murder). |
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Joseph Raz defends the positivist outlook, but criticised Hart's "soft social thesis" approach in ''The Authority of Law''.<ref> Joseph Raz, ''The Authority of Law'' (1979) Oxford University Press</ref> Raz argues that law is authority, identifiable purely through social sources, without reference to moral reasoning. Any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authoritative is best left to sociology, rather than jurisprudence.<ref>ch. 2, Joseph Raz, ''The Authority of Law'' (1979)</ref> |
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===Ronald Dworkin=== |
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{{Main|Ronald Dworkin|Interpretivism}} |
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[[Image:Ronald Dworkin at the Brooklyn Book Festival.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ronald Dworkin]] sought a theory of law which would justify judges' ability to strike down democratically decided laws.]] |
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Ronald Dworkin is a leading philosopher. In his book 'Law's Empire'<ref>Ronald Dworkin, ''Law's Empire'' (1986) Harvard University Press</ref> Dworkin attacked Hart and the positivists for their refusal to treat law as a moral issue. Dworkin argues that law is an 'interpretive' concept, that requires judges to find the best fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their constitutional traditions. According to him, law is not entirely based on social facts, but includes the morally best justification for the institutional facts and practices that we intuitively regard as legal. It follows on Dworkin's view that one cannot know whether a society has a legal system in force, or what any of its laws are, until one knows some moral truths about the justifications for the practices in that society. It is consistent with Dworkin's view--in contrast with the views of legal positivists or legal realists--that *no one* in a society may know what its laws are (because no one may know the best justification for its practices.) |
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Interpretation, according to Dworkin's law as integrity theory, has two dimensions. To count as an interpretation, the reading of a text must meet the criterion of ''fit''. But of those interpretations that fit, Dworkin maintains that the correct interpretation is the one that puts the political practices of the community in their best light, or makes of them ''the best that they can be''. But many writers have doubted whether there ''is'' a single best justification for the complex practices of any given community, and others have doubted whether, even if there are, they should be counted as part of the law of that community. |
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===Legal realism=== |
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[[Image:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr circa 1930.jpg|right|thumb|Oliver Wendell Holmes was a self-defined legal realist]] |
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{{Main|Legal realism}} |
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Legal realism was a view popular with some Scandinavian and American writers. Skeptical in tone, it held that the law should be understood and determined by the actual practices of courts, law offices, and police stations, rather than as the rules and doctrines set forth in statutes or learned treatises. It had some affinities with the sociology of law. The essential tenet of legal realism is that all law is made by human beings and, thus, is subject to human foibles, frailties and imperfections. |
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It has become quite common today to identify Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]], Jr., as the main precursor of American Legal Realism (other influences include |
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[[Roscoe Pound]], [[Karl N. Llewellyn|Karl Llewellyn]] and Justice [[Benjamin N. Cardozo|Benjamin Cardozo]]). Karl Llewellyn, another founder of the U.S. legal realism movement, similarly believed that the law is little more than putty in the hands of a judge who is able to shape the outcome of a case based on personal biases.<ref>“Jurisprudence”. West’s Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed. Jeffrey Lehman, Shirelle |
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Phelps. Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005. |
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</ref> |
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The chief inspiration for Scandinavian legal realism many consider to be the works of [[Axel Hägerström]]. Despite its decline in facial popularity, realists continue to influence a wide spectrum of jurisprudential schools today, including [[critical legal studies]] (scholars such as [[Duncan Kennedy]] and [[Roberto Unger]]), [[feminist legal theory]], [[critical race theory]], and [[law and economics]]. |
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===The Historical School=== |
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{{Main|German Historical School}} |
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Historical jurisprudence came to prominence during the German debate over the proposed codification of German law. In his book ''On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence'', <ref>Friedrich Carl von Savigny, ''On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence'' (Abraham A. Hayward trans., 1831) </ref> [[Friedrich Carl von Savigny]] argued that Germany did not have a legal language that would support codification because the traditions, customs and beliefs of the German people did not include a belief in a code. The Historicists believe that the law originates with society. |
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==Normative jurisprudence== |
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{{Main|Political philosophy}} |
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In addition to the question, "What is law?", legal philosophy is also concerned with normative, or "evaluative" theories of law. What is the goal or purpose of law? What moral or political theories provide a foundation for the law? What is the proper function of law? What sorts of acts should be subject to [[sanctions (law)|punishment]], and what sorts of punishment should be permitted? What is justice? What rights do we have? Is there a duty to obey the law? What value has the rule of law? Some of the different schools and leading thinkers are as follows. |
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===Virtue jurisprudence=== |
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[[Image:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|left|[[Plato]] (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of ''[[The School of Athens]]'']] |
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{{Main|Virtue jurisprudence}} |
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Aretaic moral theories such as contemporary [[virtue ethics]] emphasize the role of character in morality. Virtue jurisprudence is the view that the laws should promote the development of virtuous characters by citizens. Historically, this approach is associated mainly with [[Aristotle]] or [[Thomas Aquinas]] later. Contemporary virtue jurisprudence is inspired by philosophical work on virtue ethics. |
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===Deontology=== |
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[[Image:Immanuel Kant (painted portrait).jpg|thumb|right|Kant was a pre-eminent Enlightenment thinker]] |
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{{Main|Deontological ethics}} |
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Deontology is "the theory of duty or moral obligation."<ref>Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, p. 378 (2d Coll. Ed. 1978).</ref> The philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]] formulated one influential deontological theory of law. He believed that morality is what if I do, would be good for everyone to do. A contemporary deontological approach can be found in the work of the legal philosopher [[Ronald Dworkin]]. |
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===Utilitarianism=== |
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[[Image:JohnStuartMill.JPG|thumb|left|Mill believed law should create happiness]] |
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{{Main|Utilitarianism}} |
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Utilitarianism is the view that the laws should be crafted so as to produce the best consequences. Historically, utilitarian thinking about law is associated with the great philosopher, [[Jeremy Bentham]]. [[John Stuart Mill]] was a pupil of Bentham's and was the torch bearer for [[Utilitarianism (book)|utilitarian]] philosophy through the late nineteenth century.<ref>see, [http://metalibri.incubadora.fapesp.br/portal/authors/m/john-stuart-mill/utilitarianism/ Utilitarianism] at Metalibri Digital Library</ref> In contemporary legal theory, the utilitarian approach is frequently championed by scholars who work in the [[law and economics]] tradition. |
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===John Rawls=== |
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{{Main|John Rawls|A Theory of Justice}} |
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John Rawls was an [[United States|American]] [[philosopher]], a [[professor]] of [[political philosophy]] at [[Harvard University]] and author of ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' ([[1971]]), ''[[Political Liberalism]]'', ''[[Justice as Fairness: A Restatement]]'', and ''[[The Law of Peoples]]''. He is widely considered one of the most important English-language political philosophers of the 20th century. His theory of justice uses a device called the original position to ask us which principles of justice we would choose to regulate the basic institutions of our society if we were behind a `veil of ignorance.' Imagine we do not know who we are - our race, sex, wealth status, class, or any distinguishing feature - so that we would not be biased in our own favour. Rawls argues from this 'original position' that we would choose exactly the same political liberties for everyone, like freedom of speech, the right to vote and so on. Also, we would choose a system where there is only inequality because that produces incentives enough for the economic well-being of all society, especially the poorest. This is Rawls' famous 'difference principle'. Justice is fairness, in the sense that the fairness of the original position of choice guarantees the fairness of the principles chosen in that position. |
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There are many other normative approaches to the philosophy of law, including [[critical legal studies]] and [[libertarian theories of law]]. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==Further reading== |
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See also [[List of publications in philosophy#Philosophy of law|Important publications in philosophy of law]] |
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* [[Thomas Aquinas]], ''Summa Contra Gentiles'' (many editions). |
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* Vicente Barretto, ''Dicionário de Filosofia do Direito'' (São Leopoldo, Unisinos Editora, 2006 ISBN 85-7431-266-5) |
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* Bruce L. Benson: [http://www.fee.org/publications/the-freeman/article.asp?aid=4716 Where Does Law Come From?]. |
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* Ronald Dworkin, ''Taking Rights Seriously'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). |
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* Ronald Dworkin, ed., ''The Philosophy of Law'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977). |
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* Ronald Dworkin, ''A Matter of Principle'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986). |
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* Ronald Dworkin, ''Law's Empire'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986). |
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* Ronald Dworkin, ''Freedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). |
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* Ronald Dworkin, ''Sovereign Virtue'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002). |
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* Ronald Dworkin, ''Justice in Robes'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006). |
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* Ronald Dworkin, ''Is Democracy Possible Here?'' (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006). |
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* Lon L. Fuller, ''The Morality of Law'' (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965). |
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* John Chipman Gray, ''The Nature and Sources of Law'' (Peter Smith, 1972, reprint). |
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* [[J. W. Harris]], ''Legal Philosophies'' (LexisNexis UK, 2nd revised edition, 1997) |
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* H.L.A. Hart, ''The Concept of Law'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961). |
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* H.L.A. Hart, ''Law, Liberty and Morality'' (Stanford University Press, 1963). |
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* H.L.A. Hart, ''Punishment and Responsibility'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968). |
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* Sterling Harwood, "Is Mercy Inherently Unjust?," in Michael J. Gorr and Sterling Harwood, eds., Crime and Punishment: Philosophic Explorations (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1995). |
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* Sterling Harwood, ''Judicial Activism: A Restrained Defense'' (London: Austin & Winfield Publishers, 1996). |
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* Sterling Harwood, "Conceptually Necessary Links Between Law and Morality," in Werner Krawietz, Neil MacCormick, and Georg Henrik von Wright, eds., Prescriptive Formality and Normative Rationality in Modern Legal Systems: Festschrift for Robert S. Summers (Duncker & Humblot, 1994), pp. 143-159. |
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* Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, ''Philosophy of Right'' (Oxford University Press 1967). |
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* Ian Farrell & Morten Ebbe Juul Nielsen, ''Legal Philosophy: 5 Questions'', New York: Automatic Press / VIP, April 2007: [http://www.legalphilosophy.org]. |
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* Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., ''The Common Law'' (Dover, 1991, reprint). |
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* Immanuel Kant, ''Metaphysics of Morals (Doctrine of Right)'' (Cambridge University Press 2000, reprint). |
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* Hans Kelsen, ''Pure Theory of Law'' (Lawbook Exchange Ltd., 2005, reprint). |
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* Duncan Kennedy, A'' Critique of Adjudication'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). |
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* [[Hans Köchler]], ''Philosophie – Recht – Politik. Abhandlungen zur politischen Philosophie und zur Rechtsphilosophie''. (Veröffentlichungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Wissenschaft und Politik an der Universität Innsbruck, Vol. IV.) Vienna/New York: Springer, 1985 (German). |
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* [[Hans Köchler]], "The Changing Nature of Power and the Erosion of Democracy in the Era of Technology: Challenges to the Philosophy of Law in the 21st Century," in: International Academy for Philosophy, Yerevan (Armenia) / Athens (Greece) / Berkeley (USA), ''News and Views'', No. 13 (November 2006), pp. 4-28. |
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* David Lyons, ''Ethics & The Rule of Law'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). |
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* David Lyons, ''Moral Aspects of Legal Theory'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). |
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* Neil MacCormick, ''Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979). |
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* Joseph Raz, ''The Authority of Law'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983, reprint). |
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* [[A. E. Souaiaia]], ''Verbalizing Meaning: The Function of Orality in Islamic Law and Practices'' (London: Edwin Mellen Press, 2006). |
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* Robert S. Summers, ''Instrumentalism and American Legal Theory'' (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982). |
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* Robert S. Summers, ''Lon Fuller'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1984). |
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* Robert S. Summers, ''The Jurisprudence of Law's Form and Substance'' (Ashgate Publishing, 1999). |
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* Robert S. Summers, ''Form and Function in a Legal System: A General Study'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). |
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* [http://www.jarkkotontti.net/blog/tieteilya-ja-filosofiaa/right-and-prejudice-ashgate-2004/ Jarkko Tontti, ''Right and Prejudice - Prolegomena to a Hermeneutical Philosophy of Law''. Ashgate 2004.] |
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* Roberto Mangabeira Unger, ''The Critical Legal Studies Movement'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986). |
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* C.L. (Chin Liew) Ten, ''Crime, Guilt, and Punishment'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987; repr. 1989, 1990). |
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* Jeffrie G. Murphy and Jules L. Coleman, ''The Philosophy of Law: An Introduction to Jurisprudence'' (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989). |
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{{Law}} |
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{{Philosophy (navigation)}} |
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==See also== |
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{{MultiCol}} |
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===General=== |
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*[[Brocard]] |
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*[[Justice]] |
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*[[Fiqh]] |
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*[[Political jurisprudence]] |
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*[[Analytical jurisprudence]] |
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*[[Critical legal studies]] |
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*[[Judicial activism]] |
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*[[Law and economics]] |
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*[[Legal formalism]] |
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*[[Legal positivism]] |
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*[[Legal realism]] |
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*[[Libertarian theories of law]] |
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*[[Natural law]] |
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*[[Virtue jurisprudence]] |
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{{ColBreak}} |
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===Philosopher A-Z=== |
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*[[Thomas Aquinas]] |
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*[[John Austin (legal philosophy)]] |
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*[[Jeremy Bentham]] |
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*[[Emilio Betti]] |
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*[[Norberto Bobbio]] |
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*[[António Castanheira Neves]] |
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*[[Giorgio Del Vecchio]] |
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*[[Ronald Dworkin]] |
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*[[John Finnis]] |
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*[[Lon L. Fuller]] |
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*[[Leslie Green (philosopher)]] |
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*[[Robert P. George]] |
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*[[Germain Grisez]] |
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*[[H.L.A. Hart]] |
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*[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] |
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*[[Wesley Hohfeld]] |
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*[[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] |
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{{ColBreak}} |
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*[[Immanuel Kant]] |
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*[[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] |
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*[[Hans Kelsen]] |
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*[[Hans Köchler]] |
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*[[Joel Feinberg]] |
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*[[David Lyons]] |
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*[[Neil MacCormick]] |
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*[[Karl Marx]] |
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*[[Karl Olivecrona]] |
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*[[Gustav Radbruch]] |
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*[[Joseph Raz]] |
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*[[Karl Renner]] |
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*[[Jeremy Waldron]] |
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*[[Friedrich Karl von Savigny|von Savigny]] |
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*[[Roberto Unger]] |
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*[[John Rawls]] |
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{{EndMultiCol}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.redeemer.on.ca/Dooyeweerd-Centre/] Navigate to page for Encyclopedia of the Science of Law (Mellen, 2002). |
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*John Witte, Jr: A Brief Biography of Dooyeweerd, based on Hendrik van Eikema Hommes, Inleiding tot de Wijsbegeerte van Herman Dooyeweerd (The Hague, 1982; pp 1-4,132).[http://www.redeemer.on.ca/Dooyeweerd-Centre/biography.html] |
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*[http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/jurisprudence.html LII Law about... Jurisprudence]. |
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*''[http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/cse.htm The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Nine New Opinions]'', by Peter Suber (Routledge, 1998.) Lon Fuller's classic of jurisprudence brought up to date 50 years later. |
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*[http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak The Roman Law Library, incl. ''Responsa prudentium''] by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev. |
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*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/pashukanis/1924/law/edintro.htm Evgeny Pashukanis - General Theory of Law and Marxism]. |
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*[http://www.inptep.utm.edu/l/law-phil.htm Internet Encyclopedia: Philosophy of Law]. |
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*[http://www.theopticon.com The Opticon: Online Repository of Materials covering Spectrum of U.S. Jurisprudence]. |
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* For more information about Neil MacCormick and the Edinburgh Legal Theory Research Group visit [http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/legaltheory/] |
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* [http://www.fljs.org Foundation for Law, Justice and Society] |
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* [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=78 Bibliography on the Philosophy of Law. Peace Palace Library] |
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[[Category:Roman law]] |
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[[Category:Philosophy of law]] |
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[[Category:Legal ethics]] |
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[[Category:Social philosophy]] |
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[[hu:A Vészhelyzet epizódjainak listája]] |
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[[de:Rechtsphilosophie]] |
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[[nl:Lijst van afleveringen van ER]] |
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[[pt:Anexo:Lista de episódios de ER]] |
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[[es:Filosofía del derecho]] |
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[[sv:Lista över Cityakuten-avsnitt]] |
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Revision as of 02:36, 13 October 2008
 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (August 2008) |
The following is a list of episodes for the long-running Peabody and Emmy Award-winning U.S. medical drama ER.
Some episodes have separate, more detailed summaries.
As of September 25, 2008, 310 episodes have been broadcast.
Season 1: 1994–1995
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | "24 Hours" | Rod Holcomb | Michael Crichton | September 19, 1994 | 475079 | 23.8[1] |
| 2 | 2 | "Day One" | Mimi Leder | John Wells | September 22, 1994 | 456601 | 23.0[1] |
| 3 | 3 | "Going Home" | Mark Tinker | Lydia Woodward | September 29, 1994 | 456602 | 23.9[2] |
| 4 | 4 | "Hit and Run" | Mimi Leder | Paul Manning | October 6, 1994 | 456604 | 26.8[3] |
| 5 | 5 | "Into That Good Night" | Charles Haid | Robert Nathan | October 13, 1994 | 456603 | 26.7[4] |
| 6 | 6 | "Chicago Heat" | Elodie Keene | Story by : Neal Baer Teleplay by : John Wells | October 20, 1994 | 456605 | 27.3[5] |
| 7 | 7 | "Another Perfect Day" | Vern Gillum | Story by : Lance Gentile Teleplay by : Lydia Woodward | November 3, 1994 | 456606 | 25.7[6] |
| 8 | 8 | "9½ Hours" | James Hayman | Robert Nathan | November 10, 1994 | 456607 | 28.3[7] |
| 9 | 9 | "ER Confidential" | Daniel Sackheim | Paul Manning | November 17, 1994 | 456608 | 24.5[8] |
| 10 | 10 | "Blizzard" | Mimi Leder | Story by : Neal Baer & Paul Manning Teleplay by : Lance Gentile | December 8, 1994 | 456609 | 29.1[9] |
| 11 | 11 | "The Gift" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | Neal Baer | December 15, 1994 | 456610 | 27.8[10] |
| 12 | 12 | "Happy New Year" | Charles Haid | Lydia Woodward | January 5, 1995 | 456611 | 30.4[11] |
| 13 | 13 | "Luck of the Draw" | Rod Holcomb | Paul Manning | January 12, 1995 | 456612 | 31.2[12] |
| 14 | 14 | "Long Day's Journey" | Anita Addison | Robert Nathan | January 19, 1995 | 456613 | 34.0[13] |
| 15 | 15 | "Feb 5, '95" | James Hayman | John Wells | February 2, 1995 | 456614 | 34.0[14] |
| 16 | 16 | "Make of Two Hearts" | Mimi Leder | Lydia Woodward | February 9, 1995 | 456615 | 34.2[15] |
| 17 | 17 | "The Birthday Party" | Elodie Keene | John Wells | February 16, 1995 | 456616 | 32.7[16] |
| 18 | 18 | "Sleepless in Chicago" | Christopher Chulack | Paul Manning | February 23, 1995 | 456617 | 35.0[17] |
| 19 | 19 | "Love's Labor Lost" | Mimi Leder | Lance Gentile | March 9, 1995 | 456618 | 34.4[18] |
| 20 | 20 | "Full Moon, Saturday Night" | Donna Deitch | Neal Baer | March 30, 1995 | 456619 | 32.9[19] |
| 21 | 21 | "House of Cards" | Fred Gerber | Tracey Stern | April 6, 1995 | 456620 | 35.3[20] |
| 22 | 22 | "Men Plan, God Laughs" | Christopher Chulack | Robert Nathan | April 27, 1995 | 456621 | 33.5[21] |
| 23 | 23 | "Love Among the Ruins" | Fred Gerber | Paul Manning | May 4, 1995 | 456622 | 31.5[22] |
| 24 | 24 | "Motherhood" | Quentin Tarantino | Lydia Woodward | May 11, 1995 | 456623 | 33.1[23] |
| 25 | 25 | "Everything Old Is New Again" | Mimi Leder | John Wells | May 18, 1995 | 456624 | 33.6[24] |
Season 2: 1995–1996
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 26 | 1 | "Welcome Back, Carter!" | Mimi Leder | John Wells | September 21, 1995 | 457201 | 37.5[25] |
| 27 | 2 | "Summer Run" | Eric Laneuville | Lydia Woodward | September 28, 1995 | 457202 | 33.7[26] |
| 28 | 3 | "Do One, Teach One, Kill One" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | Paul Manning | October 5, 1995 | 457203 | 35.6[27] |
| 29 | 4 | "What Life?" | Dean Parisot | Carol Flint | October 12, 1995 | 457204 | 35.5[28] |
| 30 | 5 | "And Baby Makes Two" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Anne Kenney | October 19, 1995 | 457205 | 35.3[29] |
| 31 | 6 | "Days Like This" | Mimi Leder | Lydia Woodward | November 2, 1995 | 457206 | 35.3[30] |
| 32 | 7 | "Hell and High Water" | Christopher Chulack | Neal Baer | November 9, 1995 | 457207 | 42.0[31] |
| 33 | 8 | "The Secret Sharer" | Thomas Schlamme | Paul Manning | November 16, 1995 | 457208 | 39.4[32] |
| 34 | 9 | "Home" | Donna Deitch | Tracey Stern | December 7, 1995 | 457209 | 35.0[33] |
| 35 | 10 | "A Miracle Happens Here" | Mimi Leder | Carol Flint | December 14, 1995 | 457210 | 34.9[34] |
| 36 | 11 | "Dead of Winter" | Whitney Ransick | John Wells | January 4, 1996 | 457211 | 37.6[35] |
| 37 | 12 | "True Lies" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Lance Gentile | January 25, 1996 | 457212 | 34.6[36] |
| 38 | 13 | "It's Not Easy Being Greene" | Christopher Chulack | Paul Manning | February 1, 1996 | 457213 | 35.9[37] |
| 39 | 14 | "The Right Thing" | Richard Thorpe | Lydia Woodward | February 8, 1996 | 457214 | 38.1[38] |
| 40 | 15 | "Baby Shower" | Barnet Kellman | Story by : Belinda Casas Wells & Carol Flint Teleplay by : Carol Flint | February 15, 1996 | 457215 | 36.4[39] |
| 41 | 16 | "The Healers" | Mimi Leder | John Wells | February 22, 1996 | 457216 | 36.0[40] |
| 42 | 17 | "The Match Game" | Thomas Schlamme | Neal Baer | March 28, 1996 | 457217 | 36.0[41] |
| 43 | 18 | "A Shift in the Night" | Lance Gentile | Joe Sachs | April 4, 1996 | 457218 | 33.2[42] |
| 44 | 19 | "Fire in the Belly" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | Paul Manning | April 25, 1996 | 457219 | 32.2[43] |
| 45 | 20 | "Fevers of Unknown Origin" | Richard Thorpe | Carol Flint | May 2, 1996 | 457220 | 34.3[44] |
| 46 | 21 | "Take These Broken Wings" | Anthony Edwards | Lydia Woodward | May 9, 1996 | 457221 | 32.0[45] |
| 47 | 22 | "John Carter, M.D." | Christopher Chulack | John Wells | May 16, 1996 | 457222 | 34.3[46] |
Season 3: 1996–1997
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) | Rating/share (18–49) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 48 | 1 | "Dr. Carter, I Presume" | Christopher Chulack | John Wells | September 26, 1996 | 465401 | 34.89[47] | 18.7/47[48] |
| 49 | 2 | "Let the Games Begin" | Tom Moore | Lydia Woodward | October 3, 1996 | 465402 | 30.49[49] | 16.6/42[50] |
| 50 | 3 | "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" | Perry Lang | Story by : Paul Manning & Jason Cahill Teleplay by : Jason Cahill | October 10, 1996 | 465403 | 30.00[51] | 16.3/43[52] |
| 51 | 4 | "Last Call" | Rod Holcomb | Story by : Samantha Howard Corbin & Carol Flint Teleplay by : Samantha Howard Corbin | October 17, 1996 | 465404 | 32.93[53] | 17.7/44[54] |
| 52 | 5 | "Ghosts" | Richard Thorpe | Neal Baer | October 31, 1996 | 465405 | 31.13[55] | 16.7/46[56] |
| 53 | 6 | "Fear of Flying" | Christopher Chulack | Lance Gentile | November 7, 1996 | 465406 | 36.68[57] | 19.2/49[58] |
| 54 | 7 | "No Brain, No Gain" | David Nutter | Paul Manning | November 14, 1996 | 465407 | 37.41[59] | 20.1/50[60] |
| 55 | 8 | "Union Station" | Tom Moore | Carol Flint | November 21, 1996 | 465408 | 37.03[61] | 19.3/49[62] |
| 56 | 9 | "Ask Me No Questions, I'll Tell You No Lies" | Paris Barclay | Story by : Neal Baer & Lydia Woodward Teleplay by : Barbara Hall | December 12, 1996 | 465409 | 32.89[63] | 17.8/47[64] |
| 57 | 10 | "Homeless for the Holidays" | Davis Guggenheim | Samantha Howard Corbin | December 19, 1996 | 465410 | 34.27[65] | 18.1/46[66] |
| 58 | 11 | "Night Shift" | Jonathan Kaplan | Paul Manning | January 16, 1997 | 465411 | 35.85[67] | 19.1/46[68] |
| 59 | 12 | "Post-Mortem" | Jacque Elaine Toberen | Carol Flint | January 23, 1997 | 465412 | 35.09[69] | 18.7/47[70] |
| 60 | 13 | "Fortune's Fools" | Michael Katleman | Jason Cahill | January 30, 1997 | 465413 | 33.64[71] | 17.8/46[72] |
| 61 | 14 | "Whose Appy Now?" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | Neal Baer | February 6, 1997 | 465414 | 33.29[73] | 18.0/46[74] |
| 62 | 15 | "The Long Way Around" | Christopher Chulack | Lydia Woodward | February 13, 1997 | 465415 | 35.87[75] | 18.9/47[76] |
| 63 | 16 | "Faith" | Jonathan Kaplan | John Wells | February 20, 1997 | 465416 | 33.20[77] | 17.6/46[78] |
| 64 | 17 | "Tribes" | Richard Thorpe | Lance Gentile | April 10, 1997 | 465417 | 34.38[79] | 18.6/47[80] |
| 65 | 18 | "You Bet Your Life" | Christopher Chulack | Paul Manning | April 17, 1997 | 465418 | 32.09[81] | 16.9/44[82] |
| 66 | 19 | "Calling Dr. Hathaway" | Paris Barclay | Story by : Neal Baer Teleplay by : Jason Cahill & Samantha Howard Corbin | April 24, 1997 | 465419 | 33.58[83] | 17.9/44[84] |
| 67 | 20 | "Random Acts" | Jonathan Kaplan | Carol Flint | May 1, 1997 | 465420 | 31.54[85] | 17.0/40[86] |
| 68 | 21 | "Make A Wish" | Richard Thorpe | Story by : Joe Sachs Teleplay by : Lydia Woodward | May 8, 1997 | 465421 | 34.82[87] | 18.8/45[88] |
| 69 | 22 | "One More for the Road" | Christopher Chulack | John Wells | May 15, 1997 | 465422 | 34.94[89] | N/A |
Season 4: 1997–1998
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 70 | 1 | "Ambush" | Thomas Schlamme | Carol Flint | September 25, 1997 | 466356 | 42.71[90] |
| 71 | 2 | "Something New" | Christopher Chulack | Lydia Woodward | October 2, 1997 | 466351 | 32.57[91] |
| 72 | 3 | "Friendly Fire" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | Walon Green | October 9, 1997 | 466352 | 32.13[92] |
| 73 | 4 | "When the Bough Breaks" | Richard Thorpe | Jack Orman | October 16, 1997 | 466353 | 32.79[93] |
| 74 | 5 | "Good Touch, Bad Touch" | Jonathan Kaplan | David Mills | October 30, 1997 | 466354 | 29.24[94] |
| 75 | 6 | "Ground Zero" | Darnell Martin | Samantha Howard Corbin | November 6, 1997 | 466355 | 31.95[95] |
| 76 | 7 | "Fathers and Sons" | Christopher Chulack | John Wells | November 13, 1997 | 466357 | 34.65[96] |
| 77 | 8 | "Freak Show" | Darnell Martin | Neal Baer | November 20, 1997 | 466358 | 33.43[97] |
| 78 | 9 | "Obstruction of Justice" | Richard Thorpe | Lance Gentile | December 11, 1997 | 466359 | 31.66[98] |
| 79 | 10 | "Do You See What I See?" | Sarah Pia Anderson | Story by : Linda Gase Teleplay by : Jack Orman | December 18, 1997 | 466360 | 32.45[99] |
| 80 | 11 | "Think Warm Thoughts" | Charles Haid | David Mills | January 8, 1998 | 466361 | 32.23[100] |
| 81 | 12 | "Sharp Relief" | Christopher Chulack | Samantha Howard Corbin | January 15, 1998 | 466362 | 34.41[101] |
| 82 | 13 | "Carter's Choice" | John Wells | John Wells | January 29, 1998 | 466363 | 32.84[102] |
| 83 | 14 | "Family Practice" | Charles Haid | Carol Flint | February 5, 1998 | 466364 | 31.89[103] |
| 84 | 15 | "Exodus" | Christopher Chulack | Walon Green & Joe Sachs | February 26, 1998 | 466365 | 32.82[104] |
| 85 | 16 | "My Brother's Keeper" | Jaque Toberen | Jack Orman | March 5, 1998 | 466366 | 30.36[105] |
| 86 | 17 | "A Bloody Mess" | Richard Thorpe | Linda Gase | April 9, 1998 | 466367 | 30.91[106] |
| 87 | 18 | "Gut Reaction" | T.R. Babu Subramaniam | Neal Baer | April 16, 1998 | 466368 | 30.33[107] |
| 88 | 19 | "Shades of Gray" | Lance Gentile | Samantha Howard Corbin | April 23, 1998 | 466369 | 32.44[108] |
| 89 | 20 | "Of Past Regret and Future Fear" | Anthony Edwards | Jack Orman | April 30, 1998 | 466370 | 30.21[109] |
| 90 | 21 | "Suffer the Little Children" | Christopher Misiano | Walon Green | May 7, 1998 | 466371 | 33.80[110] |
| 91 | 22 | "A Hole in the Heart" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Lydia Woodward | May 14, 1998 | 466372 | 47.78[111] |
Season 5: 1998–1999
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 92 | 1 | "Day For Knight" | Christopher Chulack | Lydia Woodward | September 24, 1998 | 467551 | 31.86[112] |
| 93 | 2 | "Split Second" | Christopher Misiano | Carol Flint | October 1, 1998 | 467552 | 30.63[113] |
| 94 | 3 | "They Treat Horses, Don't They?" | T.R. Babu Subramaniam | Walon Green | October 8, 1998 | 467553 | 29.34[114] |
| 95 | 4 | "Vanishing Act" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Jack Orman | October 15, 1998 | 467554 | 27.87[115] |
| 96 | 5 | "Masquerade" | Steve De Jarnatt | Story by : Joe Sachs & Samantha Howard Corbin Teleplay by : Samantha Howard Corbin | October 29, 1998 | 467555 | 29.14[116] |
| 97 | 6 | "Stuck on You" | David Nutter | Story by : Neal Baer & Linda Gase Teleplay by : Neal Baer | November 5, 1998 | 467556 | 28.61[117] |
| 98 | 7 | "Hazed and Confused" | Jonathan Kaplan | Story by : David Mills & Carol Flint Teleplay by : David Mills | November 12, 1998 | 467557 | 28.97[118] |
| 99 | 8 | "The Good Fight" | Christopher Chulack | Jack Orman | November 19, 1998 | 467558 | 29.00[119] |
| 100 | 9 | "Good Luck, Ruth Johnson" | Rod Holcomb | Lydia Woodward | December 10, 1998 | 467559 | 29.97[120] |
| 101 | 10 | "The Miracle Worker" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Paul Manning | December 17, 1998 | 467560 | 29.87[121] |
| 102 | 11 | "Nobody Doesn't Like Amanda Lee" | Richard Thorpe | Linda Gase | January 7, 1999 | 467561 | 31.60[122] |
| 103 | 12 | "Double Blind" | Dave Chameides | Carol Flint | January 21, 1999 | 467562 | 30.48[123] |
| 104 | 13 | "Choosing Joi" | Christopher Chulack | Lydia Woodward | February 4, 1999 | 467563 | 29.11[124] |
| 105 | 14 | "The Storm (Part I)" | John Wells | John Wells | February 11, 1999 | 467564 | 31.92[125] |
| 106 | 15 | "The Storm (Part II)" | Christopher Chulack | John Wells | February 18, 1999 | 467565 | 35.70[126] |
| 107 | 16 | "Middle of Nowhere" | Jonathan Kaplan | Carol Flint & Neal Baer | February 25, 1999 | 467566 | 30.26[127] |
| 108 | 17 | "Sticks and Stones" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | Joe Sachs | March 25, 1999 | 467567 | 26.36[128] |
| 109 | 18 | "Point of Origin" | Christopher Misiano | Christopher Mack | April 8, 1999 | 467568 | 26.10[129] |
| 110 | 19 | "Rites of Spring" | Jonathan Kaplan | David Mills | April 29, 1999 | 467569 | 26.56[130] |
| 111 | 20 | "Power" | Laura Innes | Carol Flint | May 6, 1999 | 467570 | 27.40[131] |
| 112 | 21 | "Responsible Parties" | Christopher Chulack | Jack Orman | May 13, 1999 | 467571 | 27.53[132] |
| 113 | 22 | "Getting to Know You" | Jonathan Kaplan | Lydia Woodward | May 20, 1999 | 467572 | 32.60[133] |
Season 6: 1999–2000
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 114 | 1 | "Leave It to Weaver" | Jonathan Kaplan | Lydia Woodward | September 30, 1999 | 225451 | 31.53[134] |
| 115 | 2 | "Last Rites" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | Jack Orman | October 7, 1999 | 225452 | 28.20[135] |
| 116 | 3 | "Greene with Envy" | Peter Markle | Patrick Harbinson | October 14, 1999 | 225453 | 30.45[136] |
| 117 | 4 | "Sins of the Fathers" | Ken Kwapis | Doug Palau | October 21, 1999 | 225454 | 29.56[137] |
| 118 | 5 | "Truth & Consequences" | Steve De Jarnatt | R. Scott Gemmill | November 4, 1999 | 225455 | 28.61[138] |
| 119 | 6 | "The Peace of Wild Things" | Richard Thorpe | John Wells | November 11, 1999 | 225456 | 28.51[139] |
| 120 | 7 | "Humpty Dumpty" | Jonathan Kaplan | Neal Baer | November 18, 1999 | 225457 | 28.77[140] |
| 121 | 8 | "Great Expectations" | Christopher Misiano | Jack Orman | November 25, 1999 | 225458 | 30.80[141] |
| 122 | 9 | "How the Finch Stole Christmas" | Fred Einesman | Linda Gase | December 16, 1999 | 225459 | 29.10[142] |
| 123 | 10 | "Family Matters" | Anthony Edwards | Patrick Harbinson | January 6, 2000 | 225460 | 28.69[143] |
| 124 | 11 | "The Domino Heart" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Joe Sachs | January 13, 2000 | 225461 | 28.42[144] |
| 125 | 12 | "Abby Road" | Richard Thorpe | R. Scott Gemmill | February 3, 2000 | 225462 | 27.88[145] |
| 126 | 13 | "Be Still My Heart" | Laura Innes | Lydia Woodward | February 10, 2000 | 225463 | 31.33[146] |
| 127 | 14 | "All in the Family" | Jonathan Kaplan | Jack Orman | February 17, 2000 | 225464 | 39.38[147] |
| 128 | 15 | "Be Patient" | Ken Kwapis | Sandy Kroopf | February 24, 2000 | 225465 | 31.31[148] |
| 129 | 16 | "Under Control" | Christopher Misiano | Neal Baer & Joe Sachs | March 23, 2000 | 225466 | 27.19[149] |
| 130 | 17 | "Viable Options" | Marita Grabiak | Patrick Harbinson | April 6, 2000 | 225467 | 27.50[150] |
| 131 | 18 | "Match Made in Heaven" | Jonathan Kaplan | R. Scott Gemmill | April 13, 2000 | 225468 | 26.01[151] |
| 132 | 19 | "The Fastest Year" | Richard Thorpe | Lydia Woodward | April 27, 2000 | 225469 | 27.38[152] |
| 133 | 20 | "Loose Ends" | Kevin Hooks | Neal Baer | May 4, 2000 | 225470 | 26.25[153] |
| 134 | 21 | "Such Sweet Sorrow" | John Wells | John Wells | May 11, 2000 | 225471 | 32.67[154] |
| 135 | 22 | "May Day" | Jonathan Kaplan | Jack Orman | May 18, 2000 | 225472 | 34.59[155] |
Season 7: 2000–2001
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 136 | 1 | "Homecoming" | Jonathan Kaplan | Jack Orman | October 12, 2000 | 226251 | 29.33[156] |
| 137 | 2 | "Sand and Water" | Christopher Misiano | Jack Orman | October 19, 2000 | 226252 | 25.92[157] |
| 138 | 3 | "Mars Attacks" | Paris Barclay | R. Scott Gemmill | October 26, 2000 | 226253 | 26.09[158] |
| 139 | 4 | "Benton Backwards" | Richard Thorpe | Dee Johnson | November 2, 2000 | 226254 | 27.81[159] |
| 140 | 5 | "Flight of Fancy" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Joe Sachs & Walon Green | November 9, 2000 | 226255 | 28.40[160] |
| 141 | 6 | "The Visit" | Jonathan Kaplan | John Wells | November 16, 2000 | 226256 | 31.03[161] |
| 142 | 7 | "Rescue Me" | Christopher Chulack | Neal Baer | November 23, 2000 | 226257 | 25.79[162] |
| 143 | 8 | "The Dance We Do" | Christopher Misiano | Jack Orman | December 7, 2000 | 226258 | 28.08[163] |
| 144 | 9 | "The Greatest of Gifts" | Jonathan Kaplan | Elizabeth Hunter | December 14, 2000 | 226259 | 29.84[164] |
| 145 | 10 | "Piece of Mind" | David Nutter | Tom Garrigus & R. Scott Gemmill | January 4, 2001 | 226260 | 30.41[165] |
| 146 | 11 | "Rock, Paper, Scissors" | Jonathan Kaplan | Dee Johnson | January 11, 2001 | 226261 | 28.35[166] |
| 147 | 12 | "Surrender" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | Story by : R. Scott Gemmill & Joe Sachs Teleplay by : Jack Orman | February 1, 2001 | 226262 | 26.54[167] |
| 148 | 13 | "Thy Will Be Done" | Richard Thorpe | Story by : Joe Sachs & Meredith Stiehm Teleplay by : Meredith Stiehm | February 8, 2001 | 226263 | 28.20[168] |
| 149 | 14 | "A Walk in the Woods" | John Wells | John Wells | February 15, 2001 | 226264 | 26.19[169] |
| 150 | 15 | "The Crossing" | Jonathan Kaplan | Jack Orman | February 22, 2001 | 226265 | 27.14[170] |
| 151 | 16 | "Witch Hunt" | Guy Norman Bee | R. Scott Gemmill | March 1, 2001 | 226266 | 25.57[171] |
| 152 | 17 | "Survival of the Fittest" | Marita Grabiak | Story by : Elizabeth Hunter Teleplay by : Joe Sachs | March 29, 2001 | 226267 | 24.49[172] |
| 153 | 18 | "April Showers" | Christopher Misiano | Story by : Tom Garrigus & Dee Johnson Teleplay by : Tom Garrigus | April 19, 2001 | 226268 | 24.32[173] |
| 154 | 19 | "Sailing Away" | Laura Innes | Jack Orman & Meredith Stiehm | April 26, 2001 | 226269 | 25.41[174] |
| 155 | 20 | "Fear of Commitment" | Anthony Edwards | R. Scott Gemmill | May 3, 2001 | 226270 | 21.85[175] |
| 156 | 21 | "Where the Heart Is" | Richard Thorpe | Dee Johnson & Meredith Stiehm | May 10, 2001 | 226271 | 23.17[176] |
| 157 | 22 | "Rampage" | Jonathan Kaplan | Story by : Jack Orman & Joe Sachs Teleplay by : Jack Orman | May 17, 2001 | 226272 | 30.72[177] |
Season 8: 2001–2002
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 158 | 1 | "Four Corners" | Christopher Misiano | Jack Orman & David Zabel | September 27, 2001 | 227251 | 28.20[178] |
| 159 | 2 | "The Longer You Stay" | Jonathan Kaplan | Jack Orman | October 4, 2001 | 227252 | 26.90[179] |
| 160 | 3 | "Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic" | Richard Thorpe | R. Scott Gemmill & Elizabeth Hunter | October 11, 2001 | 227253 | 21.68[180] |
| 161 | 4 | "Never Say Never" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | Dee Johnson | October 18, 2001 | 227254 | 26.71[181] |
| 162 | 5 | "Start All Over Again" | Vondie Curtis-Hall | Joe Sachs | October 25, 2001 | 227255 | 27.38[182] |
| 163 | 6 | "Supplies and Demands" | Jonathan Kaplan | Meredith Stiehm | November 1, 2001 | 277256 | 24.68[183] |
| 164 | 7 | "If I Should Fall from Grace" | Laura Innes | R. Scott Gemmill | November 8, 2001 | 227257 | 26.85[184] |
| 165 | 8 | "Partly Cloudy, Chance of Rain" | David Nutter | Jack Orman | November 15, 2001 | 227258 | 27.37[185] |
| 166 | 9 | "Quo Vadis?" | Richard Thorpe | Joe Sachs & David Zabel | November 22, 2001 | 227259 | 23.58[186] |
| 167 | 10 | "I'll Be Home for Christmas" | Jonathan Kaplan | Dee Johnson & Meredith Stiehm | December 13, 2001 | 227260 | 28.87[187] |
| 168 | 11 | "Beyond Repair" | Alan J. Levi | Jack Orman & R. Scott Gemmill | January 10, 2002 | 227261 | 25.42[188] |
| 169 | 12 | "A River in Egypt" | Jesús S. Treviño | David Zabel | January 17, 2002 | 227262 | 26.14[189] |
| 170 | 13 | "Damage is Done" | Nelson McCormick | Dee Johnson | January 31, 2002 | 227263 | 24.75[190] |
| 171 | 14 | "A Simple Twist of Fate" | Christopher Chulack | Jack Orman | February 7, 2002 | 227264 | 27.35[191] |
| 172 | 15 | "It's All in Your Head" | Vondie Curtis-Hall | R. Scott Gemmill | February 28, 2002 | 227265 | 24.90[192] |
| 173 | 16 | "Secrets and Lies" | Richard Thorpe | John Wells | March 7, 2002 | 227266 | 23.78[193] |
| 174 | 17 | "Bygones" | Jessica Yu | Elizabeth Hunter & Meredith Stiehm | March 28, 2002 | 227267 | 24.82[194] |
| 175 | 18 | "Orion in the Sky" | Jonathan Kaplan | David Zabel | April 4, 2002 | 227268 | 28.51[195] |
| 176 | 19 | "Brothers and Sisters" | Nelson McCormick | R. Scott Gemmill | April 25, 2002 | 227269 | 23.78[196] |
| 177 | 20 | "The Letter" | Jack Orman | Jack Orman | May 2, 2002 | 227270 | 25.79[197] |
| 178 | 21 | "On the Beach" | John Wells | John Wells | May 9, 2002 | 227271 | 28.71[198] |
| 179 | 22 | "Lockdown" | Jonathan Kaplan | Dee Johnson & Joe Sachs | May 16, 2002 | 227272 | 27.47[199] |
Season 9: 2002–2003
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 180 | 1 | "Chaos Theory" | Jonathan Kaplan | Jack Orman & R. Scott Gemmill | September 26, 2002 | 175151 | 26.72[200] |
| 181 | 2 | "Dead Again" | Richard Thorpe | Dee Johnson | October 3, 2002 | 175152 | 25.13[201] |
| 182 | 3 | "Insurrection" | Charles Haid | Yahlin Chang & Jack Orman | October 10, 2002 | 175153 | 24.74[202] |
| 183 | 4 | "Walk Like A Man" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | David Zabel | October 17, 2002 | 175154 | 25.65[203] |
| 184 | 5 | "A Hopeless Wound" | Laura Innes | Julie Hébert & Joe Sachs | October 31, 2002 | 175155 | 23.53[204] |
| 185 | 6 | "One Can Only Hope" | Jonathan Kaplan | Bruce Miller | November 7, 2002 | 175156 | 24.39[205] |
| 186 | 7 | "Tell Me Where It Hurts" | Richard Thorpe | R. Scott Gemmill | November 14, 2002 | 175157 | 24.28[206] |
| 187 | 8 | "First Snowfall" | Jack Orman | Jack Orman | November 21, 2002 | 175158 | 25.85[207] |
| 188 | 9 | "Next of Kin" | Paul McCrane | Dee Johnson | December 5, 2002 | 175159 | 23.92[208] |
| 189 | 10 | "Hindsight" | David Nutter | David Zabel | December 12, 2002 | 175160 | 22.75[209] |
| 190 | 11 | "A Little Help From My Friends" | Alan J. Levi | Julie Hébert | January 9, 2003 | 175161 | 21.52[210] |
| 191 | 12 | "A Saint in the City" | Peggy Rajski | Bruce Miller | January 16, 2003 | 175162 | 21.80[211] |
| 192 | 13 | "No Good Deed Goes Unpunished" | Nelson McCormick | R. Scott Gemmill | January 30, 2003 | 175163 | 21.90[212] |
| 193 | 14 | "No Strings Attached" | Jonathan Kaplan | Dee Johnson | February 6, 2003 | 175164 | 20.91[213] |
| 194 | 15 | "A Boy Falling Out of the Sky" | Charles Haid | R. Scott Gemmill & Yahlin Chang | February 13, 2003 | 175165 | 20.59[214] |
| 195 | 16 | "A Thousand Cranes" | Jonathan Kaplan | David Zabel | February 20, 2003 | 175166 | 22.37[215] |
| 196 | 17 | "The Advocate" | Julie Hébert | Joe Sachs | March 13, 2003 | 175167 | 20.92[216] |
| 197 | 18 | "Finders Keepers" | T.R. Babu Subramaniam | Dee Johnson | April 3, 2003 | 175168 | 18.93[217] |
| 198 | 19 | "Things Change" | Richard Thorpe | R. Scott Gemmill | April 24, 2003 | 175169 | 20.88[218] |
| 199 | 20 | "Foreign Affairs" | Jonathan Kaplan | David Zabel | May 1, 2003 | 175170 | 19.55[219] |
| 200 | 21 | "When Night Meets Day" | Jack Orman | Jack Orman | May 8, 2003 | 175171 | 21.90[220] |
| 201 | 22 | "Kisangani" | Christopher Chulack | John Wells | May 15, 2003 | 175172 | 21.61[221] |
Season 10: 2003–2004
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 202 | 1 | "Now What?" | Jonathan Kaplan | John Wells | September 25, 2003 | 176001 | 23.22[222] |
| 203 | 2 | "The Lost" | Christopher Chulack | John Wells | October 2, 2003 | 176002 | 20.77[223] |
| 204 | 3 | "Dear Abby" | Christopher Chulack | R. Scott Gemmill | October 9, 2003 | 176003 | 20.05[224] |
| 205 | 4 | "Shifts Happen" | Julie Hébert | Dee Johnson | October 23, 2003 | 176004 | 18.01[225] |
| 206 | 5 | "Out of Africa" | Jonathan Kaplan | David Zabel | October 30, 2003 | 176005 | 19.91[226] |
| 207 | 6 | "The Greater Good" | Richard Thorpe | R. Scott Gemmill | November 6, 2003 | 176006 | 20.04[227] |
| 208 | 7 | "Death and Taxes" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | Dee Johnson | November 13, 2003 | 176007 | 20.66[228] |
| 209 | 8 | "Freefall" | Christopher Chulack | Joe Sachs | November 20, 2003 | 176008 | 23.41[229] |
| 210 | 9 | "Missing" | Jonathan Kaplan | David Zabel | December 4, 2003 | 176009 | 20.72[230] |
| 211 | 10 | "Makemba" | Christopher Chulack | John Wells | December 11, 2003 | 176012 | 19.72[231] |
| 212 | 11 | "Touch and Go" | Richard Thorpe | Mark Morocco | January 8, 2004 | 176010 | 22.83[232] |
| 213 | 12 | "NICU" | Laura Innes | Lisa Zwerling | January 15, 2004 | 176011 | 21.65[233] |
| 214 | 13 | "Get Carter" | Lesli Linka Glatter | R. Scott Gemmill | February 5, 2004 | 176013 | 22.20[234] |
| 215 | 14 | "Impulse Control" | Jonathan Kaplan | Yahlin Chang | February 12, 2004 | 176014 | 21.95[235] |
| 216 | 15 | "Blood Relations" | Nelson McCormick | Dee Johnson | February 19, 2004 | 176015 | 22.83[236] |
| 217 | 16 | "Forgive and Forget" | Christopher Chulack | Bruce Miller | February 26, 2004 | 176016 | 21.87[237] |
| 218 | 17 | "The Student" | Paul McCrane | David Zabel | April 1, 2004 | 176017 | 19.24[238] |
| 219 | 18 | "Where There's Smoke" | Tawnia McKiernan | Jacy Young | April 8, 2004 | 176018 | 20.00[239] |
| 220 | 19 | "Just a Touch" | Richard Thorpe | R. Scott Gemmill | April 22, 2004 | 176019 | 19.85[240] |
| 221 | 20 | "Abby Normal" | Jonathan Kaplan | David Zabel | April 29, 2004 | 176020 | 22.03[241] |
| 222 | 21 | "Midnight" | Julie Hebért | John Wells | May 6, 2004 | 176021 | 28.37[242] |
| 223 | 22 | "Drive" | Jonathan Kaplan | Dee Johnson | May 13, 2004 | 176022 | 23.88[243] |
Season 11: 2004–2005
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 224 | 1 | "One for the Road" | Christopher Chulack | Joe Sachs | September 23, 2004 | 177851 | 19.69[244] |
| 225 | 2 | "Damaged" | Paul McCrane | David Zabel | October 7, 2004 | 177852 | 17.06[245] |
| 226 | 3 | "Try Carter" | Jonathan Kaplan | R. Scott Gemmill | October 14, 2004 | 177853 | 16.80[246] |
| 227 | 4 | "Fear" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Dee Johnson | October 21, 2004 | 177854 | 16.11[247] |
| 228 | 5 | "An Intern's Guide to the Galaxy" | Arthur Albert | Lisa Zwerling | November 4, 2004 | 177855 | 17.01[248] |
| 229 | 6 | "Time of Death" | Christopher Chulack | David Zabel | November 11, 2004 | 177856 | 19.83[249] |
| 230 | 7 | "White Guy, Dark Hair" | Nelson McCormick | Lydia Woodward | November 18, 2004 | 177857 | 18.90[250] |
| 231 | 8 | "A Shot in the Dark" | Jonathan Kaplan | Joe Sachs | December 2, 2004 | 177858 | 17.67[251] |
| 232 | 9 | "Twas the Night" | Julie Hébert | Julie Hébert | December 9, 2004 | 177859 | 18.21[252] |
| 233 | 10 | "Skin" | Stephen Cragg | Dee Johnson | January 13, 2005 | 177860 | 18.42[253] |
| 234 | 11 | "Only Connect" | Jonathan Kaplan | Yahlin Chang | January 20, 2005 | 177861 | 18.82[254] |
| 235 | 12 | "The Providers" | Christopher Chulack | David Zabel | January 27, 2005 | 177862 | 19.75[255] |
| 236 | 13 | "Middleman" | Ernest Dickerson | Lisa Zwerling | February 3, 2005 | 177863 | 18.09[256] |
| 237 | 14 | "Just As I Am" | Richard Thorpe | Lydia Woodward | February 10, 2005 | 177864 | 17.08[257] |
| 238 | 15 | "Alone in a Crowd" | Jonathan Kaplan | Dee Johnson | February 17, 2005 | 177865 | 17.74[258] |
| 239 | 16 | "Here and There" | Christopher Chulack | David Zabel | February 24, 2005 | 177866 | 16.03[259] |
| 240 | 17 | "Back in the World" | Jonathan Kaplan | David Zabel & Lisa Zwerling | March 24, 2005 | 177867 | 15.01[260] |
| 241 | 18 | "Refusal of Care" | Gloria Muzio | Joe Sachs | April 21, 2005 | 177868 | 16.05[261] |
| 242 | 19 | "Ruby Redux" | Paul McCrane | Lisa Zwerling & Lydia Woodward | April 28, 2005 | 177869 | 14.52[262] |
| 243 | 20 | "You Are Here" | Ernest Dickerson | Karen Maser & Dee Johnson | May 5, 2005 | 177870 | 15.66[263] |
| 244 | 21 | "Carter Est Amoureux" | Christopher Chulack | John Wells | May 12, 2005 | 177871 | 17.16[264] |
| 245 | 22 | "The Show Must Go On" | John Wells | David Zabel | May 19, 2005 | 177872 | 18.76[265] |
Season 12: 2005–2006
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 246 | 1 | "Cañon City" | Christopher Chulack | Lisa Zwerling, John Wells & Joe Sachs | September 22, 2005 | 2T6051 | 14.37[266] |
| 247 | 2 | "Nobody's Baby" | Laura Innes | R. Scott Gemmill | September 29, 2005 | 2T6052 | 14.44[267] |
| 248 | 3 | "Man With No Name" | Christopher Chulack | David Zabel | October 6, 2005 | 2T6053 | 14.15[268] |
| 249 | 4 | "Blame It On The Rain" | Paul McCrane | R. Scott Gemmill | October 13, 2005 | 2T6054 | 13.61[269] |
| 250 | 5 | "Wake Up" | Arthur Albert | Janine Sherman Barrois | October 20, 2005 | 2T6055 | 14.70[270] |
| 251 | 6 | "Dream House" | Stephen Cragg | David Zabel | November 3, 2005 | 2T6056 | 14.29[271] |
| 252 | 7 | "The Human Shield" | Laura Innes | R. Scott Gemmill | November 10, 2005 | 2T6057 | 15.44[272] |
| 253 | 8 | "Two Ships" | Christopher Chulack | Joe Sachs & Virgil Williams | November 17, 2005 | 2T6058 | 15.30[273] |
| 254 | 9 | "I Do" | Gloria Muzio | Lydia Woodward | December 1, 2005 | 2T6060 | 15.44[274] |
| 255 | 10 | "All About Christmas Eve" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Janine Sherman Barrois | December 8, 2005 | 2T6059 | 15.34[275] |
| 256 | 11 | "If Not Now" | John Gallagher | David Zabel | January 5, 2006 | 2T6061 | 13.97[276] |
| 257 | 12 | "Split Decisions" | Richard Thorpe | R. Scott Gemmill | January 12, 2006 | 2T6062 | 15.40[277] |
| 258 | 13 | "Body & Soul" | Paul McCrane | Joe Sachs | February 2, 2006 | 2T6064 | 13.76[278] |
| 259 | 14 | "Quintessence of Dust" | Joanna Kerns | Lisa Zwerling & David Zabel | February 9, 2006 | 2T6065 | 14.16[279] |
| 260 | 15 | "Darfur" | Richard Thorpe | Janine Sherman Barrois | March 2, 2006 | 2T6063 | 12.90[280] |
| 261 | 16 | "Out on a Limb" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Karen Maser | March 16, 2006 | 2T6066 | 13.98[281] |
| 262 | 17 | "Lost In America" | Stephen Cragg | Lisa Zwerling | March 23, 2006 | 2T6067 | 13.53[282] |
| 263 | 18 | "Strange Bedfellows" | Laura Innes | Virgil Williams | March 30, 2006 | 2T6068 | 12.78[283] |
| 264 | 19 | "No Place to Hide" | Skipp Sudduth | Lydia Woodward | April 27, 2006 | 2T6069 | 12.34[284] |
| 265 | 20 | "There Are No Angels Here" | Christopher Chulack | R. Scott Gemmill & David Zabel | May 4, 2006 | 2T6070 | 11.78[285] |
| 266 | 21 | "The Gallant Hero and The Tragic Victor" | Steve Shill | R. Scott Gemmill | May 11, 2006 | 2T6071 | 13.25[286] |
| 267 | 22 | "Twenty-One Guns" | Nelson McCormick | David Zabel | May 18, 2006 | 2T6072 | 16.56[287] |
Season 13: 2006–2007
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 268 | 1 | "Bloodline" | Stephen Cragg | Joe Sachs & David Zabel | September 21, 2006 | 2T7801 | 15.59[288] |
| 269 | 2 | "Graduation Day" | Joanna Kerns | Janine Sherman Barrois & Lisa Zwerling | September 28, 2006 | 2T7802 | 14.36[289] |
| 270 | 3 | "Somebody to Love" | Stephen Cragg | David Zabel | October 5, 2006 | 2T7803 | 14.68[290] |
| 271 | 4 | "Parenthood" | Tawnia McKiernan | R. Scott Gemmill | October 12, 2006 | 2T7804 | 14.57[291] |
| 272 | 5 | "Ames v. Kovac" [292] | Richard Thorpe | Joe Sachs | October 19, 2006 | 2T7805 | 13.72[293] |
| 273 | 6 | "Heart of the Matter" | Andrew Bernstein | Janine Sherman Barrois | November 2, 2006 | 2T7806 | 13.85[294] |
| 274 | 7 | "Jigsaw" | John Wells | Virgil Williams | November 9, 2006 | 2T7807 | 14.56[295] |
| 275 | 8 | "Reason to Believe" | Ernest Dickerson | R. Scott Gemmill & David Zabel | November 16, 2006 | 2T7808 | 12.52[296] |
| 276 | 9 | "Scoop and Run" | Stephen Cragg | Lisa Zwerling | November 23, 2006 | 2T7809 | 13.04[297] |
| 277 | 10 | "Tell Me No Secrets..." | Laura Innes | Karen Maser | November 30, 2006 | 2T7810 | 13.36[298] |
| 278 | 11 | "City of Mercy" | Stephen Cragg | David Zabel & Lisa Zwerling | December 7, 2006 | 2T7812 | 12.02[299] |
| 279 | 12 | "Breach of Trust" | Skipp Sudduth | Janine Sherman Barrois | January 4, 2007 | 2T7811 | 10.93[300] |
| 280 | 13 | "A House Divided" | Andrew Bernstein | R. Scott Gemmill | January 11, 2007 | 2T7813 | 12.18[301] |
| 281 | 14 | "Murmurs of the Heart" | Christopher Chulack | David Zabel | February 1, 2007 | 2T7814 | 11.79[302] |
| 282 | 15 | "Dying is Easy" | Tawnia McKiernan | Janine Sherman Barrois | February 8, 2007 | 2T7815 | 11.53[303] |
| 283 | 16 | "Crisis of Conscience" | Steve Shill | Lisa Zwerling | February 15, 2007 | 2T7816 | 11.60[304] |
| 284 | 17 | "From Here to Paternity" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Virgil Williams | February 22, 2007 | 2T7817 | 10.00[305] |
| 285 | 18 | "Photographs and Memories" | Stephen Cragg | Karen Maser | April 12, 2007 | 2T7818 | 9.24[306] |
| 286 | 19 | "Family Business" | Richard Thorpe | Joe Sachs | April 19, 2007 | 2T7819 | 9.31[307] |
| 287 | 20 | "Lights Out" | Terrence Nightingall | Janine Sherman Barrois | April 26, 2007 | 2T7820 | 9.52[308] |
| 288 | 21 | "I Don't" | Andrew Bernstein | David Zabel | May 3, 2007 | 2T7822 | 7.78[309] |
| 289 | 22 | "Sea Change" | Laura Innes | Lisa Zwerling | May 10, 2007 | 2T7821 | 9.39[310] |
| 290 | 23 | "The Honeymoon Is Over" | Christopher Chulack | R. Scott Gemmill & David Zabel | May 17, 2007 | 2T7823 | 9.51[311] |
Season 14: 2007–2008
| No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code | US viewers (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 291 | 1 | "The War Comes Home" | Stephen Cragg | Joe Sachs & David Zabel | September 27, 2007 | 3T6151 | 9.92[312] |
| 292 | 2 | "In a Different Light" | Richard Thorpe | Lisa Zwerling & Karen Maser | October 4, 2007 | 3T6152 | 9.09[313] |
| 293 | 3 | "Officer Down" | Christopher Chulack | Janine Sherman Barrois | October 11, 2007 | 3T6153 | 8.53[314] |
| 294 | 4 | "Gravity" | Stephen Cragg | Virgil Williams | October 18, 2007 | 3T6154 | 10.12[315] |
| 295 | 5 | "Under the Influence" | Anthony Hemingway | Joe Sachs | October 25, 2007 | 3T6155 | 9.25[316] |
| 296 | 6 | "The Test" | Félix Enríquez Alcalá | Lisa Zwerling | November 1, 2007 | 3T6156 | 9.15[317] |
| 297 | 7 | "Blackout" | Christopher Chulack | David Zabel | November 8, 2007 | 3T6157 | 8.44[318] |
| 298 | 8 | "Coming Home" | Laura Innes | David Zabel | November 15, 2007 | 3T6158 | 9.60[319] |
| 299 | 9 | "Skye's the Limit" | Paul McCrane | Karen Maser | November 29, 2007 | 3T6159 | 8.71[320] |
| 300 | 10 | "300 Patients" | John Wells | Joe Sachs & David Zabel | December 6, 2007 | 3T6160 | 8.15[321] |
| 301 | 11 | "Status Quo" | Andrew Bernstein | Janine Sherman Barrois | January 3, 2008 | 3T6161 | 9.38[322] |
| 302 | 12 | "Believe the Unseen" | Rob Hardy | Virgil Williams | January 10, 2008 | 3T6162 | 9.07[323] |
| 303 | 13 | "Atonement" | Stephen Cragg | Lisa Zwerling | January 17, 2008 | 3T6163 | 8.92[324] |
| 304 | 14 | "Owner of a Broken Heart" | Christopher Chulack | David Zabel & Joe Sachs | April 10, 2008 | 3T6164 | 7.52[325] |
| 305 | 15 | "…As the Day She Was Born" | Tawnia McKiernan | Shannon Goss | April 17, 2008 | 3T6165 | 7.82[326] |
| 306 | 16 | "Truth Will Out" | Andrew Bernstein | Story by : Karen Maser Teleplay by : Karen Maser & Lisa Zwerling | April 24, 2008 | 3T6166 | 7.53[327] |
| 307 | 17 | "Under Pressure" | Stephen Cragg | Janine Sherman Barrois | May 1, 2008 | 3T6167 | 7.81[328] |
| 308 | 18 | "Tandem Repeats" | Anthony Hemingway | Virgil Williams | May 8, 2008 | 3T6168 | 7.56[329] |
| 309 | 19 | "The Chicago Way" | Christopher Chulack | David Zabel & Lisa Zwerling | May 15, 2008 | 3T6169 | 8.43[330] |
Season 15: 2008–2009
| Season # | Series # | Title | Writer(s) | Director | Original airdate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 310 | "Life After Death" | Joe Sachs | Christopher Misiano | September 25, 2008 | |
|
Gates hurries to the scene of the ambulance explosion after learning it was Pratt, not Sam, in the ambulance. Pratt is rushed back to County suffering from blast injuries, where the ER staff work to stabilize him. Eventually, a carotid tear develops, and he dies. Meanwhile, Abby misdiagnoses a patient, and talks about her plans to leave Chicago with Luka, while Morris must pick up the pieces after Pratt's death. | ||||||
| 2 | 311 | "Another Thursday at County" | TBA | TBA | October 9, 2008 | |
|
A new batch of interns as well as the new head of the ER arrive for their first day at County, whilst adjusting a bio-terrorist with a bag full of Ricin is admitted with a broken leg. | ||||||
| 3 | 312 | "The Book Of Abby" | TBA | TBA | October 16, 2008 | |
|
TBA | ||||||
| 4 | 313 | "Parental Guidance" | TBA | TBA | October 23, 2008 | |
|
TBA | ||||||
| 5 | 314 | "Haunted" | TBA | TBA | October 30, 2008 | |
|
TBA | ||||||
| 6 | 315 | "Oh Brother" | TBA | TBA | TBA | |
|
TBA | ||||||
| 7 | 316 | "Heal Thyself" | TBA | TBA | November 13, 2008 | |
|
TBA | ||||||
| 8 | 319 | "Age of Innocence" | TBA | TBA | TBA | |
|
TBA | ||||||
| 9 | 320 | "Let it Snow" | TBA | TBA | TBA | |
|
TBA | ||||||
| 10 | 321 | "The High Holiday" | TBA | TBA | TBA | |
|
TBA | ||||||
External links
- ER's official episode guide "Seasons 1-11"
- ER's official episode guide "Seasons 12-present"
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