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m The previous author cites Birley incorrectly. Page 48 of Birley's article only mentions Verterae in relation to ’summit’ while on p 34 he equates the two places (but not the two names). |
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{{Short description|Roman era fort in England with minor remaining ruins}} |
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{{Infobox military installation |
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'''Lavatrae ''', also known as '''Lavatris''', was a Roman fort in the modern-day village of [[Bowes]], [[County Durham]], England. |
'''Lavatrae ''', also known as '''Lavatris''', was a Roman fort in the modern-day village of [[Bowes]], [[County Durham]], England. The medieval [[Bowes Castle]] was built within the perimeter of the fort. |
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==Roman period== |
==Roman period== |
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The Romans built a fort with wooden ramparts at Lavatrae in the early AD 70s, after an invasion of the region by Governor Petilius Cerealis.<ref name=Swaledale/> It was intended as a waypoint on the northern leg of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] equivalent of [[Watling Street]] in the section connecting [[Luguvalium]] ([[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]]) to [[Eboracum]] ([[York]]) and points south. It guarded the eastern entrance to the [[ |
The Romans built a fort with wooden ramparts at Lavatrae in the early AD 70s, after an invasion of the region by Governor Petilius Cerealis.<ref name=Swaledale/> It was intended as a waypoint on the northern leg of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] equivalent of [[Watling Street]] in the section connecting [[Luguvalium]] ([[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]]) to [[Eboracum]] ([[York]]) and points south. It guarded the eastern entrance to the [[Stainmore]] Pass through the [[Pennines]], overlooking the River Greta.<ref name="Swaledale"/> The name Verterae, arguably another name for "Lavatrae", meant "summit".<ref>{{harvnb|Birley |1958|p=48}}</ref> |
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Stone walls were built around the site in the 130s, and an external settlement called a ''vicus'' was constructed to the north of the fort, with a bathhouse to the south-east.<ref name=Swaledale/> The bathhouse was {{convert|30|by|20|ft}}, tiled and appears to have been destroyed in a fire, and then rebuilt.<ref name=Pastscape>{{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/events.aspx?a=0&hob_id=17561&pnt=y|title=Bowes Roman Fort, Investigation History|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|access-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> The fort and the ''vicus'' were occupied until at least the late 4th century.<ref name=Swaledale>{{cite web|url=http://www.swaag.org/DB_VIEW_Specific%20Record%20Number2.php?swaagrec=532|title= Roman Forts at Greta Bridge, Bowes and Brough and the Marching Camp at Stainmore Summit|publisher=Swaledale and Arkengarthdale Archaeology Group|mode=cs2|access-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> |
Stone walls were built around the site in the 130s, and an external settlement called a ''vicus'' was constructed to the north of the fort, with a bathhouse to the south-east.<ref name=Swaledale/> The bathhouse was {{convert|30|by|20|ft}}, tiled and appears to have been destroyed in a fire, and then rebuilt.<ref name=Pastscape>{{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/events.aspx?a=0&hob_id=17561&pnt=y|title=Bowes Roman Fort, Investigation History|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|access-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> The fort and the ''vicus'' were occupied until at least the late 4th century.<ref name=Swaledale>{{cite web|url=http://www.swaag.org/DB_VIEW_Specific%20Record%20Number2.php?swaagrec=532|title= Roman Forts at Greta Bridge, Bowes and Brough and the Marching Camp at Stainmore Summit|publisher=Swaledale and Arkengarthdale Archaeology Group|mode=cs2|access-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> |
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==Post-Roman period== |
==Post-Roman period== |
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| ⚫ | The bathhouse was excavated in the 19th century.<ref name=Pastscape/> Minor archaeological investigations were undertaken in 1923, while the Office of Works was carrying out repairs on the medieval castle, with more deliberate investigations of the Roman fort being carried out in 1954, 1966–67, 1970, 1988, 1990 and 2009.<ref name=Pastscape/><ref>{{harvnb|Birley |1958|pp=31–32}}</ref> Cambridge Museum of Archaeology has a stone altar from the bathhouse, erected by the 1st Cohort of the Thracians.<ref name=Pastscape/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/730|title=RIB 730. Altar dedicated to Fortune|website=Romaninscriptionsofbritain.org|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The bathhouse was excavated in the 19th century.<ref name=Pastscape/> Minor archaeological investigations were undertaken in 1923, while the Office of Works was carrying out repairs on the medieval castle, with more deliberate investigations of the Roman fort being carried out in 1954, 1966–67, 1970, 1988, 1990 and 2009.<ref name=Pastscape/><ref>{{harvnb|Birley |1958|pp=31–32}}</ref> |
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Only earthworks and the parts of the stone walls of the bathhouse survive in the 21st century.<ref name=Pastscape/> |
Only earthworks and the parts of the stone walls of the bathhouse survive in the 21st century.<ref name=Pastscape/> |
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| journal= Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society |
| journal= Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society |
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| pages= 31–56 |
| pages= 31–56 |
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| ref = harv |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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[[Category:Roman sites in County Durham]] |
[[Category:Roman sites in County Durham]] |
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[[Category:Roman |
[[Category:Roman fortifications in England]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:48, 27 February 2024
| Lavatrae | |
|---|---|
| Bowes, County Durham, England | |
| Coordinates | 54°31′00″N 2°00′49″W / 54.5168°N 2.0136°W |
| Type | Castra |
| Site information | |
| Condition | Earthworks only survive |
Lavatrae , also known as Lavatris, was a Roman fort in the modern-day village of Bowes, County Durham, England. The medieval Bowes Castle was built within the perimeter of the fort.
Roman period[edit]
The Romans built a fort with wooden ramparts at Lavatrae in the early AD 70s, after an invasion of the region by Governor Petilius Cerealis.[1] It was intended as a waypoint on the northern leg of the Roman equivalent of Watling Street in the section connecting Luguvalium (Carlisle) to Eboracum (York) and points south. It guarded the eastern entrance to the Stainmore Pass through the Pennines, overlooking the River Greta.[1] The name Verterae, arguably another name for "Lavatrae", meant "summit".[2]
Stone walls were built around the site in the 130s, and an external settlement called a vicus was constructed to the north of the fort, with a bathhouse to the south-east.[1] The bathhouse was 30 by 20 feet (9.1 by 6.1 m), tiled and appears to have been destroyed in a fire, and then rebuilt.[3] The fort and the vicus were occupied until at least the late 4th century.[1]
Post-Roman period[edit]
The bathhouse was excavated in the 19th century.[3] Minor archaeological investigations were undertaken in 1923, while the Office of Works was carrying out repairs on the medieval castle, with more deliberate investigations of the Roman fort being carried out in 1954, 1966–67, 1970, 1988, 1990 and 2009.[3][4] Cambridge Museum of Archaeology has a stone altar from the bathhouse, erected by the 1st Cohort of the Thracians.[3][5]
Only earthworks and the parts of the stone walls of the bathhouse survive in the 21st century.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d "Roman Forts at Greta Bridge, Bowes and Brough and the Marching Camp at Stainmore Summit", Swaledale and Arkengarthdale Archaeology Group, retrieved 2 January 2016
- ^ Birley 1958, p. 48
- ^ a b c d e "Bowes Roman Fort, Investigation History", Historic England, retrieved 2 January 2016
- ^ Birley 1958, pp. 31–32
- ^ "RIB 730. Altar dedicated to Fortune". Romaninscriptionsofbritain.org. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
Bibliography[edit]
- Birley, Eric (1958). "The Roman fort at Brough-under-Stainmore". Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society: 31–56.