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{{short description|Diacritical mark}}
{{short description|Diacritical mark}}
{{About|single dot diacritics|diaeresis, umlaut etc |two dots (diacritic)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Virama|் (virama)]], a letter with the same look, position, and use in [[Tamil alphabet|Tamil]]}}
{{Infobox diacritic|char=◌̇  ◌̣
{{Infobox diacritic|char=◌̇  ◌̣
|name=Dot
|name=Dot
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}}
}}
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters}}
When used as a [[diacritic]] mark, the term '''dot''' is usually reserved for the ''[[interpunct]]'' ( · ), or to the [[glyph]]s "combining dot above" ( ◌̇ ) and "combining dot below" ( ◌̣ )
{{Orthography notation}}
⚫
which may be combined with some [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]]s of the extended [[Latin alphabet]]s in use in Central European languages and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]].
When used as a [[diacritic]] mark, the term '''dot''' refers to the [[glyph]]s "combining dot above" (<span style="font-family: serif">{{char|◌̇}})</span>, <!-- This sample uses <span style="font-family: serif"> because of rendering limitation in Android (as of v13), that its default sans font fails to render "dotted circle + diacritic", so visitors just get a meaningless (to most) [X] mark. Please retain at least until the issue is resolved because this is a very large proportion of visitors. --> and "combining dot below" (<span style="font-family: serif">{{char|◌̣}})</span>

⚫
which may be combined with some [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]]s of the extended [[Latin alphabet]]s in use in
==Dots==
a variety of languages. Similar marks are used with other scripts.
⚫
===Overdot===
{{See also|Anusvara}}


⚫
==Overdot==
Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark:
Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark:


* In some forms of [[romanization of Arabic|'''Arabic romanization''']], {{transliteration|sem|[[ġ]]}} stands for ''[[ghayin]]'' (غ); {{transliteration|sem|ḳ}} stands for [[qoph|qāf]] (ق).
* In some forms of [[romanization of Arabic|Arabic romanization]], {{transliteration|sem|[[ġ]]}} stands for ''[[ghayin]]'' (غ).
* The Latin orthography for [[Chechen language|Chechen]] includes ċ, ç̇, ġ, q̇, and ẋ.
* The Latin orthography for [[Chechen language|Chechen]] includes ''ċ'', ''ç̇'', ''ġ'', ''q̇'', and ''ẋ''.
* In [[Emilian-Romagnol language|Emilian-Romagnol]], ''ṅ ṡ ż'' are used to represent {{IPA|[ŋ, z, ð]}}.
* [[Irish orthography#Alphabet|Traditional Irish typography]], where the dot denotes [[lenition]], and is called a {{lang|ga|ponc séimhithe}} or {{lang|ga|buailte}} "dot of lenition": ''ḃ ċ ḋ ḟ ġ ṁ ṗ ṡ ṫ''. Alternatively, lenition may be represented by a following letter ''h'', thus: ''bh ch dh fh gh mh ph sh th''. In [[Old Irish]] orthography, the dot was used only for ''ḟ ṡ'', while the following ''h'' was used for ''ch ph th''; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other. Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in [[Insular script|Gaelic script]] and the following ''h'' when writing in [[Antiqua (typeface class)|antiqua]]. Thus ''ċ'' and ''ch'' represent the same phonetic element in Modern Irish.
* [[Irish orthography#Alphabet|Traditional Irish typography]], where the dot denotes [[lenition]], and is called a {{lang|ga|ponc séimhithe}} or {{lang|ga|buailte}} "dot of lenition": ''ḃ ċ ḋ ḟ ġ ṁ ṗ ṡ ṫ''. Alternatively, lenition may be represented by a following letter ''h'', thus: ''bh ch dh fh gh mh ph sh th''. In [[Old Irish]] orthography, the dot was used only for ''ḟ ṡ'', while the following ''h'' was used for ''ch ph th''; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other. Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in [[Insular script|Gaelic script]] and the following ''h'' when writing in [[Antiqua (typeface class)|antiqua]]. Thus ''ċ'' and ''ch'' represent the same phonetic element in Modern Irish.
* {{lang-lt|ė}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[eː]}}, as opposed to ''ę'', which is pronounced a lower {{IPA|[æː]}} (formerly [[nasal vowel|nasalised]]), or ''e'', pronounced {{IPA|[ɛ, æː]}}.
* {{lang-lt|ė}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[eː]}}, as opposed to ''ę'', which is pronounced a lower {{IPA|[æː]}} (formerly [[nasal vowel|nasalised]]), or ''e'', pronounced {{IPA|[ɛ, æː]}}.
* [[Livonian language|Livonian]] uses ȯ as one of its eight vowels.
* [[Livonian language|Livonian]] uses ''ȯ'' as one of its eight vowels.
* {{lang-mt|ċ}} is used for a [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]], ''ġ'' for a [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]], and ''ż'' for a [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|voiced alveolar sibilant]].
* {{lang-mt|ċ}} is used for a [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]], ''ġ'' for a [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]], and ''ż'' for a [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|voiced alveolar sibilant]].
* [[Middle English]]: ''ẏ'' was sometimes used to distinguish etymological ''y'' from the glyph's use as a replacement for ''[[þ]]'', which did not exist in early press typographies.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}<!-- Apparently [[William Caxton]] did in fact use þ -->
* [[Old English]]: In modernized orthography, ''ċ'' is used for a [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]] {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, ''ġ'' for a [[palatal approximant]] {{IPA|/j/}} (probably a [[voiced palatal fricative]] {{IPA|/ʝ/}} in the earliest texts), and (more rarely) ''sċ'' for a [[voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and ''cġ'' for a [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]] {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}.
* [[Old English]]: In modernized orthography, ''ċ'' is used for a [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]] {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, ''ġ'' for a [[palatal approximant]] {{IPA|/j/}} (probably a [[voiced palatal fricative]] {{IPA|/ʝ/}} in the earliest texts), and (more rarely) ''sċ'' for a [[voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and ''cġ'' for a [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]] {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}.
* {{lang-pl|ż}} is used for a [[voiced retroflex sibilant]] {{IPA|/ʐ/}}.
* {{lang-pl|ż}} is used for a [[voiced retroflex sibilant]] {{IPA|/ʐ/}}.
* The [[Siouan languages|Sioux]] languages such as [[Lakota language|Lakota]], [[Osage language|Osage]], and [[Crow language|Crow]] sometimes use the dot above to indicate [[ejective consonant|ejective stops]].
* The [[Siouan languages|Sioux]] languages such as [[Lakota language|Lakota]], [[Osage language|Osage]], and [[Crow language|Crow]] sometimes use the dot above to indicate [[ejective consonant|ejective stops]].
* In the [[Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]] orthography for the [[Cree language|Cree]], [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]], and [[Inuktitut]] languages, a dot above a symbol signifies that the symbol's vowel should be a long vowel—the equivalent effect using the Roman orthography is achieved by doubling the vowel (ᒥ = mi, ᒦ = mii ), placing a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]] over the vowel (ᑲ = ka, ᑳ = kā), or placing a [[circumflex]] over the vowel (ᓄ = no, ᓅ = nô).
* In the [[Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]] orthography for the [[Cree language|Cree]], [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]], and [[Inuktitut]] languages, a dot above a symbol signifies that the symbol's vowel should be a long vowel—the equivalent effect using the Roman orthography is achieved by doubling the vowel (ᒥ = mi, ᒦ = mii), placing a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]] over the vowel (ᑲ = ka, ᑳ = kā), or placing a [[circumflex]] over the vowel (ᓄ = no, ᓅ = nô).
* In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], the dot above lowercase ''[[i]]'' and ''[[j]]'' (and uppercase ''[[I-dot|İ]]'') is not regarded as an independent diacritic but as an integral part of the letter. It is called a [[tittle]]. [[Dotless I|I without an overdot]] is a separate letter.
* In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], the dot above lowercase ''[[i]]'' and ''[[j]]'' (and uppercase ''[[I-dot|İ]]'') is not regarded as an independent diacritic but as an integral part of the letter. It is called a [[tittle]]. [[Dotless I|I without an overdot]] is a separate letter.
* In the [[Rheinische Dokumenta]] phonetic writing system overdots denote a special pronunciation of ''r''.
* In the [[Rheinische Dokumenta]] phonetic writing system overdots denote a special pronunciation of ''r''.
* The [[Ulithian language|Ulithian]] alphabet includes ȧ, ė, and ȯ.<ref name="p169_ungegn">{{cite book | url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/pubs/UNGEGN%20tech%20ref%20manual_m87_combined.pdf | title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names | author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names | author-link=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names | year=2007 | publisher=United Nations | location=New York | pages=169 | isbn=978-92-1-161500-5}}</ref>
* The [[Ulithian language|Ulithian]] alphabet includes ''ȧ'', ''ė'', and ''ȯ''.<ref name="p169_ungegn">{{cite book | url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/pubs/UNGEGN%20tech%20ref%20manual_m87_combined.pdf | title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names | author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names | author-link=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names | year=2007 | publisher=United Nations | location=New York | pages=169 | isbn=978-92-1-161500-5}}</ref>
* The [[ISO 9]] (1968) [[Romanization of Cyrillic]] uses ''ė'', ''ḟ'', and ''ẏ''.
* The [[ISO 9]] (1968) [[Romanization of Cyrillic]] uses ''ė'', ''ḟ'', and ''ẏ''.
* In the [[ISO 259]] [[Romanization of Hebrew]], the overdot is used to transcribe the [[dagesh]]: {{angbr|''ḃ ḋ ġ ḣ ṁ ṅ ṙ ṡ ṥ ṧ ṩ ṫ''}}; {{angbr|''ẇ''}} transcribes the shuruk.
* In the [[ISO 259]] [[Romanization of Hebrew]], the overdot is used to transcribe the [[dagesh]]: {{angbr|''ḃ ḋ ġ ḣ ṁ ṅ ṙ ṡ ṥ ṧ ṩ ṫ''}}; {{angbr|''ẇ''}} transcribes the shuruk.
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* In the [[Venda language]], ''ṅ'' is used to represent {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.
* In the [[Venda language]], ''ṅ'' is used to represent {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.
* Some countries use the overdot as a [[decimal mark]].
* Some countries use the overdot as a [[decimal mark]].
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* The overdot is also used in the [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]], where it is called [[anusvara]].

⚫
The overdot is also used in the [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]], where it is called [[anusvara]].


In [[mathematics]] and [[physics]], when using [[Notation for differentiation#Newton's notation|Newton's notation]] the dot denotes the [[time derivative]] as in <math>v=\dot{x}</math>. In addition, the overdot is one way used to indicate an [[repeating decimal|infinitely repeating set of numbers in decimal notation]], as in <math>0.\dot{3}</math>, which is equal to the fraction {{frac|1|3}}, and <math>0.\dot{1}\dot{4}\dot{2}\dot{8}\dot{5}\dot{7}</math> or <math>0.\dot{1}4285\dot{7}</math>, which is equal to [[142857 (number)|{{frac|1|7}}]].
In [[mathematics]] and [[physics]], when using [[Notation for differentiation#Newton's notation|Newton's notation]] the dot denotes the [[time derivative]] as in <math>v=\dot{x}</math>. In addition, the overdot is one way used to indicate an [[repeating decimal|infinitely repeating set of numbers in decimal notation]], as in <math>0.\dot{3}</math>, which is equal to the fraction {{frac|1|3}}, and <math>0.\dot{1}\dot{4}\dot{2}\dot{8}\dot{5}\dot{7}</math> or <math>0.\dot{1}4285\dot{7}</math>, which is equal to [[142857 (number)|{{frac|1|7}}]].


===Underdot===
==Underdot==
{{Redirect-distinguish|Ị|exclamation mark}}
{{See also|Nukta}}

* In a number of languages, an underdot indicates a [[Raising (sound change)|raised]] or [[Vowel#Height|relatively high]] vowel, often the counterpart of a lower vowel marked with an [[ogonek]] or left unmarked.
* In a number of languages, an underdot indicates a [[Raising (sound change)|raised]] or [[Vowel#Height|relatively high]] vowel, often the counterpart of a lower vowel marked with an [[ogonek]] or left unmarked.
** In [[Rotuman language|Rotuman]], "ạ" represents /ɔ/.
** In [[Rotuman language|Rotuman]], ''ạ'' represents /ɔ/.
** In [[Romagnol dialect|Romagnol]], ''ẹ ọ'' are used to represent [e, o], e.g. part of Riminese dialect ''fradẹll, ọcc'' {{IPA|[fraˈdell, ˈotʃː]}} "brothers, eyes".
** In [[Romagnol dialect|Romagnol]], ''ẹ ọ'' are used to represent [e, o], e.g. part of Riminese dialect ''fradẹll, ọcc'' {{IPA|[fraˈdell, ˈotʃː]}} "brothers, eyes".
** In academic notation of [[Old Latin]], ''ẹ̄'' (''e'' with underdot and macron) represents the long vowel, probably {{IPAslink|eː}}, that developed from the early Old Latin diphthong ''ei''. This vowel usually became ''ī'' in [[Classical Latin]].
** In academic notation of [[Old Latin]], ''ẹ̄'' (''e'' with underdot and macron) represents the long vowel, probably {{IPAslink|eː}}, that developed from the early Old Latin diphthong ''ei''. This vowel usually became ''ī'' in [[Classical Latin]].
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** Academic transcription of [[Middle English]] uses the same conventions as Vulgar Latin above.
** Academic transcription of [[Middle English]] uses the same conventions as Vulgar Latin above.
** In academic transcription of [[Serbo-Croatian dialects]], ''ẹ ọ ạ'' (typically {{IPAslink|e}} {{IPAslink|o}} {{IPAslink|ɐ}}) represent higher vowels than standard ''e o a'', and the first two often contrast with lower vowels marked with a [[comma below]], ''e̦ o̦'' (typically {{IPAslink|ɛ}} {{IPAslink|ɔ}}).
** In academic transcription of [[Serbo-Croatian dialects]], ''ẹ ọ ạ'' (typically {{IPAslink|e}} {{IPAslink|o}} {{IPAslink|ɐ}}) represent higher vowels than standard ''e o a'', and the first two often contrast with lower vowels marked with a [[comma below]], ''e̦ o̦'' (typically {{IPAslink|ɛ}} {{IPAslink|ɔ}}).
* In [[Inari Sami language|Inari Sami]], an underdot denotes a half-long voiced consonant: ''đ̣, j̣, ḷ, ṃ, ṇ, ṇj, ŋ̣, ṛ'', and ''ṿ''. The underdot is used in dictionaries, textbooks, and linguistic publications only.
* In [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sami]], an underdot denotes a half-long voiced consonant: ''đ̣, j̣, ḷ, ṃ, ṇ, ṇj, ŋ̣, ṛ'', and ''ṿ''. The underdot is used in dictionaries, textbooks, and linguistic publications only.
* In [[IAST]] and [[National Library at Calcutta romanization]], transcribing [[languages of India]], a dot below a letter distinguishes the [[retroflex consonant]]s ''ṭ, ḍ, ṛ, ḷ, ṇ, ṣ'', while ''m'' with underdot (''ṃ'') signifies an ''[[anusvara]]'' and ''h'' with underdot (''ḥ'') signifies a ''[[visarga]]''. Very frequently (in modern transliterations of Sanskrit) an underdot is used instead of the [[ring (diacritic)]] below the vocalic ''r'' and ''l''.
* In [[IAST]] and [[National Library at Calcutta romanization]], transcribing [[languages of India]], a dot below a letter distinguishes the [[retroflex consonant]]s ''ṭ, ḍ, ṛ, ḷ, ṇ, ṣ'', while ''m'' with underdot (''ṃ'') signifies an ''[[anusvara]]'' and ''h'' with underdot (''ḥ'') signifies a ''[[visarga]]''. Very frequently (in modern transliterations of Sanskrit) an underdot is used instead of the [[ring (diacritic)]] below the vocalic ''r'' and ''l''.
* In romanizations of some [[Afroasiatic languages]], particularly [[Semitic Languages]] and [[Berber Languages]], an underdot indicates an [[emphatic consonant]]. The romanization of Arabic uses {{angbr|''ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ''}}.
* In romanizations of some [[Afroasiatic languages]], particularly [[Semitic Languages]] and [[Berber Languages]], an underdot indicates an [[emphatic consonant]]. The romanization of Arabic uses {{angbr|''ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ''}}.
* In the [[DIN 31636]] and [[ALA-LC]] [[Romanization of Hebrew]], ''ṿ'' represents vav ([[ו]]), while ''v'' without the underdot represents beth ([[ב]]). ''ḳ'' represents qoph ([[ק]])
* In the [[DIN 31636]] and [[ALA-LC]] [[Romanization of Hebrew]], ''ṿ'' represents vav ([[ו]]), while ''v'' without the underdot represents beth ([[ב]]). ''ḳ'' represents qoph ([[ק]]) while ''k'' represents kaph ([[כ]]). ḥ represents chet ([[Heth|ח]]).
* The underdot is also used in the PDA orthography for Domari to show pharyngealization—the underdotted consonants {{angbr|''ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ''}} represent the emphaticized sounds {{IPA|/d̪ˤ ħ sˤ t̪ˤ zˤ/}}.
* The underdot is also used in the PDA orthography for Domari to show pharyngealization—the underdotted consonants {{angbr|''ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ''}} represent the emphaticized sounds {{IPA|/d̪ˤ ħ sˤ t̪ˤ zˤ/}}.
*In [[Asturian language|Asturian]], ''[[ḷ]][[ḷ]]'' (underdotted double ''ll'') represents the [[voiced retroflex plosive]] or the [[voiceless retroflex affricate]], depending on dialect, and ''ḥ'' (underdotted ''h'') the [[voiceless glottal fricative]].
*In [[Asturian language|Asturian]], ''[[ḷḷ]]'' (underdotted double ''ll'') represents the [[voiced retroflex plosive]] or the [[voiceless retroflex affricate]], depending on dialect, and ''ḥ'' (underdotted ''h'') the [[voiceless glottal fricative]].
*In [[O'odham language]], ''[[Ḍ]]'' (''d'' with underdot) represents a [[voiced retroflex stop]].
*In [[O'odham language]], ''[[Ḍ]]'' (''d'' with underdot) represents a [[voiced retroflex stop]].
* [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: The ''nặng'' [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] (low, glottal) is represented with a dot below the base vowel: ''ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ''.
* [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: The ''nặng'' [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] (low, glottal) is represented with a dot below the base vowel: ''ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ''.
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* In [[Kalabari language|Kalabari]], ''ḅ'' and ''ḍ'' are used.
* In [[Kalabari language|Kalabari]], ''ḅ'' and ''ḍ'' are used.
* In [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]], underdots on consonants represent velarization, such as the velarized bilabial nasal ''ṃ''.
* In [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]], underdots on consonants represent velarization, such as the velarized bilabial nasal ''ṃ''.
⚫
* UNGEGN romanization of [[Urdu]] includes ''ḍ, g̣, ḳ, ṭ, ẉ'', and ''ỵ''.<ref name="p169_ungegn"/>
* In [[Old Irish typography]] the letters ḃ, ḋ and ṫ are some times written as ḅ, ḍ and ṭ.
⚫
* UNGEGN romanization of [[Urdu]] includes ḍ, g̣, ḳ, ṭ, ẉ, and ỵ.<ref name="p169_ungegn"/>
* In [[Mizo language|Mizo]], ''ṭ'' represents {{IPA|/t͡r/}}.
* In [[Mizo language|Mizo]], ''ṭ'' represents {{IPA|/t͡r/}}.
* The underdot is also used in the [[Devanagari script]], where it is called [[nukta]].
* The underdot is also used in the [[Devanagari script]], where it is called [[nukta]].


==Raised dot and middle dot <span class="anchor" id="Raised dot"></span>==
===Raised dot===
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* In [[Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]], in addition to the [[interpunct|middle dot]] as a letter, centred dot diacritic, and dot above diacritic, there also is a [[two dots (diacritic)|two-dot diacritic]] in the [[Naskapi language]] representing /_w_V/ which depending on the placement on the specific Syllabic letter may resemble a colon when placed vertically, [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] when placed horizontally, or a combination of middle dot and dot above diacritic when placed either at an angle or enveloping a small raised letter {{char|ᓴ}}. Additionally, in [[Northwestern Ojibwe language|Northwestern Ojibwe]], a small raised /wi/ as /w/, the middle dot is raised farther up as either {{char|ᣜ}} or {{char|ᣝ}}; there also is a raised dot [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics#"Finals", or reduced letters|"Final"]] ({{char|ᣟ}}), which represents /w/ in some [[Swampy Cree language|Swampy Cree]] and /y/ in some Northwestern Ojibwe.

{{See also|Interpunct}}
* Number digits in [[Enclosed Alphanumerics]]: ''{{not a typo|🄀 ⒈ ⒉ ⒊ ⒋ ⒌ ⒍ ⒎ ⒏ ⒐}}''
⚫
* In [[Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]], in addition to the middle dot as a letter, centred dot diacritic, and dot above diacritic, there also is a two-dot diacritic in the [[Naskapi language]] representing /_w_V/ which depending on the placement on the specific Syllabic letter may resemble a colon when placed vertically, [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] when placed horizontally, or a combination of middle dot and dot above diacritic when placed either at an angle or enveloping a small raised letter {{angbr|ᓴ}}. Additionally, in [[Northwestern Ojibwe language|Northwestern Ojibwe]], a small raised /wi/ as /w/, the middle dot is raised farther up as either {{angbr|ᣜ}} or {{angbr|ᣝ}}; there also is a raised dot Final {{angbr|ᣟ}}, which represents /w/ in some [[Swampy Cree language|Swampy Cree]] and /y/ in some Northwestern Ojibwe.


== Letters with dot ==
== Letters with dot ==
<div style="line-height:2em;">
{{Letters with dot}}
{{Letters with diacritic/header}}<!--
-->{{hlist|{{Letters with diacritic/diacritic|format=char|d=dot}}<!--
-->{{Letters with diacritic/scriptname|1=Latin}}[[Ȧ|Ȧ{{NNBSP}}ȧ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ǡ|Ǡ{{NNBSP}}ǡ]]
| [[Ạ|Ạ{{NNBSP}}ạ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ậ|Ậ{{NNBSP}}ậ]]
| [[Ặ]]{{NBSP}}ặ
| [[Ḃ|Ḃ{{NNBSP}}ḃ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ḅ|Ḅ{{NNBSP}}ḅ]]
| [[Ċ|Ċ{{NNBSP}}ċ]]{{NBSP}}C̣{{NBSP}}c̣
| Ç̇{{NBSP}}ç̇{{NBSP}}Ć̣{{NBSP}}ć̣
| Č̣{{NBSP}}č̣{{NBSP}}[[Ꜿ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ꜿ|ꜿ]]
| [[Ḋ|Ḋ{{NNBSP}}ḋ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ḍ|Ḍ{{NNBSP}}ḍ]]
| [[Ė|Ė{{NNBSP}}ė]]{{NBSP}}Ė́{{NBSP}}ė́
| Ė̃{{NBSP}}ė̃{{NBSP}}[[Ẹ|Ẹ{{NNBSP}}ẹ]]
| [[Ệ]]{{NBSP}}ệ
| [[Ḟ|Ḟ{{NNBSP}}ḟ]]{{NBSP}}F̣{{NBSP}}f̣
| [[Ġ|Ġ{{NNBSP}}ġ]]{{NBSP}}G̣{{NBSP}}g̣
| [[Ḣ|Ḣ{{NNBSP}}ḣ]]{{NBSP}}[[Visarga|Ḥ]]{{NBSP}}ḥ
| [[İ]]
| i̇̀{{NBSP}}i̇́{{NBSP}}i̇̃{{NBSP}}į̇́{{NBSP}}į̇̃
| [[Ị|Ị{{NNBSP}}ị]]{{NBSP}}
| J̣{{NBSP}}j̣
| K̇{{NBSP}}k̇{{NBSP}}[[Ḳ|Ḳ{{NNBSP}}ḳ]]
| L̇{{NBSP}}l̇{{NBSP}}[[Ḷ|Ḷ{{NNBSP}}ḷ]]
| [[Ḹ|Ḹ{{NNBSP}}ḹ]]{{NBSP}}Ŀ{{NBSP}}ŀ
| [[Ṁ|Ṁ{{NNBSP}}ṁ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ṃ|Ṃ{{NNBSP}}ṃ]]
| [[Ṅ|Ṅ{{NNBSP}}ṅ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ṇ|Ṇ{{NNBSP}}ṇ]]
| [[Ȯ|Ȯ{{NNBSP}}ȯ]]{{NBSP}}[[O͘|O͘{{NNBSP}}o]] ͘
| [[Ọ|Ọ{{NNBSP}}ọ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ộ|Ộ{{NNBSP}}ộ]]
| [[Ȱ|Ȱ{{NNBSP}}ȱ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ợ|Ợ{{NNBSP}}ợ]]
| [[Ṗ|Ṗ{{NNBSP}}ṗ]]{{NBSP}}P̣{{NBSP}}p̣
| Q̇{{NBSP}}q̇{{NBSP}}Q̣{{NBSP}}q̣
| Q̣̇{{NBSP}}q̣̇{{NBSP}}Q̣̈{{NBSP}}q̣̈
| [[Ṙ|Ṙ{{NNBSP}}ṙ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ṛ|Ṛ{{NNBSP}}ṛ]]
| [[Ṝ|Ṝ{{NNBSP}}ṝ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ṡ|Ṡ{{NNBSP}}ṡ]]
| ẛ{{NBSP}}Ṡ̃{{NBSP}}ṡ̃
| [[Ṣ|Ṣ{{NNBSP}}ṣ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ṥ|Ṥ{{NNBSP}}ṥ]]
| [[Ṧ|Ṧ{{NNBSP}}ṧ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ṩ|Ṩ{{NNBSP}}ṩ]]
| [[Ṫ|Ṫ{{NNBSP}}ṫ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ṭ|Ṭ{{NNBSP}}ṭ]]
| U̇{{NBSP}}u̇{{NBSP}}U̇̄{{NBSP}}u̇̄
| [[Ụ|Ụ{{NNBSP}}ụ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ự|Ự{{NNBSP}}ự]]
| V̇{{NBSP}}v̇{{NBSP}}[[Ṿ|Ṿ{{NNBSP}}ṿ]]
| [[Ẇ|Ẇ{{NNBSP}}ẇ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ẉ|Ẉ{{NNBSP}}ẉ]]
| [[Ẋ|Ẋ{{NNBSP}}ẋ]]{{NBSP}}[[X̣|X̣{{NNBSP}}x̣]]
| [[Ẏ|Ẏ{{NNBSP}}ẏ]]{{NBSP}}[[Ỵ|Ỵ{{NNBSP}}ỵ]]
| [[Ż|Ż{{NNBSP}}ż]]{{NBSP}}[[Ẓ|Ẓ{{NNBSP}}ẓ]]
}}{{Letters with diacritic/footer}}</div><!--

-->


==Encoding==
==Encoding==
Line 204: Line 243:
==See also==
==See also==
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
*[[Anunaasika]]
* {{anli|Anunaasika}}
*[[Chandrabindu]]
* {{anli|Chandrabindu}}
* {{anli|Interpunct}} ({{char|·}})
⚫
*[[Diaeresis (diacritic)]]
*[[Tittle]]
* {{anli|Tittle}}
* {{anli|Two dots (diacritic)}}
** {{anli|diaeresis (diacritic)}}
⚫
** {{anli|umlaut (diacritic)}}

*[[Arabic alphabet]]
*[[Arabic alphabet]]
*[[Hebrew diacritics]]
*[[Hebrew diacritics]]

*[[Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode]]
* [[Dot (disambiguation)]]
** [[Therefore sign]] (∴ and "because sign" ∵)
* [[Two dots (disambiguation)]]
** [[Ratio]] ({{not a typo|∶}})
* [[Three dots (disambiguation)]]
** [[Proportionality (mathematics)]] (∷)
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


Latest revision as of 22:33, 6 April 2024

This article is about single dot diacritics. For diaeresis, umlaut etc, see two dots (diacritic).
◌̇  ◌̣
Dot
  • U+0307 ◌̇ COMBINING DOT ABOVE
  • U+0323 ◌̣ COMBINING DOT BELOW
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
This page uses orthographic and related notations. For the notations ⟨ ⟩, / / and [ ]  used in this article, see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters.

When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot refers to the glyphs "combining dot above" (◌̇), and "combining dot below" (◌̣) which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in a variety of languages. Similar marks are used with other scripts.

Overdot[edit]

Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark:

In mathematics and physics, when using Newton's notation the dot denotes the time derivative as in . In addition, the overdot is one way used to indicate an infinitely repeating set of numbers in decimal notation, as in , which is equal to the fraction 1⁄3, and or , which is equal to 1⁄7.

Underdot[edit]

"Ị" redirects here. Not to be confused with exclamation mark.
  • In a number of languages, an underdot indicates a raised or relatively high vowel, often the counterpart of a lower vowel marked with an ogonek or left unmarked.
    • In Rotuman, ạ represents /ɔ/.
    • In Romagnol, ẹ ọ are used to represent [e, o], e.g. part of Riminese dialect fradẹll, ọcc [fraˈdell, ˈotʃː] "brothers, eyes".
    • In academic notation of Old Latin, ẹ̄ (e with underdot and macron) represents the long vowel, probably /eː/, that developed from the early Old Latin diphthong ei. This vowel usually became ī in Classical Latin.
    • In academic transcription of Vulgar Latin, used in describing the development of the Romance languages, ẹ and ọ represent the close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/, in contrast with the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, which are represented as e and o with ogonek (ę ǫ).
    • Academic transcription of Middle English uses the same conventions as Vulgar Latin above.
    • In academic transcription of Serbo-Croatian dialects, ẹ ọ ạ (typically /e/ /o/ /ɐ/) represent higher vowels than standard e o a, and the first two often contrast with lower vowels marked with a comma below, e̦ o̦ (typically /ɛ/ /ɔ/).
  • In Inari Sami, an underdot denotes a half-long voiced consonant: đ̣, j̣, ḷ, ṃ, ṇ, ṇj, ŋ̣, ṛ, and ṿ. The underdot is used in dictionaries, textbooks, and linguistic publications only.
  • In IAST and National Library at Calcutta romanization, transcribing languages of India, a dot below a letter distinguishes the retroflex consonants ṭ, ḍ, ṛ, ḷ, ṇ, ṣ, while m with underdot (ṃ) signifies an anusvara and h with underdot (ḥ) signifies a visarga. Very frequently (in modern transliterations of Sanskrit) an underdot is used instead of the ring (diacritic) below the vocalic r and l.
  • In romanizations of some Afroasiatic languages, particularly Semitic Languages and Berber Languages, an underdot indicates an emphatic consonant. The romanization of Arabic uses ⟨ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ⟩.
  • In the DIN 31636 and ALA-LC Romanization of Hebrew, ṿ represents vav (ו), while v without the underdot represents beth (ב). ḳ represents qoph (ק) while k represents kaph (כ). ḥ represents chet (ח).
  • The underdot is also used in the PDA orthography for Domari to show pharyngealization—the underdotted consonants ⟨ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ⟩ represent the emphaticized sounds /d̪ˤ ħ sˤ t̪ˤ zˤ/.
  • In Asturian, ḷḷ (underdotted double ll) represents the voiced retroflex plosive or the voiceless retroflex affricate, depending on dialect, and ḥ (underdotted h) the voiceless glottal fricative.
  • In O'odham language, Ḍ (d with underdot) represents a voiced retroflex stop.
  • Vietnamese: The nặng tone (low, glottal) is represented with a dot below the base vowel: ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ.
  • In Igbo, an underdot can be used on i, o, and u to make ị, ọ, and ụ. The underdot symbolizes a reduction in the vowel height.
  • In Yoruba, an underdot can be used on e and o to make ẹ and ọ, symbolizing a reduction in the vowel height, as well as on s to make ṣ, symbolizing a postalveolar articulation.
  • In Americanist phonetic notation, x with underdot x̣ represents a voiceless uvular fricative.
  • Underdots are used in the Rheinische Dokumenta phonetic writing system to denote a voiced s and special pronunciations of r and a.
  • In the Fiero-Rhodes orthography for Eastern Ojibwe and Odaawaa, in g̣, ḥ, and ḳ, underdot is used to indicate labialization when either ⟨o⟩ or ⟨w⟩ following them was lost in syncope.
  • The Sicilian nexus ḍḍ is used to represent [ɖɖ].
  • In Kalabari, ḅ and ḍ are used.
  • In Marshallese, underdots on consonants represent velarization, such as the velarized bilabial nasal ṃ.
  • UNGEGN romanization of Urdu includes ḍ, g̣, ḳ, ṭ, ẉ, and ỵ.[1]
  • In Mizo, ṭ represents /t͡r/.
  • The underdot is also used in the Devanagari script, where it is called nukta.

Raised dot and middle dot [edit]

  • In Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, in addition to the middle dot as a letter, centred dot diacritic, and dot above diacritic, there also is a two-dot diacritic in the Naskapi language representing /_w_V/ which depending on the placement on the specific Syllabic letter may resemble a colon when placed vertically, diaeresis when placed horizontally, or a combination of middle dot and dot above diacritic when placed either at an angle or enveloping a small raised letter ᓴ. Additionally, in Northwestern Ojibwe, a small raised /wi/ as /w/, the middle dot is raised farther up as either ᣜ or ᣝ; there also is a raised dot "Final" (ᣟ), which represents /w/ in some Swampy Cree and /y/ in some Northwestern Ojibwe.

Letters with dot[edit]

Encoding[edit]

In Unicode, the dot is encoded at:

  • U+0307 ◌̇ COMBINING DOT ABOVE

and at:

  • U+0323 ◌̣ COMBINING DOT BELOW
  • U+0358 ◌͘ COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT
  • U+1DF8 ◌᷸ COMBINING DOT ABOVE LEFT

There is also:

  • U+02D9 ˙ DOT ABOVE (&DiacriticalDot;, &dot;)
  • U+18DF ᣟ CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RAISED DOT

Pre-composed characters:

See also[edit]

  • Anunaasika – Diacritic in Indic scripts
  • Chandrabindu – Diacritic mark typically denoting nazalization, in Indian abugidas
  • Interpunct – Typographical symbol, variously used as word delimiter, currency decimal delimiter, etc. (·)
  • Tittle – Diacritical mark, the dot element of the letters i and j
  • Two dots (diacritic) – Diacritic that consists of two dots placed over a letter

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names (PDF). New York: United Nations. p. 169. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dot_(diacritic)&oldid=1217621630"