Internet censorship

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Internet censorship is control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet. The legal issues are similar to offline censorship.

One difference is that national borders are more permeable online: residents of a country that bans certain information can find it on websites hosted outside the country. Conversely, attempts by one government to prevent its citizens from seeing certain material can have the effect of restricting foreigners, because the government may take action against Internet sites anywhere in the world, if they host objectionable material.

Barring total control on Internet-connected computers, such as in North Korea, total censorship of information on the Internet is very difficult (or impossible) to achieve due to the underlying distributed technology of the Internet. Pseudonymity and data havens (such as Freenet) allow unconditional free speech, as the technology guarantees that material cannot be removed and the author of any information is impossible to link to a physical identity or organization.

The following sections follow the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) categorization scheme: Pervasive, Substantial, Nominal, Indirect, Watchlist.[1]

Pervasive

While there is no universally agreed upon definition of what constitutes "pervasive censorship", organization Reporters without Borders (RSF) maintains an internet enemy list[2] while the OpenNet Initiative categorizes some nations as practicing extreme levels of Internet censorship. Such nations often censor political content and may retaliate against citizens who violate the censorship with measures such as imprisonment.

Cuba

Cuba is on ONI's watchlist and on RSF's internet enemy list. Cuba has the lowest Latin America ratio of computers per inhabitant and also the lowest internet access.[3] Citizens have to use government controlled "access points", where their activity is monitored through IP blocking, keyword filtering and navigation history checking. According to the government, access to internet services by the Cuban population are limited due to high costs and the American embargo, but there are reports concerning the will of the government to control access to uncensored information both from and to the outer world.[4] The Cuban government continues to imprison independent journalists for contributing reports through the Internet to web sites outside of Cuba [5]

Iran

Iran is in ONI's pervasive category and on RSF's internet enemy list. Iran Internet censorship is delegated to ISPs who attempt to filter contents critical of the government, pornographic websites, and political blogs.[1] Iranian bloggers have been imprisoned for their Internet activities by the Iranian government.[6] Most recently, the Iranian government has blocked access to video-upload sites such as YouTube.com.[7]

Maldives

Maldives is not categorized by ONI and RSF removed it from its internet enemy list in 2006. Maldives filters[citation needed] opposition websites and had imprisoned cyber dissidents in 2004 and 2005, all since released.[8][9]

Myanmar

Main article: Internet in Myanmar

Burma (also known as Myanmar) is in ONI's pervasive category and on RSF's internet enemy list. Burma has banned the websites of political opposition groups, sites relating to human rights, and organizations promoting democracy in Burma[1]. During the 2007 anti-government protests, Burma completely shut down all internet links from its country.[10]

North Korea

North Korea is not categorized by ONI but is on RSF's internet enemy list. Only a few thousand citizens in North Korea, a tiny minority of the total population, have access to the Internet, which is heavily censored by the national government.[11]

People's Republic of China

Main article: Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China is in ONI's pervasive category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. China blocks or filters Internet content relating to Tibetan independence, Taiwan independence, police brutality, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, freedom of speech, democracy, pornography, some international news sources (such as the BBC), certain religious movements (such as Falun Gong), many blogging websites, and Wikipedia.[1] Some 52 cyber dissidents are reportedly imprisoned in China for their online postings.[12]

Syria

Syria is in ONI's pervasive category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. Syria has banned websites for political reasons and arrested people accessing them.[1][13]

Tunisia

Main article: Internet censorship in Tunisia

Tunisia is in ONI's pervasive category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. Tunisia has blocked thousands of websites (such as pornography, mail, search engine cached pages, online documents conversion and translation services) and peer-to-peer and FTP transfer. This filtering is performed using a transparent proxy and port blocking. Cyber dissidents including pro-democracy lawyer Mohammed Abbou have been jailed by the Tunisian government for their online activities.[14]

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is in ONI's pervasive category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. Uzbekistan prevents access to websites regarding banned Islamic movements, independent media, NGOs, and material critical of the government's human rights violations.[1] Some Internet cafes in the capital have posted warnings that users will be fined for viewing pornographic websites or website containing banned political material. [15]

Vietnam

Vietnam is in ONI's pervasive category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. The main networks in Vietnam prevent access to websites critical of the Vietnamese government, expatriate political parties, and international human rights organizations, among others.[1] Online police reportedly monitor Internet cafes and cyber dissidents have been imprisoned for advocating democracy.[16]

Substantial

South Korea

South Korea is in ONI's substantial category but is not on RSF's internet enemy list. South Korea has banned at least 31 pro-North Korea websites through the use of IP blocking.[1]

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is in ONI's substantial category and is on RSF's internet enemy list. Saudi Arabia directs all international Internet traffic through a proxy farm located in King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology. Content filtering is implemented there, based on software by Secure Computing.[17] Additionally, a number of sites are blocked according to two lists maintained by the Internet Services Unit (ISU) [18]: one containing "immoral" (mostly pornographic) sites, the other based on directions from a security committee run by the Ministry of Interior (including sites critical of the Saudi government). An interesting feature of this system is that citizens are encouraged to actively report "immoral" sites for blocking, using a provided Web form. The legal basis for content-filtering is the resolution by Council of Ministers dated 12 February 2001 [19]. According to a study carried out in 2004 by the OpenNet Initiative:

The most aggressive censorship focused on pornography, drug use, gambling, religious conversion of Muslims, and filtering circumvention tools [17].

See the report by Harvard University's Law School on Documentation of Internet Filtering in Saudi Arabia.

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates is in ONI's substantial category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. The United Arab Emirates forcibly censors the Internet using Secure Computing's solution. The nation's sole ISP Etisalat bans pornography, politically sensitive material, and anything against the moral values of the UAE.

Yemen

Yemen is in ONI's substantial category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Yemen's two ISPs block access to contents falling under the categories of gambling, adult contents, and sex education as well as material seeking to convert Muslims to other religions.[1]

Nominal

Australia

Main article: Internet censorship in Australia

Australia is in ONI's nominal category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list.

Brazil

Brazil is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. A judicial order by judge Ênio Santarelli Zulianio forbade access to a YouTube video depicting Brazilian model and TV host Daniela Cicarelli performing sexual acts on a beach in Cádiz, Spain. With the widespread circumvention of YouTube policy by video uploaders, two Internet providers - Telefonica and Brasil Telecom - denied all YouTube access to customers - although it was still possible to utilise YouTube with the aid of proxies. Four days after Brasil Telecom blocked YouTube, judge Zulianio ordered the reestablishment of free YouTube browsing, maintaining that only the Cicarelli video was to be restricted. Cicarelli later was denied the right to keep the video off the Internet by higher courts.

The state of São Paulo was the first state to enact an act requiring cybercafés to keep a user's list with address, full name, date of birth, phone number, and an identity card number.[20]

Canada

Canada is in ONI's nominal category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list.

Project Cleanfeed Canada run by Cybertip.ca and modeled after a similar program in the United Kingdom, (Cleanfeed) Canada's largest ISPs (which includes Rogers and Bell Canada) are blocking access to hundreds[citation needed] of child pornography sites from abroad as of November 2006.

Denmark

Denmark is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Denmark's biggest Internet service provider TDC A/S launched a DNS-based child pornography filter on October 18, 2005 in cooperation with the state police department and Save the Children, a charity organisation. Since then, all major providers have joined and as of May 2006, 98% of the Danish Internet users are restricted by the filter.[21] The filter caused some controversy in March 2006, when a legal sex site named Bizar.dk was caught in the filter, sparking discussion about the reliability, accuracy and credibility of the filter.[22] Also, as of October 18 2005, TDC A/S has blocked access to AllOfMP3.com, a popular MP3 download site, through DNS filtering. [23]

European Union

As of April 2007, the European Union is considering banning racism and hate propaganda.[24] As of September 2007 EU Justice and Security Commissioner Franco Frattini said in Reuters interview that they are examining how Internet searches for dangerous words as "bomb, kill, genocide or terrorism" could be blocked across the European Union. [25].

Fiji

Fiji is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. In May 2007 it was reported that the military in Fiji had blocked access to blogs critical of the regime[26].

Finland

Finland is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Finland's major Internet service providers decided on November 22, 2006 to begin filtering child pornography, however, the filter is not yet implemented. The blacklist is provided by Finnish police and filtering is probably URI based like the United Kingdom's Cleanfeed.

France

France is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. French courts demanded Yahoo! block Nazi material in the case LICRA vs. Yahoo. The case is currently[citation needed] on appeal for an en banc rehearing.

India

Main article: Internet censorship in India

India is in ONI's nominal category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. As of July 2006 the Indian government has directed ISPs to block seventeen websites, including some hosted on the Geocities, Blogspot and Typepad domains. Initial implementation difficulties led to these domains being blocked entirely.[27][28] Access to sites on these domains other than the specifically banned ones was restored by most ISPs after about a week.[29] The first documented incident of Internet censorship in India was the Yahoo! Groups ban of 23 September 2003. Kynhun, a Yahoo! group linked to the outlawed "Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council", a minor separatist group, was ordered banned by the Department of Telecommunications. Difficulties in implementing the ban by the ISP's ultimately led to all Yahoo! groups being banned for a period of about two weeks.

Recently, Indian law enforcement has entered an agreement with the popular social networking site Orkut to track down what it deems defamatory content which, in their example, includes content critical of Bal Thackeray.[30]

Israel

Israel is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. The religious parties in Israel proposed internet censorship legislation would only allow access to adult-content Internet sites for users who agree in advance to identify themselves.[31]

Italy

Italy is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Italy bans the use of foreign bookmakers over the Internet by mandating certain edits to DNS host files of Italian ISPs [32][33].

Morocco

Morocco is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. As of March 2006, Morocco had blocked access to many blogging sites, such as LiveJournal. Reporters Without Borders says that Morocco now censors all political websites advocating Western Sahara's independence. Google Earth has also been added to the list of censored websites in Morocco. In 2007 Morocco's main telecommunication operator Maroc Telecom also censored YouTube for nearly a month, without giving any reason for that.[citation needed]

Main article: Internet censorship in Morocco

Norway

Norway is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Norway's major Internet service providers have a DNS filter which blocks access to sites authorities claim are known to provide child pornography, similar to Denmark's filter.[citation needed]

Pakistan

Main article: Internet censorship in Pakistan

Pakistan is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Pakistan has blocked access to websites critical of the government. Currently[citation needed], the government has blocked blogs hosted on Blogspot.com. A ban on pornographic websites has also been enacted.[citation needed]

Russia

Russia is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Russia pressured Lithuania into shutting down the Kavkaz-Center website, a site that hosts videos on attacks on Russian forces in Chechnya, and reports on the Second Chechen War from a Chechen separatist perspective.[1]

Singapore

Singapore is in ONI's nominal category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. In Singapore, three people were arrested and charged with sedition for posting racist comments on the Internet, of which two have been sentenced to imprisonment.[citation needed]

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Sri Lanka has blocked Tamilnet news website. Further the government spokesmen has said that he is looking to hire hackers to disable Tamilnet. Tamilnet has been producing news about the Sri lankan civil war focusing in the North and the East of the country. Tamilnet is regarded as a "Pro-rebel" website. [34][35]

Sweden

Sweden is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Sweden's major Internet service providers have a DNS filter which blocks access to sites authorities claim are known to provide child pornography, similar to Denmark's filter. The Swedish police are responsible for updating this list of forbidden Internet sites. On July 6, Swedish police said that there is material with child pornography available at the file-sharing site Pirate bay and said it would be included in the list of forbidden Internet sites. This, however, did not happen as the police claimed the illegal material had been removed from the site. This came with criticism and accusations that the intended Pirate Bay censorship was political in nature, as Pirate Bay has been an embarrassing site for the Swedish government.

Thailand

Thailand is in ONI's nominal category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Significant efforts have been made in Thailand to oppose sites that are representing illegal activities. Activities such as gambling, drug usage and pornography are strictly banned, using DNS control in Thailand and, more effectively, a transparent proxy. This makes the website appear to be inaccessible. Also, the government has banned sites that discuss circumventing Internet censorship.[citation needed]

Turkey

Turkey is not categorized by ONI and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. Actually there is a governmental association recently established just for controlling and banning internet sites.[citation needed] As it is governmental association it has power to ban internet sites without prior court judgement (as it was). Although there are no specific laws for Internet censorship in Turkish Penal Code, on March 6, 2007, the government of Turkey blocked access to the video-upload site; YouTube.com, with the following statement on the website; "Access to www.youtube.com site has been suspended in accordance with decision no: 2007/384 dated 06.03.2007 of Istanbul First Criminal Peace Court."[36] The ban was met with widespread protests and lifted two days later.

United Kingdom

Main article: Internet Censorship in the United Kingdom

United Kingdom is in ONI's watchlist and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. British Telecommunications passes internet traffic through a service called Cleanfeed which uses data provided by the Internet Watch Foundation to identify pages believed to contain indecent photographs of children.[37][38] When such a page is found, the system creates a 'URL not found page' error rather than deliver the actual page or a warning page.

In 2003, after the murder of Jane Longhurst by a man who claimed to have an obsession with Internet pornography,[39] the family campaigned to tighten laws regarding pornography on the Internet and have gained support such that possession may become illegal.[40] What the Government has termed "extreme pornography" could now become illegal to possess.[40] [41] The government has begun to crack down on sites depicting rape, strangulation, torture and necrophilia.[42][43]

In Scotland, 2004, a committee of Members of the Scottish Parliament has backed a call to ban adult pornography as the Equal Opportunities Committee supported a petition claiming links between porn and sexual crimes and violence against women and children.[44] A spokeswoman said "While we have no plans to legislate we will, of course, continue to monitor the situation."

United Kingdom, the new Home Office Minister Vernon Coaker set a deadline of the end of 2007 for all ISPs to implement a "Cleanfeed"-style network level content-blocking platform. Currently,[citation needed] the only web sites ISPs are expected to block access to are sites the Internet Watch Foundation has identified as containing images of child abuse. However such a platform is capable of blocking access to any web site added to the list (at least, to the extent that the implementation is effective), making it a simple matter to change this policy in future. The Home Office has previously indicated that it has considered requiring ISPs to block access to articles on the web deemed to be "glorifying terrorism", within the meaning of the new Terrorism Act 2006 [45].

United States of America

Main article: Internet censorship in the United States

The United States of America is in ONI's nominal category and is not on RSF's internet enemy list. The United States enacted in 1996 the Communications Decency Act, which severely restricted online speech that could potentially be seen by a minor – which, it was argued, was most of online speech. Free speech advocates, however, managed to have most of the act overturned by the courts. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act criminalizes the discussion and dissemination of technology that could be used to circumvent copyright protection mechanisms, and makes it easier to act against alleged copyright infringement on the Internet. Many school districts in the United States frequently censor material deemed inappropriate for the school setting. In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the Children's Internet Protection Act [CIPA] which requires schools and public libraries receiving federal funding to install internet filters or blocking software.[46] Congress is also considering legislation to require schools and libraries to block access to social networking websites, The Deleting Online Predators Act. Opponents of Internet censorship argue that the free speech provisions of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution bars the government from any law or regulation that censors the Internet.[47]

A January 4, 2007 restraining order issued by U.S. District Court Judge Jack B. Weinstein forbade a large number of activists in the psychiatric survivors movement from posting links on their websites to ostensibly leaked documents which purportedly show that Eli Lilly and Company intentionally withheld information as to the lethal side-effects of Zyprexa. The Electronic Frontier Foundation is currently[citation needed] appealing this prior restraint on the right to link to and post documents, claiming that citizen-journalists should have the same First Amendment rights as major media outlets [48].

The Department of Defense filters certain IP addresses. It is common for a user of a Department of Defense-owned computer to see this warning when attempting to access an inappropriate webpage;

The Joint Ethics Regulation and Department of Defense and Army Regulations prohibit the use of government communications systems in a way that would reflect adversely upon the Department of Defense or the Army.

The justification for this is Army Regulation 25-1 (PDF).

Portal censorship

Major portals occasionally exclude web sites that they would ordinarily include. This renders a site invisible to people who do not know where to find it. When a major portal does this, it has a similar effect as censorship. Sometimes this exclusion is done to satisfy a legal or other requirement, other times it is purely at the discretion of the portal.

Examples

Major web portal official statements on site removal

  • Google[51]: "Google may temporarily or permanently remove sites from its index and search results if it believes it is obligated to do so by law, if the sites do not meet Google's quality guidelines, or for other reasons, such as if the sites detract from users' ability to locate relevant information."

By online communities

Forums and chatrooms frequently have moderators, who will edit or remove material against the rules of that community. The scope of these rules varies from community to community - some will want material to be suitable for a specific audience, whilst others only require discussions to be kept within the law. Many USENET groups are unmoderated.

Wikipedia has also been accused of censorship.[52][53]

Commonly targeted websites

Circumvention

There are a number of resources that allow users to bypass the technical aspects of Internet censorship. Each solution has differing ease of use, speed, and security from other options.

Proxy websites

Main article: Proxy server

Proxy websites are often the simplest and fastest way to access banned websites in censored nations. Such websites work by being themselves un-banned but capable of displaying banned material within them. This is usually accomplished by entering a URL address which the proxy website will fetch and display.

Java Anon Proxy

Java Anon Proxy is primarily a strong, free and open source anonymizer software available for all operating systems. As of 2004, it also includes a blocking resistance functionality that allows users to circumvent the blocking of the underlying anonymity service AN.ON by accessing it via other users of the software (forwarding client).[citation needed]

The addresses of JAP users that provide a forwarding server can be retrieved by getting contact to AN.ON's InfoService network, either automatically or, if this network is blocked, too, by writing an e-mail to one of these InfoServices. The JAP software automatically decrypts the answer after the user did a CAPTCHA. The developers are currently[citation needed] planning to integrate additional and even stronger blocking resistance functions.

Psiphon

Psiphon software allows users in nations with censored Internet such as China to accessed banned websites like Wikipedia. The service requires that the software be installed on a computer with uncensored access to the Internet so that the computer can act as a proxy for users in censored environments.[citation needed]

Tor

Tor is a free software implementation that allows users to bypass Internet censorship while granting strong anonymity (though it has its weaknesses).

Sneakernets

Sneakernet is a term used to describe the transfer of electronic information, especially computer files, by physically carrying data on storage media from one place to another. A sneakernet can move data regardless of network restrictions simply by not using the network at all.[54]

The charity relief organization Information Without Borders is attempting to implement a sneakernet routing protocol for providing cheap Internet access to developing and post-conflict regions using donated PDAs and mobile phones, and also for providing free and open Internet access to repressive regimes that restrict free expression by limiting access.[55]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "ONI: Internet Filtering Map" (Flash). Open Net Initiative. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
  2. ^ List of the 13 Internet enemies RSF, 2006 November
  3. ^ "Minister blames US embargo for low number of Cubans online". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  4. ^ "Press Freedom Group Tests Cuban Internet Surveillance". World Politics Watch. Retrieved 2006-11-30..
  5. ^ "Journalist sentenced to four years in prison as "pre-criminal social danger". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2007-03-05. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ "Internet "black holes" - Iran". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
  7. ^ "Iran blocks access to video-sharing on YouTube". USA Today. Retrieved 2006-12-12.
  8. ^ "Internet "black holes" - Maldives". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
  9. ^ "Maldives: Life imprisonment for publishing Internet article". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
  10. ^ Burma 'cuts all Internet links' Bangkok Post, September 28, 2007
  11. ^ "The Internet "black holes" - North Korea". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
  12. ^ "The Internet "black holes" - China". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  13. ^ "Syrian jailed for internet usage". BBC News. 2004-06-21.
  14. ^ "The Internet "black holes" - Tunisia". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
  15. ^ "The Internet "black holes" - Uzbekistan". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
  16. ^ "The Internet "black holes" - Vietnam". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2006-08-31. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  17. ^ a b Internet Filtering in Saudi Arabia in 2004 - An OpenNet Initiative study
  18. ^ Introduction to Content Filtering - Saudi Arabia Internet Services Unit
  19. ^ Saudi Internet rules (2001) - Arab Media
  20. ^ Governo Do Estado De São Paulo
  21. ^ Template:Da icon Krabbe, Klaus (2005-10-18). "TDC aktiverer filter mod børneporno". Computerworld. Retrieved 2006-07-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Template:Da icon Madsen, Kristoffer (2006-03-20). "Politisk strid om politiets børneporno-filter". Computerworld. Retrieved 2006-07-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ TDC lukker for adgangen til Allofmp3.com - ComputerWorld
  24. ^ Providers are called on to do more against "hate pages" on the Web Heise Online, retrieved April 25, 2007
  25. ^ Reuters, 2007-09-10, Web search for bomb recipes should be blocked: EU – Reuters
  26. ^ "Fiji muzzles critical blogs". The Sydney Morning Herald. May 18, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  27. ^ "Blocking the Blogs". Outlook India. 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2006-07-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ Sengupta, Somini (2006-07-18). "India Blocks Blogs in Wake of Mumbai Bombings". The New York Times. Retrieved 2006-07-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ "Bloggers are back in business". The Hindu. 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2006-07-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ Orkut In Pact With Indian Law Enforcement Slashdot
  31. ^ Zvi Zrahiya and Eran Gabay (09/07/2007). "Ministerial committee approves bill to censor adult websites". Haaretz. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ Italy's ban on foreign operators opens a new front in Europe's battle for a 'common market' for gambling
  33. ^ I Know This Is A Trite Title, But ... It's Not Just China (strong language)
  34. ^ "Popular Tamil website 'blocked'". Retrieved 2007-06-21.
  35. ^ "Sri Lanka seeks hackers to down pro-Tiger website". Retrieved 2007-06-21.
  36. ^ "YouTube banned in Turkey". Time. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
  37. ^ "IWF/BT Project CleanFeed", Internet Watch Foundation. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
  38. ^ "How net providers stop child porn", BBC News, 7 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
  39. ^ "Man guilty of teacher murder", BBC News, 4 February 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
  40. ^ a b MP calls for violent porn ban, BBC News, 9 February 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
  41. ^ 'Extreme' porn proposals spark row
  42. ^ "UK police seek web porn crackdown", BBC News, 5 February 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
  43. ^ "Crackdown due on violent web porn", BBC News, 15 August 2005. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
  44. ^ "MSPs back pornography ban calls", BBC News, 2 November 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
  45. ^ (UK) Government sets deadline for universal network-level content blocking
  46. ^ Children's Internet Protection Act
  47. ^ Internet Censorship: United States v. American Library Association
  48. ^ Eli Lilly Zyprexa Litigation
  49. ^ Google excluding controversial sites, Declan McCullagh, CNET News, October 23, 2002, 8:55 p.m. PDT, retrieved April 22, 2007 00:40 UTC
  50. ^ Inquisition21, retrieved April 22, 2007 01:16
  51. ^ Why does Google remove sites from the Google index?, retrieved April 22, 2007 00:43 UTC
  52. ^ "Wikitruth". Retrieved 2006-12-14.
  53. ^ See: Wikipedians against censorship
  54. ^ Sullivan, Bob (April 13, 2006) Military Thumb Drives Expose Larger Problem MSNBC Retrieved on January 25, 2007.
  55. ^ Sneakernet email network diagrams from IWB

External links

Tutorials

Campaigns against

Circumvention resources

  • Handbook for bloggers and cyber-dissidents Reporters without Borders guide on Internet anonymity, censorship circumvention, and blogging.
  • Psiphon software that is installed on a computer in a non-censored country to allow unhindered access to selected users in censored countries.
  • VPN Service VPN service bypassing Internet censorship.
  • Tor is an anonymity-network capable of bypassing Internet censorship, it's slow but very effective.
  • OpenNet A world map that shows world access powers.
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