Stoycho Mladenov and List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games: Difference between pages

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File:Nations at 1912 Olympics.JPG

Participating nations at the Opening Ceremony of the 1912 Games in Stockholm.

This is a list of nations, as represented by National Olympic Committees (NOCs), that have participated in the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 2008. As of the 2008 Games in Beijing, all of the current 205 NOCs have participated in at least one edition of the Olympic Games, and athletes from Australia, France,^[H] Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland^[L] have competed in all twenty-six Summer Olympic Games.

History

Early years

Early Games were not clearly documented with respect to participating nations. Competitors from 11 to 16 different nations participated in the inaugural 1896 Games, in Athens. Eleven nations (Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) are mentioned in the official report for the Games,^[1] and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) states that 14 nations were represented.^[2] The NOCs for Bulgaria^[3] and Chile^[4] each claim that they were represented by a single athlete in Athens. Other sources also list Egypt, Italy, and the Turkish Empire.^[5]^[6]

The IOC states that 24 nations participated in the 1900 Summer Olympics, in Paris,^[7] but additional sources list up to 28 nations, with Haiti, Iran, Luxembourg, and Peru being the additions.^[8]^[9] The 1904 Games, held in St. Louis, were poorly organized, with participation of only 12 nations,^[10]^[11] and many events contested only by athletes from the host United States. Although the Intercalated Games of 1906 are no longer considered official Games of the Olympiad by the IOC, they helped restore the Olympic movement. Participation at subsequent Games grew steadily, with 22 nations in London for 1908^[12] and 28 nations in Stockholm for the 1912 Games.^[13] At these two Games (only), one of the delegations was actually a combined team of athletes from Australia and New Zealand, designated Australasia. The Games of 1916, planned for Berlin, were cancelled due to World War I.

Inter-war years

After the First World War, the Olympic Games resumed in 1920, in Antwerp. Twenty-nine nations participated,^[14] but not Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, or Turkey, none of which were invited because of their roles in the war. Several newly created European states, such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, made their Olympic debut.

The Games grew rapidly for the 1924 Summer Olympics, in Paris, with 44 nations present,^[15] even though Germany was still not invited back to the Games. This situation would change for the 1928 Games, in Amsterdam, where Germany returned to join a total of 46 participating nations.^[16] Because of the economic effects of the Great Depression, competitors from only 37 nations—with less than half the number of participants that competed in Amsterdam—travelled to Los Angeles for the 1932 Summer Olympics.^[17] The 1936 Summer Olympics, in Berlin, were attended by 49 nations (a new high) but were highly politicized.^[18] The scheduled Games of 1940 in Tokyo and 1944 in London were each cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II, in 1939.

Post-war years and Cold War era

Twelve years after the previous Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, in London, attracted competitors from 59 nations, including 14 that made their Olympic debut; once again, Germany was not invited to take part, and neither was Japan.^[19] The 1952 Games, in Helsinki, again set a new high, with 69 nations participating, including the first appearance by the Soviet Union and the return of Germany and Japan.^[20] The 1956 Summer Olympics, attended by 67 nations in Melbourne, were the first to be marred by a boycott.^[21] Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon withdrew in response to the Suez Crisis, and the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland withdrew in response to the Soviet invasion of Hungary. Interestingly, because of Australian quarantine restrictions, the equestrian events were held five months earlier in Stockholm, with a total of 29 participating nations, including five nations that did not compete in Melbourne.^[22]

Participation by African and Latin American nations increased significantly during the 1960s. A total of 84 nations were represented at the 1960 Summer Olympics, in Rome,^[23] 94 nations at the 1964 Games, in Tokyo,^[24] and 112 nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics, in Mexico City.^[25] The 1968 Games also marked the first time that West Germany and East Germany competed as independent teams. For the previous three Olympiads (1956–1964), the two NOCs were jointly represented by a united German team.^[26] The 1972 Summer Olympics, in Munich, featured 121 nations, the highest total yet.^[27]

The next three Games were each marred by significant boycotts. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, in Montreal, only 92 nations were represented.^[28] Twenty-nine African nations (Ivory Coast and Senegal being the only two exceptions) boycotted the Games because of New Zealand's participation, as New Zealand maintained other sporting relations with apartheid South Africa.^[29] The largest Olympic boycott took place at the 1980 Games, in Moscow, when only 81 nations participated.^[30] The United States led the boycott in protest of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and were joined by more than 60 other nations. In response, the 1984 Summer Olympics, in Los Angeles, were boycotted by the Soviet Union and many of their allies, yet a total of 140 nations did participate.^[31] The 1988 Games, in Seoul, marked a new high, with 160 participating nations.^[32]

Recent Games

Several events in the 1990s led to a large increase in participating nations at the Olympic Games. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Baltic states competed as independent nations for the first time since 1936 at the 1992 Games, in Barcelona.^[33] The remaining twelve ex-republics of the Soviet Union competed together as the Unified Team for these Games. A single German team competed for the first time since 1964, after the German reunification in 1990, while the breakup of Yugoslavia resulted in the Olympic debut of new nations.

The Centennial Olympics, in Atlanta, were attended by athletes from 197 nations,^[34] including 24 nations making their Summer Games debut. Czechoslovakia had split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and all ex-Soviet republics competed as independent nations. The Games continued to grow, with 199 nations represented in Sydney, for the 2000 Games,^[35] and 201 nations in Athens, for the 2004 Summer Olympics.^[36]

A record number of nations (204) were represented at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, with Marshall Islands and Tuvalu making their Olympic debut. After competing together as Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, Serbia and Montenegro sent independent teams to Beijing. Only Brunei failed to participate in the Games, after failing to register any athletes for competition.^[37]

List of nations

Description

This list includes all 205 current NOCs,^[38] arranged alphabetically. The three-letter country code is also listed for each NOC. Since the 1960s, these codes have been frequently used by the IOC and each Games organizing committee to identify NOCs, such as within the official report of each Games.^[39]

Several nations have changed during their Olympic history. Name changes due to geographical renaming are explained by footnotes after the nation's name, and other changes are explained by footnotes linked within the table itself. A select number of obsolete nations are also included in the table to more clearly illustrate past Olympic appearances for their successor nations:

Soviet Union — now represented by fifteen successor NOCs
Czechoslovakia — now represented by two successor NOCs
East Germany and West Germany — participated as two distinct teams for six Olympiads, but also together as a united team for three Olympiads
Yugoslavia — now represented by six successor NOCs
Serbia and Montenegro — now represented by two separate NOCs

Table legend

96		In the table headings, indicates the Games year, from 1896 through 2008
•		Participated in the specified Games
H		Host nation for the specified Games
^[A]		Additional explanatory comments at the linked footnote
		The planned Games of 1916, 1940, and 1944 were cancelled due to world wars
		NOC superseded or preceded by other NOC(s) during these years

Alphabetical list

Contents:		A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V Y Z

A

Nation	Code	96	00	04	08	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Afghanistan	AFG										•	•		•	•	•	•	•		•		•		•		•	•
Albania	ALB																	•					•	•	•	•	•
Algeria	ALG															•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
American Samoa	ASA																					•	•	•	•	•	•
Andorra	AND																		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Angola	ANG																			•		•	•	•	•	•	•
Antigua and Barbuda	ANT																		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Argentina	ARG		•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Armenia	ARM	see Russia					see Soviet Union																^[U]	•	•	•	•
Aruba	ARU																					•	•	•	•	•	•
Australia	AUS	•	•	•	^[I]	^[I]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•
Austria	AUT	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Azerbaijan	AZE	see Russia					see Soviet Union																^[U]	•	•	•	•

B

Nation	Code	96	00	08	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Bahamas	BAH											•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Bahrain	BRN																			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Bangladesh	BAN																			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Barbados	BAR													^[N]		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Belarus	BLR	see Russia				see Soviet Union																^[U]	•	•	•	•
Belgium	BEL		•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Belize^[BIZ]	BIZ															•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Benin^[BEN]	BEN																•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Bermuda	BER									•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Bhutan	BHU																			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Bolivia	BOL									•					•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Bosnia and Herzegovina	BIH					see Yugoslavia																•	•	•	•	•
Botswana	BOT																		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Brazil	BRA					•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
British Virgin Islands	IVB																			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Brunei	BRU																				^[T]		•	•	•
Bulgaria	BUL	^[A]					•	•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•
Burkina Faso^[BUR]	BUR																•				•	•	•	•	•	•
Burundi	BDI																						•	•	•	•

C

Nation	Code	96	00	04	08	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Cambodia	CAM													^[L]		•		•						•	•	•	•
Cameroon	CMR															•	•	•	^[R]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Canada	CAN		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Cape Verde	CPV																							•	•	•	•
Cayman Islands	CAY																		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Central African Republic	CAF																•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Chad	CHA															•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Chile	CHI	^[B]				•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
China	CHN												•								•	•	•	•	•	•	H
Republic of China^[ROC]	ROC									•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•			see Chinese Taipei
Chinese Taipei^[ROC]	TPE												see Republic of China								•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Colombia	COL									•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Comoros	COM																							•	•	•	•
Republic of the Congo	CGO															•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Democratic Republic of the Congo^[COD]	COD																•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Cook Islands	COK																					•	•	•	•	•	•
Costa Rica	CRC										•					•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Ivory Coast^[CIV]	CIV															•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Croatia	CRO	Austria/Hungary					see Yugoslavia																•	•	•	•	•
Cuba	CUB		•	•				•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•
Cyprus	CYP																			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Czech Republic	CZE		^[C]		^[C]	^[C]	see Czechoslovakia																	•	•	•	•
Czechoslovakia	TCH						•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•

D

Nation	Code	96	00	08	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Denmark	DEN	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Djibouti	DJI																			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Dominica	DMA																						•	•	•	•
Dominican Republic	DOM														•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•

E

Nation	Code	96	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Ecuador	ECU				•									•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Egypt^[EGY]	EGY		•	•	•	•		•	•	•	^[L]	•	•	•	•	^[R]		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
El Salvador	ESA													•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Equatorial Guinea	GEQ																	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Eritrea	ERI																					•	•	•
Estonia	EST	see Russia		•	•	•	•	•	see Soviet Union											•	•	•	•	•
Ethiopia	ETH										•	•	•	•	•		•			•	•	•	•	•

F

Nation	Code	96	00	04	08	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Fiji	FIJ													•	•		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Finland	FIN				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
France	FRA	•	H	^[H]	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•

G

Nation	Code	96	00	04	08	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Gabon	GAB																	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
The Gambia	GAM																				•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Georgia	GEO	see Russia					see Soviet Union																^[U]	•	•	•	•
Germany	GER	•	•	•	•	•			•	•	H		^[J]										•	•	•	•	•
East Germany	GDR													^[K]	^[K]	^[K]	•	•	•	•		•
West Germany	FRG													^[K]	^[K]	^[K]	•	H	•		•	•
Ghana^[GHA]	GHA												•		•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Great Britain	GBR	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Greece	GRE	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•
Grenada	GRN																				•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Guam	GUM																					•	•	•	•	•	•
Guatemala	GUA												•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Guinea	GUI																•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Guinea-Bissau	GBS																							•	•	•	•
Guyana^[GUY]	GUY											•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•

H

Nation	Code	96	00	04	08	12	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Haiti	HAI		^[D]				•	•	•					•			•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Honduras	HON															•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Hong Kong	HKG											•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Hungary	HUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•

I

Nation	Code	96	00	08	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Iceland	ISL				•					•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
India	IND		•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Indonesia	INA											•	•	•		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Iran	IRI		^[E]								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•
Iraq	IRQ										•			•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Ireland	IRL						•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Israel	ISR											•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Italy	ITA	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•

J

Nation	Code	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Jamaica	JAM							•	•	•	^[N]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Japan	JPN	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	H	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Jordan	JOR															•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•

K

Nation	Code	96	20	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Kazakhstan	KAZ	see Russia	see Soviet Union												^[U]	•	•	•	•
Kenya	KEN					•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Kiribati	KIR																	•	•
North Korea	PRK									•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•
South Korea	KOR			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	H	•	•	•	•	•
Kuwait	KUW								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Kyrgyzstan	KGZ	see Russia	see Soviet Union												^[U]	•	•	•	•

L

Nation	Code	96	00	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Laos	LAO																	•		•	•	•	•	•	•
Latvia	LAT	see Russia				•	•	•	•	see Soviet Union											•	•	•	•	•
Lebanon	LIB									•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Lesotho	LES															•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Liberia	LBR											•	•	•		•		•	•	•		•	•	•	•
Libya	LBA													^[P]	•			•		•	•	•	•	•	•
Liechtenstein	LIE								•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Lithuania	LTU	see Russia				•	•			see Soviet Union											•	•	•	•	•
Luxembourg	LUX		^[F]	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•

M

Nation	Code	96	00	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
North Macedonia	MKD			see Yugoslavia																	•	•	•	•
Madagascar	MAD												•	•	•		•	•		•	•	•	•	•
Malawi	MAW														•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Malaysia	MAS										^[M]	^[M]	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Maldives	MDV																		•	•	•	•	•	•
Mali	MLI												•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Malta	MLT					•		•	•			•		•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Marshall Islands	MHL																							•
Mauritania	MTN																	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Mauritius	MRI																	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Mexico	MEX		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Federated States of Micronesia	FSM																					•	•	•
Moldova	MDA	see Russia		see Soviet Union																^[U]	•	•	•	•
Monaco	MON			•	•	•		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Mongolia	MGL												•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•
Montenegro	MNE			see Yugoslavia																see SCG				•
Morocco	MAR											•	•	•	•	^[R]		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Mozambique	MOZ																•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Myanmar^[MYA]	MYA								•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•

N

Nation	Code	00	08	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Namibia	NAM																				•	•	•	•	•
Nauru	NRU																					•	•	•	•
Nepal	NEP													•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Netherlands	NED	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	^[L]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Netherlands Antilles	AHO										•		•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
New Zealand	NZL		^[I]	^[I]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Nicaragua	NCA														•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•
Niger	NIG													•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Nigeria	NGR										•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Norway	NOR	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•

O

Nation	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Oman	OMA																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•

P

Nation	Code	00	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Pakistan	PAK								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Palau	PLW																					•	•	•
Palestine	PLE																				•	•	•	•
Panama	PAN					•			•	•		•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Papua New Guinea	PNG															•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Paraguay	PAR													•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Peru	PER	^[G]						•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Philippines	PHI				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Poland	POL				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•
Portugal	POR		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Puerto Rico	PUR								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•

Q

Nation	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Qatar	QAT																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•

R

Nation	Code	00	08	12	20	24	28	36	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Romania	ROU	•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Russia^[RUS]	RUS	•	•	•	see Soviet Union														^[U]	•	•	•	•
Rwanda	RWA																•	•	•	•	•	•	•

S

Nation	Code	96	00	04	08	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Saint Kitts and Nevis	SKN																							•	•	•	•
Saint Lucia	LCA																							•	•	•	•
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	VIN																					•	•	•	•	•	•
Samoa	SAM																				•	•	•	•	•	•	•
San Marino	SMR														•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
São Tomé and Príncipe	STP																							•	•	•	•
Saudi Arabia	KSA																	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Senegal	SEN															•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Serbia	SRB					•	see Yugoslavia																see SCG				•
Serbia and Montenegro^[SCG]	SCG						see Yugoslavia																^[V]	•	•	•
Seychelles	SEY																			•	•		•	•	•	•	•
Sierra Leone	SLE																•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Singapore	SIN											•	•	•	•	^[Q]	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Slovakia	SVK						see Czechoslovakia																	•	•	•	•
Slovenia	SLO						see Yugoslavia																•	•	•	•	•
Solomon Islands	SOL																				•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Somalia	SOM																	•			•	•		•	•	•	•
South Africa	RSA			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•								•	•	•	•	•
Soviet Union	URS												•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H		•	^[U]
Spain	ESP		•				•	•	•	•		•	•	^[L]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•
Sri Lanka^[SRI]	SRI											•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Sudan	SUD														•		•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Suriname	SUR														•		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Swaziland	SWZ																	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Sweden	SWE	•	•		•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Switzerland	SUI	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	^[L]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Syria	SYR											•			^[O]		•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•

T

Nation	Code	96	08	12	20	24	28	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Tajikistan	TJK	see Russia			see Soviet Union															^[U]	•	•	•	•
Tanzania^[TAN]	TAN												•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Thailand	THA									•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
East Timor	TLS																					^[W]	•	•
Togo	TOG														•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Tonga	TGA																	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Trinidad and Tobago	TRI								•	•	•	^[N]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Tunisia	TUN											•	•	•	•	^[R]		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Turkey	TUR		•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Turkmenistan	TKM	see Russia			see Soviet Union															^[U]	•	•	•	•
Tuvalu	TUV																							•

U

Nation	Code	96	00	04	08	12	20	24	28	32	36	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Uganda	UGA													•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Ukraine	UKR	see Russia					see Soviet Union																^[U]	•	•	•	•
United Arab Emirates	UAE																				•	•	•	•	•	•	•
United States	USA	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		H	•	•	H	•	•	•
Uruguay	URU							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Uzbekistan	UZB	see Russia					see Soviet Union																^[U]	•	•	•	•

V

Nation	Code	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Vanuatu	VAN											•	•	•	•	•	•
Venezuela	VEN	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Vietnam	VIE		•	•	•	•	•	•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•
Virgin Islands	ISV						•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•

Y

Nation	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Yemen	YEM																							^[S]	^[S]	•	•	•	•	•
Yugoslavia^[YUG]	YUG							•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•

Z

Nation	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08
Zambia^[ZAM]	ZAM																		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
Zimbabwe^[ZIM]	ZIM									•								•	•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•

Notes

Name changes

^ BIZ: Belize participated under its former name of British Honduras (HBR) in 1968^[25] and 1972.^[27]
^ BEN: Benin was known as Dahomey (DAH) in 1972.^[27]
^ BUR: Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta (VOL) in 1972.^[27]
^ ROC: The Republic of China was designated as China from 1932^[17] to 1948^[19], representing all of China (including Taiwan). The NOC was designated Republic of China in 1956,^[21] 1960,^[23] and 1972^[27], and was designated Taiwan in 1964^[24] and 1968^[25] after the Chinese Civil War. In 1979, the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to this NOC, a compromise that was acceptable for the People's Republic of China to start participating in the Olympic Games.^[40]^[41]
^ COD: The Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire (ZAI) between 1984^[31] and 1996.^[34]
^ CIV: Côte d'Ivoire was known as Ivory Coast between 1964^[24] and 1988.^[32]
^ EGY: Egypt participated as the United Arab Republic between 1960^[23] and 1968.^[25]
^ GHA: Prior to Ghana's independence in 1957, Gold Coast participated in the 1952 Games.^[20]
^ GUY: Prior to Guyana's independence in 1966, British Guiana participated from 1948^[19] to 1964.^[24]
^ MYA: Myanmar was known as Burma (BIR) between 1948^[19] and 1988.^[32]
^ RUS: The Russian Empire participated in three Games prior to World War I.^[8]^[12]^[13] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation has participated since 1996.^[34]
^ SCG: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, was reconstituted as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. At the 1996^[34] and 2000^[35] Games, the nation was still designated Yugoslavia (YUG). The Serbia and Montenegro designation and SCG code were first used at the 2004 Games.^[36]
^ SRI: Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon (CEY) between 1948^[19] and 1972.^[27]
^ TAN: Although Tanganyika and Zanzibar had already merged to form Tanzania in April 1964, the nation was designated Tanganyika in the official report of the 1964 Games.^[24]
^ YUG: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (officially the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929) participated as Yugoslavia in five Games before the Second World War. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia also participated using the Yugoslavia designation, for all Games between 1948–1988. For participation by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, see Serbia and Montenegro (SCG).
^ ZAM: Zambia achieved independence on the last day of the 1964 Games, but had participated as Northern Rhodesia (NRH) during those Games.^[24]
^ ZIM: Prior to Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia (RHO) in 1928,^[16] 1960,^[23] and 1964.^[24]

Participation notes

^{^} The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that Charles Champaud, a Swiss gymnastics teacher living in Sofia, competed for the nation in 1896.^[3]
^{^} Chile claims that one athlete, Luis Subercaseaux Errázuriz, competed for the nation in 1896.^[4]
^{^} Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia after World War I, athletes from Bohemia (now part of the present-day Czech Republic) competed in 1900,^[8] 1908,^[12] and 1912.^[13]
^{^} Some sources^[8]^[42] consider Léon Thiércelin, a competitor in fencing at the 1900 Games, of Haitian nationality.
^{^} Some sources^[8]^[42] consider Freydoun Malkom, a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games, of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran.
^{^} Michel Théato's gold medal in the marathon at the 1900 Games is currently attributed to France, although it has since been discovered that he was born in Luxembourg.^[43]
^{^} Some sources^[8]^[42] consider Carlos de Candamo, a competitor in fencing at the 1900 Games, of Peruvian nationality.
^a ^b Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Coray's participation for France in 1904. Although the Games report refers to Coray as a "Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association",^[44] the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France, and in contradiction, the medal in the four mile team race to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States.^[45]
^a ^b In the 1908^[12] and 1912^[13] Games, athletes from Australia and New Zealand competed together as a single team, designated Australasia (ANZ).^[46]
^{^} Due the partition of Germany after World War II, Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games — Germany and the Saar.^[20] The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany in 1956, and Saar athletes then competed for Germany.^[26] East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team, as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted "provisional" recognition by the IOC in 1955.^[47]
^{^} For the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a Unified Team, representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany.^[26] Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team.^[45] After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany competed as an independent team.^[47]
^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cambodia, Egypt, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland participated in the equestrian events of the 1956 Games held in Stockholm in June,^[22] but did not attend the Games in Melbourne later that year.^[21]
^{^} Athletes from Malaya (MAL) and North Borneo competed as independent teams at the 1956 Games^[21] and Malaya also competed at the 1960 Games,^[23] prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963.
^a ^b ^c Athletes from Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago competed as the British West Indies (BWI) at the 1960 Games.^[23] The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958–1962, so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964.^[24]
^{^} Syria was part of the United Arab Republic in 1960, but it is unknown if any Syrian athletes participated as part of the UAR team.
^{^} Libya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games,^[24] but then withdrew from competition.
^{^} Singapore was part of the Federation of Malaysia in 1964 before gaining independence in 1965.
^a ^b ^c ^d Cameroon, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia competed for the first three days of the 1976 Games before withdrawing in support of the boycott by most African nations.^[28]
^{^} Prior to Yemenite unification in 1990, North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) in 1984^[31] and 1988,^[32] and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic (YMD) in the 1988 Games.^[32]
^{^} Brunei's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official, but no competing athletes.^[32]
^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the fifteen ex-republics of the Soviet Union were all represented at the 1992 Games. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania participated as independent teams, and the other twelve nations participated as a combined Unified Team (EUN).^[33]
^{^} Because of United Nations sanctions,^[48] athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) competed as Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) at the 1992 Games.^[33] They were not permitted to compete in team sports such as basketball, handball, or water polo, and the Olympic flag was used in medal ceremonies.^[49]
^{^} Athletes from Timor-Leste competed as Individual Olympic Athletes (IOA) at the 2000 Games.^[35]

References

^ De Coubertin, Pierre; Philemon, Timolean; Politis, N.G.; Anninos, Charalambos (1897). "Second Part: The Olympic Games in 1896". The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896 (PDF). Athens: Charles Beck. Retrieved 2008-02-04.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Athens 1896". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
^ ^a ^b "Olypic [sic] Games Athens 1896". Bulgarian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
^ ^a ^b "La Presencia de Chile en los Juegos Olimpicos" (in Spanish). Comité Olímpico de Chile. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
^ Mallon, Bill (1998). "1896 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries". The 1896 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-7864-0379-9. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ De Wael, Herman (2005-06-13). "Herman's Top Athina 1896 Olympians". Retrieved 2008-03-11.
^ "Paris 1900". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mallon, Bill (1997). "1900 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries". The 1900 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-0786403783. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ De Wael, Herman (2002-10-10). "Herman's Top Paris 1900 Olympians". Retrieved 2008-03-11.
^ Mallon, Bill (1999). "1904 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries". The 1904 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0786405503. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ "St. Louis 1904". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cook, Theodore Andrea (1909). The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report (PDF). London: British Olympic Association. pp. p. 656. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d (ed). Bergvall, Erik (1913). The Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912 Official Report (PDF). Stockholm: Wahlström and Widstrand. pp. p. 889. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Olympic Games Antwerp 1920 — Official Report (PDF) (in French). Belgian Olympic Committee. 1957. pp. pp. 168–170. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
^ (ed.) M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français. Les Jeux de la VIII^e Olympiade Paris 1924 - Rapport Officiel (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. pp. p. 79. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b (ed.) G. Van Rossem (1928). The Ninth Olympiad Amsterdam 1928 Official Report (PDF). Amsterdam: J. H. De Bussy. pp. pp. 87–88. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b The Games of the X^th Olympiad Los Angeles 1932 (PDF). Xth Olympiade Committee of the Games of Los Angeles, U.S.A. 1932. 1933. pp. p. 374. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
^ Diem, Carl (1937). XI^th Olympic Games, Berlin 1936 Official Report (PDF). Berlin: Wilhelm Limpert. pp. pp. 596–597. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e (ed.) Lord Burghley (1951). The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad (PDF). London: Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad. pp. pp. 546–547. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c (ed.) Kolkka, Sulo (1955). The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the Games of the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952 (PDF). Helsinki: Organising Committee for the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952. pp. 244–255. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVI Olympiad Melbourne 1956 (PDF). Melbourne: The Organizing Committee of the XVI Olympiad, Melbourne, 1956. 1958. pp. pp. 260–261. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b The Equestrian Games of the XVI Olympiad Stockholm 1956 (PDF). Stockholm: Esselte Aktiebolag. 1959. pp. p. 23. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f (ed.) Giacomini, Romolo (1963). The Games of the XVII Olympiad Rome 1960, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Volume 2 (PDF). Rome: Carlo Colombo. pp. p. 56. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ The Official Report of the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo 1964, Volume II (PDF). Tokyo: The Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVIII Olympiad. 1966. pp. pp. 2–13. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d (ed.) Trueblood, Beatrice (1969). The Official Report of the Organizing Committee of the Games of the XIX Olympiad Mexico 1968, Volume 3: The Games (PDF). Organizing Committee of the Games of the XIX Olympiad. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (1975). "The Federal Republic of Germany and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (93–94). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: pp. 290–306. Retrieved 2008-02-08. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f (ed.) Kunze, Herbert (1974). The official report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXth Olympiad Munich 1972, Volume 3 The competitions (PDF). Munich: proSport. pp. pp. 541–563. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b (ed.) Chantigny, Louis (1978). Games of the XXI Olympiad Montréal 1976 Official Report, Volume I Organization (PDF). Montreal: COJO 76. pp. pp. 139–150. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)
^ (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (1976). "Africa and the XXIst Olympiad" (PDF). Olympic Review (109–110). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: pp. 584–585. Retrieved 2008-02-08. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ (ed.) I. T. Novikov (1981). Games of the XXII Olympiad Moscow 1980, Volume 3 Participants and Results (PDF). Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport. pp. pp. 610–639. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c (ed.) Perelman, Richard B. (1985). Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984, Volume 2 Competition Summary and Results (PDF). Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. pp. 224–227. ISBN 0-9614512-0-3. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f (ed.) Lee Kyong-hee (1989). Games of the XXIVth Olympiad Seoul 1988 Official Report, Volume 2: Competition Summary and Results (PDF). Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. pp. 150–161. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c (ed.) Cuyàs, Romà (1992). Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad Barcelona 1992, Volume IV The Games (PDF). COOB'92. pp. pp. 396–397. ISBN 84-7868-097-7. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d (ed.) Watkins, Ginger T. (1997). The Official Report of the Centennial Olympic Games, Volume III The Competition Results (PDF). Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers. pp. pp. viii–ix. ISBN 1-56145-150-9. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c "National Olympic Committees". Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad, Volume Three: Results (PDF). Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. 2001. pp. pp. 1–5. ISBN 0-9579616-1-8. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b (ed.) Skarveli, Efharis; Zervos, Isabel (2005). Official Report of the XXVIII Olympiad, Volume Two: The Games (PDF). Athens 2004 Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. pp. pp. 528–529. ISBN 960-88101-7-5. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Brunei excluded from Beijing Games". Reuters. 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
^ "National Olympic Committees". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
^ Mallon, Bill (2004). "IOC and OCOG Abbreviations for NOCs" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 12 (2): pp. 25–28. Retrieved 2008-02-08. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (1983). "China and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (190–191). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: pp. 583–592. Retrieved 2008-02-08. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Chan, Gerald (1985). "The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula". Pacific Affairs. 58 (3). Vancouver: University of British Columbia: pp. 473–490. doi:10.2307/2759241. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c De Wael, Herman (2001-01-24). "Fencing 1900". Retrieved 2008-02-04.
^ Mallon 1997, p.10.
^ Charles J.P. Lucas (1905). The Olympic Games — 1904 (PDF) (PDF). St. Louis, MO: Woodard & Tiernan. pp. p. 47. Retrieved 2008-02-28. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b "Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (1974). "New Zealand and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (74–75). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: pp. 44–59. Retrieved 2008-03-13. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (1975). "The German Democratic Republic and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (95–96). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: pp. 362–377. Retrieved 2008-03-13. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ "United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 (Implementing Trade Embargo on Yugoslavia)". University of Minnesota Human Rights Center. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
^ "Decisions of the 99th Session" (PDF). Olympic Review (299). International Olympic Committee: pp. 415–416. 1992. Retrieved 2008-08-14. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

External links

Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee
Olympic Review and Revue Olympique. LA84 Foundation

[OR1896-1] De Coubertin, Pierre; Philemon, Timolean; Politis, N.G.; Anninos, Charalambos (1897). "Second Part: The Olympic Games in 1896". The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896 (PDF). Athens: Charles Beck. Retrieved 2008-02-04.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] "Athens 1896". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-03-11.

[BUL1896-3] "Olypic [sic] Games Athens 1896". Bulgarian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-02-04.

[CHI1896-4] "La Presencia de Chile en los Juegos Olimpicos" (in Spanish). Comité Olímpico de Chile. Retrieved 2008-02-04.

[Mallon1896-5] Mallon, Bill (1998). "1896 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries". The 1896 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-7864-0379-9. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[6] De Wael, Herman (2005-06-13). "Herman's Top Athina 1896 Olympians". Retrieved 2008-03-11.

[7] "Paris 1900". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-03-11.

[Mallon1900-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mallon, Bill (1997). "1900 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries". The 1900 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-0786403783. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[9] De Wael, Herman (2002-10-10). "Herman's Top Paris 1900 Olympians". Retrieved 2008-03-11.

[Mallon1904-10] Mallon, Bill (1999). "1904 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries". The 1904 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0786405503. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[11] "St. Louis 1904". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-03-11.

[OR1908-12] Cook, Theodore Andrea (1909). The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report (PDF). London: British Olympic Association. pp. p. 656. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[OR1912-13] (ed). Bergvall, Erik (1913). The Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912 Official Report (PDF). Stockholm: Wahlström and Widstrand. pp. p. 889. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[OR1920-14] Olympic Games Antwerp 1920 — Official Report (PDF) (in French). Belgian Olympic Committee. 1957. pp. pp. 168–170. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR1924-15] (ed.) M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français. Les Jeux de la VIII^e Olympiade Paris 1924 - Rapport Officiel (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. pp. p. 79. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR1928-16] (ed.) G. Van Rossem (1928). The Ninth Olympiad Amsterdam 1928 Official Report (PDF). Amsterdam: J. H. De Bussy. pp. pp. 87–88. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR1932-17] The Games of the X^th Olympiad Los Angeles 1932 (PDF). Xth Olympiade Committee of the Games of Los Angeles, U.S.A. 1932. 1933. pp. p. 374. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR1936-18] Diem, Carl (1937). XI^th Olympic Games, Berlin 1936 Official Report (PDF). Berlin: Wilhelm Limpert. pp. pp. 596–597. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR1948-19] (ed.) Lord Burghley (1951). The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad (PDF). London: Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad. pp. pp. 546–547. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[OR1952-20] (ed.) Kolkka, Sulo (1955). The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the Games of the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952 (PDF). Helsinki: Organising Committee for the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952. pp. 244–255. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[OR1956-21] The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVI Olympiad Melbourne 1956 (PDF). Melbourne: The Organizing Committee of the XVI Olympiad, Melbourne, 1956. 1958. pp. pp. 260–261. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

[EQ1956-22] The Equestrian Games of the XVI Olympiad Stockholm 1956 (PDF). Stockholm: Esselte Aktiebolag. 1959. pp. p. 23. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR1960-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f (ed.) Giacomini, Romolo (1963). The Games of the XVII Olympiad Rome 1960, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Volume 2 (PDF). Rome: Carlo Colombo. pp. p. 56. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[OR1964-24] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ The Official Report of the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo 1964, Volume II (PDF). Tokyo: The Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVIII Olympiad. 1966. pp. pp. 2–13. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[OR1968-25] (ed.) Trueblood, Beatrice (1969). The Official Report of the Organizing Committee of the Games of the XIX Olympiad Mexico 1968, Volume 3: The Games (PDF). Organizing Committee of the Games of the XIX Olympiad. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[FRGhist-26] (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (1975). "The Federal Republic of Germany and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (93–94). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: pp. 290–306. Retrieved 2008-02-08. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[OR1972-27] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f (ed.) Kunze, Herbert (1974). The official report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXth Olympiad Munich 1972, Volume 3 The competitions (PDF). Munich: proSport. pp. pp. 541–563. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR1976-28] (ed.) Chantigny, Louis (1978). Games of the XXI Olympiad Montréal 1976 Official Report, Volume I Organization (PDF). Montreal: COJO 76. pp. pp. 139–150. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)

[29] (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (1976). "Africa and the XXIst Olympiad" (PDF). Olympic Review (109–110). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: pp. 584–585. Retrieved 2008-02-08. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[OR1980-30] (ed.) I. T. Novikov (1981). Games of the XXII Olympiad Moscow 1980, Volume 3 Participants and Results (PDF). Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport. pp. pp. 610–639. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR1984-31] (ed.) Perelman, Richard B. (1985). Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984, Volume 2 Competition Summary and Results (PDF). Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. pp. 224–227. ISBN 0-9614512-0-3. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR1988-32] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f (ed.) Lee Kyong-hee (1989). Games of the XXIVth Olympiad Seoul 1988 Official Report, Volume 2: Competition Summary and Results (PDF). Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. pp. 150–161. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[OR1992-33] (ed.) Cuyàs, Romà (1992). Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad Barcelona 1992, Volume IV The Games (PDF). COOB'92. pp. pp. 396–397. ISBN 84-7868-097-7. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR1996-34] (ed.) Watkins, Ginger T. (1997). The Official Report of the Centennial Olympic Games, Volume III The Competition Results (PDF). Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers. pp. pp. viii–ix. ISBN 1-56145-150-9. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR2000-35] "National Olympic Committees". Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad, Volume Three: Results (PDF). Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. 2001. pp. pp. 1–5. ISBN 0-9579616-1-8. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

[OR2004-36] (ed.) Skarveli, Efharis; Zervos, Isabel (2005). Official Report of the XXVIII Olympiad, Volume Two: The Games (PDF). Athens 2004 Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. pp. pp. 528–529. ISBN 960-88101-7-5. Retrieved 2008-02-05. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[37] "Brunei excluded from Beijing Games". Reuters. 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2008-08-15.

[38] "National Olympic Committees". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-03-11.

[39] Mallon, Bill (2004). "IOC and OCOG Abbreviations for NOCs" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 12 (2): pp. 25–28. Retrieved 2008-02-08. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[40] (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (1983). "China and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (190–191). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: pp. 583–592. Retrieved 2008-02-08. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[41] Chan, Gerald (1985). "The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula". Pacific Affairs. 58 (3). Vancouver: University of British Columbia: pp. 473–490. doi:10.2307/2759241. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Fencing1900-42] De Wael, Herman (2001-01-24). "Fencing 1900". Retrieved 2008-02-04.

[43] Mallon 1997, p.10.

[44] Charles J.P. Lucas (1905). The Olympic Games — 1904 (PDF) (PDF). St. Louis, MO: Woodard & Tiernan. pp. p. 47. Retrieved 2008-02-28. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

[IOCdatabase-45] "Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2007-03-27.

[46] (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (1974). "New Zealand and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (74–75). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: pp. 44–59. Retrieved 2008-03-13. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[GDRhist-47] (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (1975). "The German Democratic Republic and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (95–96). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: pp. 362–377. Retrieved 2008-03-13. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[48] "United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 (Implementing Trade Embargo on Yugoslavia)". University of Minnesota Human Rights Center. Retrieved 2008-08-18.

[49] "Decisions of the 99th Session" (PDF). Olympic Review (299). International Olympic Committee: pp. 415–416. 1992. Retrieved 2008-08-14. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[WW1-50] Cancelled due to World War I

[WW2-51] Cancelled due to World War II

[COVID2021-52] Postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic

[COVID2024-53] Postponed to 2026 due to the COVID-19 pandemic

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