Șoimoș
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Șoimoș Shojmosch Solymosvár |
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| Basic data | |||||
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| State : |
 Romania
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| Historical region : | Banat | ||||
| Circle : | Arad | ||||
| Municipality : | Lipova | ||||
| Coordinates : | 46 ° 6 ' N , 21 ° 43' E | ||||
| Time zone : | EET ( UTC +2) | ||||
| Height : | 213 m | ||||
| Residents : | 1,029 (2002) | ||||
| Postal code : | 315402 | ||||
| Telephone code : | (+40) 02 57 | ||||
| License plate : | AR | ||||
| Structure and administration | |||||
| Community type : | Village | ||||
Șoimoș ( Hungarian Solymosvár , German Schojmosch , or Schoimosch ) is a place in western Romania and belongs to the small town of Lipova ( Lippa ) in the Arad district in the Banat . The medieval castle ruins located high above the Miereschtal are striking .
Geographical location
Soimos located 36 kilometers east of the county capital Arad on the right, northern bank of the river Mures ( Mures ) and takes place in a side valley. The center of Lipova is on the opposite bank. The place is on the busy European route 68 from southern Hungary to Transylvania and on the railway line from Arad to Brașov . To the west of this is the pilgrimage site of Maria Radna .
history
The village flourished in the 18th century with grain cultivation, timber industry and viticulture on terraces laid out on granite rocks on the sunny south-facing slopes above the Mieresch.
In the 19th century, the neighboring town of Lippa developed into a small town that had had a railway connection to Timisoara since 1875 and was promoted to a health resort in 1880. The place Schoimosch, however, remained rural. In the 1880s, writers Mihai Eminescu and Ioan Slavici visited Dr. Ioan Hozan. In 1910 the official Hungarian place name was changed from Solymos to Solymosvár ( Schoimoschburg ). After the First World War, the village came to the Kingdom of Romania .
population
In 1900 Șoimoș had 1649 inhabitants, 1530 of whom were Romanians, 59 Germans and 51 Hungarians. The distribution of denominations was 1,525 Orthodox and 98 Roman Catholic.
In 2002 Șoimoș had 1029 inhabitants, 1009 of whom declared themselves to be Romanians, ten as Ukrainians , seven as Hungarians, two as Romanian Germans and one declared to be Bulgarian . The distribution of denominations was 713 Orthodox, 247 Pentecostals, 33 Baptists and 23 Roman Catholics.
Attractions
To visit the ruined castle ruins, you have to climb the 252 m high hill from the eastern exit of the village. The oldest part of the castle is the keep . The castle courtyard covers an area of 35 × 22 meters. On the north side of the Renaissance wing there is another balcony known as the Isabella balcony, based on Isabella Jagiellonica, who lived here from 1541. In the southern part of the complex there is a knight's room and a chapel.
The Schoimosch Castle (in German also Falkenstein , rum .: Cetatea Șoimoș , ung .: Solymosvár ) was first mentioned in a Latin document in 1278 as Castrum Somos . It was erected immediately before (1272–1275) by Ban Paul, ruler of the Banat of Severin ( Pál szörényi bán ). He built it as a supplement to Lippa Castle, located in the immediate vicinity on the southern side of the river, which was mentioned in a document as early as 1241. After the Tatar invasion in 1281, the Schoimosch Castle came into the possession of Ladislaus Khan ( Kán László ), the voivod of Transylvania at the time. He had imprisoned the Hungarian King Béla V ( Otto III. Of Bavaria ) in Transylvania in the Hungarian Interregnum and made himself ruler. After the death of Ladislaus in August 1315, the new King Karl Robert from the House of Anjou was able to extend his sphere of influence to Transylvania and came into possession of Solymos Castle, which controlled the route through the Miereschtal.
In 1440 the castle was taken over by King Wladislaus , who from that year was King of Poland and King of Hungary at the same time. However, this fell just four years later in the battle of Varna against the Ottomans and as a result Johann Hunyadi seized the castle. The general Hunyadi was now the new ruler in Transylvania and in 1446 he was elected imperial administrator of Hungary as a representative of the minor Ladislaus Postumus . He had the castle expanded. After the death of Johann, his son Matthias Corvinus took over the property, who was elected the new King of Hungary after the sudden death of the Habsburg Ladislaus. Matthias was able to assert himself on the throne and in April 1462 concluded an agreement with his adversary, the Habsburg Frederick III. At the same time he succeeded in lengthy negotiations in taking the Bohemian general Johann Giskra into his service. He used to be a rival of his father, who later fell out with the Habsburgs. In compensation for his lost lands in Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia ), Matthias gave him land in the Arad area, the domain around Solymos Castle, which also included Lippa Castle, and Iňačovce Castle (also Solymos in Hungarian, in Upper Hungary). In the same year, he took Vlad III, who fled from Wallachia from the Turks . Drăculea and handed him hostage to the king. After the death of Bohemia around 1469/70, Matthias gave the castle to his illegitimate son Johann Corvinus . When the crusade of Georg Dózsa came in 1513 , which soon degenerated into a bloody peasant revolt against the aristocratic landowners, the garrison of Solymos showed solidarity with Dósza and the castle came into the possession of the Kuruc. However, the uprising was suppressed by Johann Zápolya . After his death in 1541 his wife Isabella Jagiellonica lived in the castle, which now ruled Transylvania with political support from the Ottomans. However, they invaded Transylvania in 1551 and the troops of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent under his military leader Mohammed Sokolli then besieged the castles Schoimosch and Lippa in October of that year. The Habsburg general Giovanni Battista Castaldo dispatched imperial auxiliaries quickly, but they were defeated on the southern bank of the Mieresch in front of Lippa Castle. The Turks then took Lippa, while Shoimosch Castle was able to hold on to the northern bank. Isabella then fled Transylvania and, with the mediation of Cardinal Georg Martinuzzi , came to an understanding with her husband's former arch rival, the Habsburg Ferdinand I , emperor and Hungarian counter-king, and ceded her rights over Transylvania to him.
The Turkish troops had meanwhile moved westward and were besieging Timisoara . The Christians took advantage of this and tried to take Lippa again. However, the historical sources do not agree on whose troops these were. Some call General Castaldo, others Cardinal Martinuzzi. On December 5, 1551, the remaining Turks withdrew from Lippa Castle surprisingly and Lippa was recaptured. But just a few months later, the tide turned. After the troops of Mohammed Sokolli had taken Temeschburg in the summer of 1552, they turned eastwards again and now conquered Lippa Castle and Schoimosch Castle. This time the Ottoman victory was permanent and Lippa became the seat of a sanjak .
Only during the Long Turkish War (also called the Fifteen Years Turkish War in Hungary ) did the rule over Schoimosch change again. In 1595 Sigismund Báthory , Prince of Transylvania, sent his troop leader Georg Borbély to the Banat to drive the Turks out there. The Turkish commander of the Lippa garrison was captured and the two castles conquered. The Transylvanian troops then moved westward to support the uprising of the Serbs and Wallachians living there under Ottoman sovereignty in the Banat. The army then besieged Temeschburg, but could not take it. In 1596 the Turks tried to recapture the lost castles, but they did not succeed. In 1602 the anti-Habsburg Szekler leader Moses Székely was able to bring the castle under his control. In the following year, however, he was defeated by the imperial general Giorgio Basta and the voivode of Wallachia Radu Şerban, who was allied with Habsburg . In 1603 and 1604, the Pascha of Temeschburg made renewed unsuccessful attempts to conquer Lippa and Schoimosch. Only when there was a new hostility between Transylvania and Habsburg under Gábor Bethlen , the Ottomans were able to gain territory. The Calvinist Bethlen asked the Turks for help against his Catholic rival Gabriel Báthory , but in return had to hand over the castles Schoimosch and Lippa to the Turks in 1616. These remained Ottoman for decades to come. An attempt at recapture under George II Rákóczi in 1658 did not succeed.
Only after the unsuccessful Second Turkish Siege of Vienna did the tide turn again. In 1688 the imperial general Antonio von Caraffa penetrated from Upper Hungary to Transylvania and was able to take the two castles after a hard onslaught. A conquest of the western Banat did not succeed. As a result, the two castles became border fortresses, which were occupied by a Habsburg garrison and thus secured the entrance to Transylvania. In 1694/95 the Turks fought back and were able to briefly take Lippa Castle, but not Schoimosch. Since they could not permanently occupy Lippa Castle, the fortress was razed with explosives and completely destroyed.
Due to the Peace of Karlowitz , the Ottomans had to cede the nearby Arad to the emperor. As a result, the two castles lost their strategic importance as border guards. The Austrians did not rebuild Lippa, the last remains were even completely razed in 1701. However, an imperial garrison remained at Schoimosch Castle, which was supposed to protect the region above all from the rebellious Kuruzen under Franz II Rákóczi . After this uprising was suppressed in 1711, however, Shoimosch Castle also lost its military importance. From 1724 German-speaking settlers began to settle in the area. 200 families from Bavaria and Saxony came to the area of today's municipality, some of them also to the village of Schoimosch.
In 1752 a large part of the Serbian population left the village and moved to the Russian Empire . There they settled in New Serbia in today's Ukraine settled and founded a village called Solmos . This place is now called Stetziwka ( ukr . : Стецівка) and is located in Cherkassy Oblast .
In 1761, Joseph II , the future emperor, also visited Schoimosch Castle on his first trip to the Banat and Transylvania. The first census in the Kingdom of Hungary in 1771 counted 100 serf and eight farming families in the village. The castle gained military importance again in 1784 when the Horea rebellion broke out in the area . In November 1784, the imperial garrison of the castle was defeated by the insurgent troops of Horea, who were pulling the Mieresch downstream. After the uprising was put down in 1785, the last garrison of the castle was withdrawn in 1788. Since then, the castle began to slowly deteriorate.
- Also worth seeing is the orthodox village church, which was built in 1792 after the Josephinian tolerance patent allowed the construction of new Greek-oriental churches - as it was called at the time. It contains frescoes by the church painter Nicolae Popescu from 1875.
Web links
- banater-aktualitaet.de: MEDIEVAL CASTLES OF THE BANAT (22) - The Schoimoscher Castle
- cetatesoimos.ro - private website with photos and descriptions in Romanian