New Russia

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A German map of New Russia from 1855
The area before the emergence of New Russia, 1648, (south above) with a wide strip of "Loca deserta" (" abandoned areas "). Azov on the left edge of the map . “Meotis Palus” is the Sea of ​​Azov

New Russia ( Russian: Новороссия , Novorossija ) was a historical area that was named so from 1764 after the Russian Empire pushed back the Ottoman Empire and its vassal state, the Crimean Khanate , and formed the New Russia governorate . The area, which is designated alternately in different administrative units, mainly comprised the south of today's Ukraine with historical Bessarabia , partly also eastern Ukraine and parts of southern Russia , which lie on the Azov and Black Seas .

history

Before it was incorporated into the Russian Empire, the territory of New Russia had long been contested between Poland-Lithuania , the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire. This and the regular raids by the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and the Nogaier Horde meant that these steppe areas were sparsely populated, despite their fertile black earth, and were called " Wildes Feld ".

From the 16th century the northern part of the province became the land of the Zaporozhian Cossacks , fleeing Ruthenian peasants from Poland-Lithuania and Russian peasants and serfs of Tsar Ivan IV , who established the hetmanate of the Dnieper Cossacks there. From there they attacked and devastated the hinterland of the Ottoman-Tatar coastal cities. In search of allies, the hetmanate swore the oath of allegiance to the tsar with the Treaty of Perejaslav in 1654 . Against the Cossacks, the Ottomans set up the Eyâlet Silistria , which included parts of the areas that later (like the Crimean Khanate) belonged to the New Russia governorate.

Potjomkin and Catherine II (photomontage).

A large-scale colonization and development of New Russia took place during and after the Russo-Turkish War 1768–1774 under the leadership of Prince Grigori Potjomkin , who received almost unlimited powers from Empress Catherine II as a general and chief administrator. The land was distributed to the Russian nobility who brought colonists from central Russia. In addition, many foreign colonists were recruited, mostly Germans, Serbs and Greeks. The number of serfs was fewer than in other areas. In a short time, new cities were founded, including Odessa , Novorossiysk , Sevastopol , Yekaterinoslav (today: Dnipro ), Alexandrowsk (today: Zaporizhia ), Nikolayev (today: Mykolaiv ), Cherson , Mariupol and others.

The capital of New Russia was briefly Kremenchug , later Yekaterinoslav, newly founded in 1784, became the administrative center. The development of the port cities played a special role, because Russia, in its drive to the straits, needed a powerful fleet in the Black Sea in order to push back the Ottomans. The original New Russia governorate was revived between 1796 and 1802, the areas were not stable at that time. The name lasted until 1874 in the New Russia-Bessarabia Generalgouvernement founded in 1822 , the first General Governors of which had been appointed from 1805. After 1802 there were the governorates of Bessarabia , Cherson , Jekaterinoslav and the governorate of Tauria encompassing the Crimea and areas north of it .

During this time, Odessa developed into an important trading port and the fourth largest city in the Empire after Saint Petersburg , Moscow and Warsaw . Sevastopol in the Crimea became the most important naval port (see Sevastopol naval base ). Many of the members of the revolutionary Narodnaja Wolja , who wanted to overthrow tsarism after 1870 , came from the multi-ethnic area of ​​New Russia.

With the end of the tsarist empire ( October Revolution 1917) every administrative unit with this name disappeared. During the Russian Revolution , the proclaimed Soviet Republic of Odessa existed in the southern area for two months and, by Lenin's decree, a Soviet republic of Donetsk-Krivoy Rog , which were to form further counter-governments to the Ukrainian People's Republic . In the eastern part there was also an anarchist “Free Territory”. When the Bolsheviks finally created the Ukrainian SSR by military means (due to a lack of popular support), most of the former New Russia was attached to it, which should induce the Ukrainians to become more loyal. This should also weaken the unitary Russian White Movement . As part of the Bolshevik nationality policy ( Korenizazija and Ukrainization ), the names 'New Russia' and Little Russia were banned (the latter for northern Ukraine). In 1954 Nikita Khrushchev (he had become his successor after Stalin's death) handed over the Crimean peninsula to the Ukraine. The Crimean peninsula had been under the administration of the Russian SFSR until then (except during the occupation by the Wehrmacht in 1941–1944) .

At the end of 2013, pro-Western protests began in Ukraine (“ Euromaidan ” in Kiev); In February 2014, Viktor Yanukovych's government was overthrown . As a result, Russia sent special troops to annex the Ukrainian peninsula of Crimea and stirred up unrest in eastern Ukraine. The war in eastern Ukraine did not originate from the Donbass residents themselves, but from Russian armed units.

In pro-Russian and Russian circles - including by Russian President Putin - the term "New Russia" has been used more and more since then.

Until May 2015, the confederative union of the proclaimed People's Republics of Donetsk and Lugansk appeared under the name “New Russia” . In the broadest sense, this meant all areas of the Ukrainian southeast in which the use of the Russian language predominates in the Ukraine, including the Kharkiv Oblast , which historically belonged to Sloboda-Ukraine and not to New Russia. In 2015, the project to enable the implementation of the Minsk Agreement was declared frozen.

Immigration policy

The Guardianship Office for Foreign Settlers in Saint Petersburg was responsible for managing non-Russian settlers until 1766. Then the Saratower Welfare Office for foreign settlers in Saratov was established . This approach proved its worth and so in 1799 the New Russia Welfare Office for foreign settlers and in 1803 an office under the direction of the Duke of Richelieu for the settlers in the Odessa region. In 1804 he also took over the management of the New Russia welfare office . In 1818 the New Russia Welfare Office oversaw 84 colonies with 17,000 residents and the Odessa office in 44 colonies with 15,500 residents. After years of mass influx of settlers from numerous countries, the official recruitment for colonists ceased in 1819.

In 1818 the administration of the settlers was reorganized and the welfare committee for foreign settlers in southern Russia was founded in Kherson, which had three branches in the governorates of Yekaterinoslav (today: Dnipro ), Kherson (with Odessa) and Bessarabia , which each had the economic and legal problems in theirs Area regulated. The committee existed until 1871 until the abolition of the privileges for the colonists. Settlers were also recruited in German-speaking countries, among other things, which resulted in the Black Sea Germans living in scattered towns . Many settlers in the steppes of New Russia west of the Dnieper and south of Kremenchug were Polish Jews . They came mainly from 1839 to 1882 from what is now Belarus east of Mogilew on the Dnieper, which had become Russian when Poland-Lithuania was first partitioned in 1772. The colonists remained privileged over the Ukrainian and Russian peasants in the first half of the 19th century. They had received more land, tax privileges and exemption from military service.

Deportations

After the Red Army gained the upper hand in the German-Soviet war and was able to advance (May 1944 Battle of the Crimea , August 1944 Lviv-Sandomierz Operation ), Stalin had almost all Crimean Tatars deported to Soviet Uzbekistan on May 18, 1944 .

Stalin also had about half a million Ukrainians and from 1947 about 150,000 Lemks deported westwards (see displacement of Poland to the west and Operation Vistula ); He also had hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians (1946 to 1949) deported to Siberia and Russians settled in place of the displaced.

See also

Web links

Commons : New Russia  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

literature

Footnotes

  1. ↑ С. А. Тархов: Изменение административно-территориального деления России за последние 300 лет. In: газета География. Moscow, September 1, 2001.
  2. ^ Andreas Kappeler: Brief history of the Ukraine. P. 108.
  3. ^ Andreas Kappeler: Brief history of the Ukraine. P. 134.
  4. ↑ With "New Russia" to old size. In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger. 4th September 2014.
  5. ↑ В. А. Дергачёв: Геополитическая трансформация украинского Причерноморья. Научные труды в семи книгах. - 1-е. - Издательский дом профессора Дергачёва. - Т. 7th
  6. ↑ Putin's bluff. In: Der Tagesspiegel. May 9, 2014. Comment
  7. ↑ What is this New Russia that Putin is talking about? In: Stern. 3rd September 2014.
  8. ↑ New Russia is over. on: gaseta.ru , May 20, 2014.
  9. ↑ Russian-backed 'Novorossiya' breakaway movement collapses. In: Ukraine Today . May 20, 2015.
  10. ^ Andreas Kappeler: Russia as a multi-ethnic empire. Origin - history - decay. 2nd Edition. Munich 1993, ISBN 3-406-36472-1 , p. 52.
  11. ^ Julius Elk: The Jewish Colonies in Russia. Georg Olms Verlag, 1970.
  12. ^ Andreas Kappeler: Russia as a multi-ethnic empire. Origin - history - decay. 2nd Edition. Munich 1993, ISBN 3-406-36472-1 , p. 53.
  13. ^ Andreas Kappeler: Brief history of the Ukraine. CH Beck, Munich 1994, p. 226.
  14. ↑ Britta Böhme: Borderland between Myth and Reality - Real and Idea History of the Ukrainian Territory. Berliner Debatte Wiss.-Verlag, Berlin 1999, p. 347 f.
  15. ^ Andreas Kappeler: Brief history of the Ukraine. 1994, p. 224.