Black Sea Germans

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Black Sea Germans are the inhabitants of former German settlements on the northern shore of the Black Sea in what is now Ukraine . West of the Dniester lived Bessarabian Germans and in the south Crimean Germans , with whom they belong to the Ukrainian Germans. Since 1765, many Germans immigrated from West and Southwest Germany, and from 1789 also West Prussian Mennonites into the northern Black Sea region. In New Russia , many settlements were founded in the south of the then Russian Empire near the port city of Odessa . Because of their common history, Black Sea Germans are counted among the Russian Germans .

term

The term “Black Sea Germans” was coined by the main office responsible for resettlement, Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle , and was only adopted during the period from August 1943 to May 1944. In April 1944, Untersturmführer Wilhelm Gradmann called it “misleading” during a lecture at a conference of the Central Immigration Office .

Refugee wrecks of Black Sea Germans in Hungary during World War II , July 1944

emigration

Catherine II had gained the southern Russian territory through two wars with the Ottoman Empire (1768–1774) and the annexation of the Crimean Khanate (1783) for the Russian Empire. With the Peace of Jassy the sparsely populated area between the Southern Bug and the Dniester also fell to Russia. Numerous Bulgarians, Greeks and Romanians who emigrated from the Ottoman Empire also immigrated to this region .

The first German emigrants from the southwest ( Württemberg , Baden , Alsace , Lorraine , Palatinate ) arrived in 1803, called by the Russian Emperor Alexander I. They came from Ulm on Ulmer Schachteln on the Danube to Galatz . There were nine transports with around 1,100 people, half of them children. From Galatz we went on to Dubossary by land . The travel time was around 80 days. After a quarantine period , she went on to Odessa , where she was in charge of the New Russian Welfare Office .

Settlement

October 17, 1803 is considered to be the founding day of the Black Sea German colonies near Odessa. On that day, Emperor Alexander I bought land for the colonists. In spring 1804 Großliebental and Kleinliebental were the first settlements. Later Neuburg, Peterstal and Josefstal followed in the vicinity . In 1805 Alexanderhilf , Frankfeld, Mariental and Lustdorf were established . In 1806 Freudental was added.

In 1808 there was a second wave of immigration from Baden and Alsace, which led to the establishment of the colonist districts of Glückstal and Kutschurgan . In the same year Neudorf, Bergdorf and Glückstal emerged. The Russian government had already reduced the immigration quota to 200 families a year in order to be able to provide for all new settlers appropriately. The Russian Governor General Duke von Richelieu obtained land on the Kuchurgan Liman ( Кучурганський лиман ) for other colonists . The colonies of Kandel, Selz and Strasbourg were established there in 1808.

Since around 500 other emigrant families were traveling in 1808, the Russian administration provided settlement land on the Berezan River . The Landau , Speyer and Rohrbach settlements were established there in 1809 . In 1810 Worms, Sulz, Karlsruhe, Rastatt and Munich were founded.

The settlement area of ​​the German emigrants was not as compact as the Volga area , but the core area of ​​a whole chain of colonies. The Russian administration provided the German emigrants with around 72,000 Desjatinen (almost 80,000 hectares ) of land between 1804 and 1809 .

Agriculture and ranching

The society of the Black Sea Germans was shaped by agriculture. Initially, almost without exception , the emigrants worked as farmers on land that the Russian state had made available to them.

Grain cultivation became the main source of income , as the grain could be exported duty-free from the Black Sea port in Odessa until 1859. The favorable production and sales conditions for grain ensured economic prosperity and led to the establishment of further settlements. Vegetables, wine and fruit were also grown . Bees , silkworms and merino sheep were dominant in animal husbandry . Many emigrated German craftsmen settled in Odessa . This later resulted in factories for agricultural machinery and equipment.

Church and school

Catholic Church in Rastadt ( Beresan Colony District )

The church was the center of the cultural life of the Black Sea Germans. In practice, the use of the Bible and hymn book contributed to the fact that the German language was preserved abroad. The school lessons for the children were closely related to the church, as there was only one church school. In the 20th century, the colonists also established higher schools.

End of colonist privileges and renewed emigration

Since immigration, the settlers had the privileged status of colonists. In 1871 the colonist status was abolished and the settlers were treated equally with the other Russian citizens. The introduction of 6-year conscription from 1871 led to an emigration of around 15,000 Mennonites to the USA . In the years 1871–1915, around 79,000 Protestant and 37,500 Catholic Black Sea Germans emigrated to the USA. Emigration destinations were also Canada , Australia , Argentina and Brazil .

20th century

During the First World War, the Black Sea Germans were subject to severe discrimination because they were suspected of cooperating with the enemy in the form of the Germans. At the same time, around 250,000 colonists of German descent were serving in the Russian army . However, they fought not on the German-Austrian, but on the Turkish front. After the October Revolution , the political conditions in the Black Sea region were unstable for years due to the civil war . In 1918, German and Austro-Hungarian troops stayed in the Ukraine for a short time, from which the Black Sea Germans hoped for permanent protection.

“When German troops came to southern Russia in 1918 and advanced into the Caucasus, they discovered neat German villages, even entire German areas. They were received here with boundless cheers. True to their nationality, the German settlers had to endure unspeakable things during the World War and could only breathe a sigh of relief after the collapse of tsarism. The first 40 colonist students who had volunteered for German army service and arrived in Germany in autumn 1918 were almost entirely Swabian by origin and were housed in Tübingen, Stuttgart and Hohenheim. After the coup in November 1918, they were completely cut off from their relatives and found themselves in great distress, which caused them to join forces to form special-purpose associations for economic and cultural interests. With the support of the German Foreign Institute and the Association for Germanism Abroad, they were able to continue their studies and successfully complete them. "

- Academic Germany , Berlin 1931, Vol. II, p. 1039.

After the withdrawal of the German army , the colonists set up a self-protection force, which in 1919 expelled the Red Army from German settlement areas by force of arms. In 1920 the Red Army returned and inflicted heavy losses on the German self-protection association with 500 men, so that the troops withdrew to Poland. After that, the Soviet power was installed and the Germans then largely lost their cultural life. Church life was also stopped and church buildings were used as storage buildings. Nevertheless, their closed settlements were largely preserved. The Bolsheviks primarily put pressure on the wealthy peasants ( kulaks ). In the context of Sovietization, agriculture was forced to collectivize and farms were nationalized, which led to unrest in some Black Sea German villages. Tens of thousands of Germans asked to leave the country during the purges around 1929, while Germany only accepted around 6,000 people temporarily.

Persecutions in the 1930s

During the National Socialist rule in the German Reich , the Black Sea Germans were suspected of espionage and the counter-revolution . Most of the German families were arrested and exiled. In 1936 all German schools in Ukraine were closed, teachers were arrested and Ukrainian was introduced as the language of instruction. The religious persecution under Stalin had catastrophic consequences for the ecclesiastical life of the Black Sea Germans. Churches and prayer houses were closed and in some cases also demolished. Clergymen were abducted and shot, including Bishop Alexander Frison on June 20, 1937.

War abductions

At the beginning of the Second World War , the ethnic group of the Black Sea Germans comprised around 326,500 people (including 52,300 men, 107,800 women and 166,400 children) who lived in 228 villages. In the first months of the war, around 18,000–40,000 people were deported to the interior of the Soviet Union. Only a few of the abducted men survived their deportation due to the cold, hunger, hard work and arbitrary shootings. The relatively small number of those displaced is due to the rapid advance of the front during the attack on the Soviet Union in July and August 1941. After the front had passed through, the Black Sea Germans belonged to the Transnistria area established by Romania . At the end of 1941 they received extensive autonomy from the Romanian administration in their settlement area and were subordinate to the Sonderkommando R based in Landau, which belonged to the main office of the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VoMi).

Participation in the Holocaust

The SS-Gruppenführer Otto Ohlendorf , who was in the area with the Einsatzgruppe Süd led by him , made contact with Black Sea Germans. Among them he organized the armed self-protection in a strength of about 7000 men, which was subordinate to the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle. At the beginning of 1942, the Romanian gendarmerie deported tens of thousands of Jews from Odessa. They drove them into the ethnic German settlement area in the direction of the Bug and partly left them to their own devices without guarding. Typhus spread massively among the deportees . There were also raids by ethnic German settlers on the Jewish treks, during which they robbed the weakened people of valuables by force of arms. The Sonderkommando R was completely overwhelmed by the situation and ordered the “ Volksdeutsche Selbstschutz ” to kill helpless Jewish people along the way, which took place in around 3,000 cases. The corpses were burned at stake.

The train of deportees came to a halt on the Bug River. After consultation of Sonderkommando R with the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle , it was decided to kill them because of the risk of epidemics. The Einsatzgruppen refused because Transnistria was under Romanian sovereignty. In the Bogdanowka concentration camp , members of the self-protection group and the VoMi shot and burned the deportees for several weeks. Residents of the German villages were witnesses and also provided horse-drawn vehicles to transport the victims. The bodies were disposed of, among other things, by cremating them by using lime kilns for purposes other than those intended . The victims' valuables were distributed in German villages. The exact number of killings is unknown, some say the number was 52,000. A note from the Foreign Office indicates that around 28,000 Jews were brought to German villages and murdered in the winter of 1941/42.

Another wave of killings occurred from mid to late 1942. Romanian agencies transported Jews in unknown numbers in freight trains to the German area of ​​influence, where they were killed by members of the self-protection group. After that, the move was made not to carry out killings as an epidemic prophylaxis, but to request Jewish workers from Romania and to destroy them through labor .

Resettlement, flight and displacement

As the German settlement areas around Leningrad , from Ingermanland , Belarus , the North Caucasus , the Kalmuck steppe , from Eastern Ukraine , from the cities ( Kherson , Nikolayev , Nikopol , Kiev , Kharkov , Krivoy Rog , Melitopol , Mariupol , Dnjepropetrovsk , Kirovograd , Zaporozhye ), From Transnistria and Shitomir as well as the remaining Crimean Germans (960) threatened to be reconquered by the Soviet army, the SS offices began to resettle the Germans as administrative resettlers in seven actions in "ethnic German areas". The German-born farmers put together treks with which around 228,000 people came to the "Altreich" and the Reichsgau Wartheland (Warthegau).

The so-called Black Sea Action, the fifth of the resettlement actions, affected around 73,000 people of German origin and lasted from August 1943 to May 1944.
The largest and seventh action was the repatriation of the Transnistrian Germans , which affected around 135,000 people. The action began in February 1944 and ended in early July of that year. On March 14, 1944, the order to march out was given for the first German village and on March 28, 1944 the last ethnic Germans had left their homeland.
In two treks (north and south trek) we went west. They arrived in the Warthegau after around three months. There she reached the Red Army again in the winter of 1945. Like the other Germans living there, the Black Sea Germans fled to the west in refugee treks. In doing so, they shared the fate of many other displaced persons after fleeing to the four zones of occupation on German soil. The village communities and partly also the family associations had dissolved.

Those who could not flee to the west and came under the influence of the Red Army were captured by the Soviet Union. Those who fled to the West but could not go into hiding were handed over to the Soviet military authorities as Displaced Persons by the Western Allies (British and US Americans) ; if they met any of the five criteria of the Yalta Conference , they were forcibly repatriated regardless of their individual wishes.

In the eyes of Josef Stalin , all Soviet citizens who, for whatever reason, had stayed outside the USSR during the Second World War were considered “traitors to the fatherland” and “closest collaborators of the Nazi regime” and should be treated accordingly.

As part of Operation Keelhaul , around two and a half million people from the Soviet Union were sent back between 1943 and 1947. Many of these people died, either by suicide or by execution . Others, contrary to the promise to be resettled in their old homeland, were brought to "new settlement areas", especially to Siberia and Kazakhstan , and were sent to special settlements or labor camps ( Trud Army ).

They were not allowed to return to Germany for a long time because the Soviet Union viewed them as Soviet refugees. They were also not allowed to return to their former settlement area on the Black Sea. Many were forcibly deported to Kazakhstan in cattle wagons and only came to Germany from there as late repatriates in the 1980s .

Colonist districts

Former German colonist districts on the Black Sea

For easier administration, the settlement areas of the colonists were divided into colonist districts by the administration:

Glückstal

Plan of the colonist district of Glückstal from 1809

Territory in today's Republic of Moldova / Transnistria and Ukraine with the colonies:

  • Glückstal (today Hlinaia , Russian Глиное Glinoe - Republic of Moldova / Transnistria)
  • Neudorf (now Carmanova , Russian Карманова Karmanowa - Moldova / Transnistria)
  • Mountain village (today Colosova , Russian Колосова Kolossowa - Republic of Moldova / Transnistria)
  • Kassel (today Welykokomariwka / Великокомарівка - Ukraine)
    and their daughter colonies:
  • Hope Valley (today Zebrykowe / Цебрикове - Ukraine)
  • Hope field (today Lenine / Леніне - Ukraine)
  • Klein Neudorf (today Novoseliwka / Новоселівка - Ukraine)
  • New Berezina (today Malosymenowe / Малозименове - Ukraine)
  • Neu-Glückstal (today Zybuliwka / Цибулівка - Ukraine)
  • New Berlin (today Worobjowe / Воробйове - Ukraine)
  • New Kassel (today Sofijiwka / Софіївка - Ukraine)
  • Rosenfeld (today Konopljane / Конопляне - Ukraine)
  • Gnadenfeld (today Nejkowe / Нейкове - Ukraine)
  • Kleinbergdorf (today Crasnoe , Russian Красное Krasnoje - Republic of Moldova / Transnistria)
  • Friedenstal (today Tryhrady / Тригради - Ukraine)
  • Krontal (destroyed - east of Grigoriopol - Republic of Moldova / Transnistria)
  • Neu-Glückstal (today Vovche / Вовче as part of Rymariwka / Римарівка - Ukraine)
  • Koscharka (today Koscharka / Кошарка - Ukraine)
  • Saratov (destroyed, northeast of Koscharka)

Kutschurgan

Named after the Kuchurgan River in Ukraine northwest of Odessa with the colonies:

  • Strasbourg (today Kuchurhan / Кучурган )
  • Selz (now part of Lymanske / Лиманське )
  • Kandel (Rybalske, now part of Lymanske / Лиманське )
  • Bathing (Otscheretiwka, today part of Lymanske / Лиманське )
  • Mannheim (today Kamjanka / Кам'янка )
  • Alsace (today Shcherbanka / Щербанка )
    and the daughter colonies:
  • Georgental (today Secretariivka / Секретарівка )
  • New Kandel (today Nowe / Нове )
  • New Kandel (today Bohunowe / Богунове )
  • Kellersheim (destroyed)
  • New Mannheim (today Novostepaniwka / Новостепанівка )
  • Severinovka (today Severyniwka / Северинівка )

Großliebental

Großliebenthal colonies near Odessa
Horse-drawn tram from Odessa to Lustdorf, 1917

In Ukraine southwest of Odessa with the colonies:

  • Großliebental (today Welykodolynske / Великодолинське )
(Founded in 1803 by Lutherans from Württemberg)
  • Kleinliebental (today Malodolynske / Малодолинське )
(Founded in 1803 by Catholics from Alsace)
  • Josefstal (today Jossypiwka / Йосипівка )
(Founded in 1803 by Catholics from Alsace)
  • Mariental (today Marjaniwka / Мар'янівка )
(Founded in 1803 by Catholics from Alsace)
  • Lustdorf (also Tschornomorka / Чорноморка , district of Odessa)
(Founded in 1805 by Württemberger)
(Founded in 1805/06 by Württemberger)
(Founded in 1806 by Württemberger)
  • Peterstal (today Petrodolynske / Петродолинське )
  • Franzfeld (today Nadlymanske / Надлиманське )
  • Annental (today Biljary / Білярі )
  • Güldendorf (today Krasnosilka / Красносілка )
  • Freudental (today Myrne / Мирне )
    and the daughter colonies:
  • Friedensfeld (today Syliwka / Силівка )
  • Neu-Freudental (today Marynowe / Маринове )

Berezan

Beresan colonist district and other colonies on a map of the 19th century
Places in the southern Palatinate from which the colonists emigrated to Landau

Named after the Berezan River in Ukraine in Mykolaiv Oblast and Odessa Oblast , with the colonies:

  • Landau (today Schyrokolaniwka / Широколанівка )
  • Speyer (today Pishchanyj Brid / Піщаний Брід )
  • Rohrbach (today Novoswitliwka / Новосвітлівка )
  • Worms (today Wynohradne / Виноградне )
  • Sulz (destroyed)
  • Karlsruhe (today Stepowe / Степове )
  • Rastadt (today Poritschtschja / Поріччя )
  • Munich (today Poritschtschja / Поріччя )
  • Katharinental (today Kateryniwka / Катеринівка )
  • Johannestal (today Iwaniwka / Іванівка )
  • Waterloo (today Stawky / Ставки )
    and the daughter colonies:
  • Alexanderfeld (today Beresanka / Березанка )
  • Rock castle (today Velidariwka / Велідарівка )
  • Gnadenfeld (today Nejkowe / Нейкове )
  • Halbstadt (today Novoseliwka / Новоселівка )
  • New Karlsruhe (today Tscherwona Sirka / Червона Зірка )
  • Neu Rastadt (today part of Poritschtschja)
  • Friedrichstal (destroyed)
  • Stuttgart (destroyed)

Molochna

At Tokmak with the settlements

  • Alt-Montal (today Samoshne / Заможне )
  • Old Nassau (today Wynohradne / Виноградне )
  • Blumental (now Rivne / Рівне )
  • Durlach (destroyed, south of Tschapajewka / Чапаєвка )
  • Friedrichsfeld (today Rosdol / Роздол )
  • Grüntal (destroyed, near Tschornosemne / Чорноземне )
  • Heidelberg (today Novohoriwka / Новогорівка )
  • Hochheim (today Komsomolske / Комсомольське )
  • Hochstädt (today Wyssoke / Високе )
  • Hoffental (today in the northern part of Wynohradne)
  • Karlsruhe (today Sraskowe / Зразкове )
  • Kostheim (today Pokasne / Показне )
  • Kronsfeld (today Marjaniwka / Мар'янівка )
  • Leiterhausen (today Traktorne / Тракторне )
  • Neu-Montal (today Peremoschne / Переможне )
  • New Nassau (today Suwore / Суворе )
  • Prischib (largely destroyed in the northern part of Wynohradne)
  • Reichenfeld (today Plodorodne / Плодородне )
  • Rosental (today Nowe Pole / Нове Поле )
  • Tiefenbrunn (today Tschystopillja / Чистопілля )
(Founded in 1822 by Lutherans from Baden)
  • Waldorf (today Schowtnewe / Жовтневе )
  • Wasserau (today Wodne / Водне )
    Darmstadt Colony
  • Weinau (today Tschapajewka / Чапаєвка )
  • Neudorf (destroyed, south of Wyschnewe / Вишневе )
(already dissolved in 1833)

Colonies near Ekaterinoslav

  • Billersfeld (today Oleksandriwka / Олександрівка )
  • Fischersdorf (today the district of Rybalske / Рибальське as part of the city district Samara of Dnipro )
  • Jamburg (today Dniprowe / Дніпрове )
  • Josefstal (today Samariwka / Самарівка , largely destroyed) - (Lutherans from Thorn (1780) and Danzig (1789))
  • Kronsgarten (southern part of Pidhorodne / Підгородне ) - (Frisian Mennonites from Marienburg (1789))
  • Mariental / Marienfeld (today Majorka / Майорка )

Sweden colonies near Beryslaw

  • Altschwedendorf (today part of Smijiwka )
  • Friedenheim
  • Monastery village (today part of Smijiwka )
  • Mühlhausendorf (today part of Smijiwka )
  • Neuklosterdorf
  • Neuschwedendorf
  • Snake Village (now part of Smijiwka )

Planner colonies near Mariupol

  • Kirschwald (Protestant, Colony No. 1 - today Wyschnjuwate / Вишнювате )
  • Tiegenhof (Protestant, Colony No. 2 - today Azov )
  • Rosengart (Protestant, Colony No. 3 - Rajhorod - today the northern part of Lystvyanka / Листвянка )
  • Schönbaum (Protestant, Colony No. 4 - today Lystwjanka / Листвянка )
  • Kronsdorf (Protestant, colony No. 5 - Kasjanoselsk - today northern part of Rosiwka )
  • Grunau (Protestant, Colony No. 6 - Alexandronewsk - today in the northeastern part of Rosiwka )
  • Rosenberg (Protestant, Colony No. 7 - today Rosiwka )
  • Wickerau (Protestant, colony No. 8 - today Kuznetivka / Кузнецівка )
  • Reichenberg (Protestant, colony No. 9 - today Bahatiwka / Багатівка )
  • Kampenau (Protestant, colony No. 10 - Kamenske - today southern part of Marjaniwka / Мар'янівка )
  • Mirau (Protestant, colony no.11 - today Myrske / Мирське )
  • Kaiserdorf (Catholic, Colony No. 12 - today Probudschennja / Пробудження )
  • Göttland (Catholic, Colony No. 13 - today Marjaniwka / Мар'янівка )
  • Neuhof (Catholic colony Nr. 14 - today Nowodworiwka / Новодворівка )
  • Eichwald (Catholic, Colony No. 15 - today Wesna )
  • Tiegenort (Catholic, Colony No. 16 - today Antoniwka / Антонівка )
  • Tiergart (Catholic, colony No. 17 - destroyed - northeast of Antoniwka)
  • Elisabethdorf (Protestant, colony No. 18 - Blumental - today part of Krasna Poljana )
  • Ludwigstal (Protestant, colony No. 19 - today Sorja / Зоря )
  • Darmstadt (Protestant, Colony No. 25 - today Nowhorod / Новгород )
  • Marienfeld (Protestant, Colony No. 26 - today Marynopil )

Swabian colonies near Berdyansk

The following colonies near Berdyansk are shown on a map :

  • New Hope (today western part of Ossypenko / Осипенко )
  • New Hope Valley (today Dolynske / Долинське )
  • New Stuttgart (today Jelysavetiwka / Єлизаветівка )
  • Rosenfeld (today Oleniwka / Оленівка )

More colonies

Colonies in the Don area south of Donetsk:

  • Ostheim (today Telmanowe ), subsidiary settlement of Neu-Hope
  • Rosenfeld (today Swobodne )

Personalities

See also

literature

  • Samuel D. Sinner: Open Wound: The Genocide of German Ethnic Minorities in Russia and the Soviet Union: 1915-1949 and Beyond. North Dakota State University, Fargo ND, 2000, ISBN 1-891193-08-2 ( English ).
  • Marianne Hausleitner, Brigitte Mihok, Juliane Wetzel : Romania and the Holocaust - On the mass crimes in Transnistria 1941–1944. Metropol, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-932482-43-3 .
  • Detlef Brandes: Adopted by the tsars: the German colonists and the Balkan settlers in New Russia and Bessarabia 1751 - 1914. Oldenbourg, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-486-56014-X .
  • Gerhard Wolter The zone of total calm: The Russian Germans in the war and post-war years. Eyewitness reports. Weber, Augsburg 2004, ISBN 3-9808647-0-7 .
  • Richard H. Walth: Neu-Glückstal in the Odessa region / Neu-Glückstal in the Area of ​​Odessa: A typical settlement of the Russian Germans / A Typical Village of the Germans from Russia. Klartext, Essen 1999, ISBN 978-3-88474-836-7 (= University of Bonn: Project Area East German State History: Publications from the Project Area East German State History , Volume 18, German / English ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Letter to the Eastern Department of May 11, 1944, i. A. signed Hahn; German Foreign Institute , Records of the National Socialist German Labor Party (NSDAP): National Archives Microcopy no. T-81 Film; Washington, DC: American Historical Association. American Committee for the Study of War Documents, 1956; DGS 7953036 frame 5437468
  2. ^ Marianne Hausleitner, Brigitte Mihok, Juliane Wetzel: Romania and the Holocaust - On the mass crimes in Transnistria 1941–1944.
  3. ↑ Administrative resettlers were approx. 228,000 ethnic Germans who, following an order from the military and civil administration of the Third Reich in the occupied territories of the USSR ( Reichskommissariat Ukraine , Romanian Transnistria), resettled in the Warthegau or the Old Reich in the years 1942–1944 without an intergovernmental contract were. Almost all of them had been granted German citizenship by the end of the war.
  4. ^ The Ukrainian Germans during the Second World War
  5. ^ Marburger Zeitung: The Trek of the Three Hundred and Fifty Thousands, July 24, 1944, p. 2.
  6. ↑ Der Spiegel: Treated like a third class pack , 32/1983.
  7. ↑ Map of the Glückstaler colonies
  8. ↑ http://www.rollintl.com/roll/gluckstal.htm
  9. ^ Beresan District Odessa Regional Interest Group VILLAGES (English).
  10. ↑ Planner colonies.
  11. ↑ Map of the colonies around Grunau
  12. ^ The colonies near Mariupol on the Sea of ​​Azov
  13. ^ Map of the Berdyansk colonies