Shyrokolanivka

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Shyrokolanivka
Широколанівка
Coat of arms is missing
Shyrokolanivka (Ukraine)
Shyrokolanivka
Shyrokolanivka
Basic data
Oblast : Mykolaiv Oblast
Rajon : Wesselynowe district
Height : 55 m
Area : 3.494 km²
Residents : 1,833 (2001)
Population density : 525 inhabitants per km²
Postcodes : 57063
Area code : +380 5163
Geographic location : 47 ° 10 '  N , 31 ° 26'  E Coordinates: 47 ° 10 '3 "  N , 31 ° 26' 1"  E
KOATUU : 4821785601
Administrative structure : 2 villages
Address: вул. Леніна 98/82
57063 с. Широколанівка
Statistical information
Shyrokolanivka (Mykolaiv Oblast)
Shyrokolanivka
Shyrokolanivka
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Schyrokolaniwka ( Ukrainian Широколанівка ; Russian Широколановка Schirokolanowka ; former German name "Landau" ) is a village in southern Ukraine with about 1,800 inhabitants and the administrative center of the district council of the same name .

geography

Landau in the Black Sea area
Beresan colonist district and other colonies on a map of the 19th century

Shyrokolanivka is located in the west of Mykolaiv Oblast in Wesselynove district and lies on the eastern bank of the upper reaches of the Beresan , a 49 km long tributary to the Black Sea , which only has water in the lower reaches all year round.
The Rajon center Wesselynowe is 36 km northwest and the Oblast center Mykolaiv 53 km southeast of the village.
In addition to Schyrokolaniwka, the district council also includes the village of Pishchanyj Brid ( Піщаний Брід , formerly the Black Sea German village of Speyer ).

history

Founding history of the Landau colony

The colony was founded by Catholic immigrants and was one of the seven mother colonies of the Beresan colonist district , established in 1809. The immigrants came from the Rhine provinces devastated by the Napoleonic Wars and followed Tsar Alexander I's invitation manifesto to settle near Odessa . The settlement of the area (and not only this) with foreign colonists had become necessary after all attempts had failed to settle the land that fell to Russia between Russia and the Ottoman Empire after the peace treaty of Iassy on December 29, 1791 .

Of the first settlers in the colony, 66 families came from the southern Palatinate and 27 from Lower Alsace . (According to Stummp: 63 families from the Palatinate and 48 from Alsace.) Most of the Palatinate families came from the districts of Germersheim , Bergzabern , Landau and Pirmasens ; most of the Alsatians from the canton of Weißenburg . In memory of their old home, the colony was called "Landau".

All mother colonies on the Beresan ( Karlsruhe , Katharinental , Landau, Munich , Rastatt , Rohrbach , Speyer , Sulz (today destroyed), Waterloo and Worms ) originally belonged to the Großliebental area . From 1813 they formed the Beresan settlement area, which comprised a land area of ​​55,597 Desjatinen and had its administrative seat in Landau.

The Catholic parish of Landau belonged to the dean's office Nikolajew and in 1811 the parish of Landau was founded. The first parish church was built in 1821, followed by a second church in the mid-1830s. In 1863 the third and last parish church was built.

20th century

Since 1907 there was a central school in Landau and since 1908 there was also a girls' high school. There were also two elementary schools in the village, where eleven teachers taught 414 students in 1912. There was also a poor hospital and a hospital with twelve beds and an orphans' fund in the village.

From January 18th jul. / January 31, 1918 greg. belonged Landau to Odessa Soviet Republic , which two months after its creation, on 13 March 1918, shortly after the separate peace (January 27 jul. / February 9, 1918 greg. ) between the Central Powers and the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Treaty of Brest Litovsk with Soviet Russia (March 3, 1918) ended when it was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian troops.

With the administrative division of April 30, 1925, the communities of the Beresan area were combined into a German national Rajon Landau. Landau became the administrative seat of the Rajons. When the Rajon was founded, it consisted of 19 German and five Ukrainian settlements with a total of 25,859 inhabitants. Of these, 23,521 were Germans (91%), 1,265 Ukrainians (4.9%), 437 Russians (1.7%) and 398 Jews (1.5%). In May 1926 it was renamed Karl-Liebknecht-Rayon, Landau in “Karl-Liebknecht” (Карла Лібкнехта), after the German Marxist Karl Liebknecht . After the administrative units were abolished in September 1930, the Odessa region was created in February 1932 , to which the Karl-Liebknecht Rajon (Landau) belonged. The German Rajon Karl-Liebknecht was dissolved in mid-April 1939 and its villages were assigned to other rayons.

During the Second World War between September 1941 and 1944, the village was the main town of Landau Rajon in Berezovca Rajon in the Romanian- occupied Transnistria . Landau was also the seat of the Sonderkommando R (Russia), which belonged to the SS Organization Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle . From July 1941 Horst Hoffmeyer was the director . The 128,949 ethnic Germans living in the settlement area of ​​the Black Sea Germans in 228 villages that were excluded from the Romanian administration were subject to this special command .

At the beginning of 1944, the population of German descent was resettled by the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (also Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle; official abbreviation VoMi), based in Odessa , at the last moment before the returning Red Army as administrative resettlers in the Warthegau . The preparations for this move had to be made in silence as nothing was allowed to leak outside. The management had obersturmbannführer Bruno Müller on the orders of SS brigade leader and general of police Horst Hoffmeyer taken. He prepared the plans in which the marching routes, departure times, refreshment points, river crossings, reception rooms, etc. were precisely defined. Since the trek could only go on with the usual horse and carts (" Panjewagen "), horses, wagons and harnesses had to be procured.
Since Christmas the population lived under constant pressure because they did not know whether they had to leave or whether they could stay. On March 12, 1944, at 11 a.m., the telephone message from Odessa was passed: Alert level 4! The Russians had crossed the upper reaches of the Bug . On March 13, 1944, a Monday at 3 am, a radio message from the "VoMi" from Odessa ordered the march to go. The time had come on March 16, 1944. The trucks gathered on the hill in front of the village in the direction of Rohrbach (today Novoswitliwka / Новосвітлівка). Only after hours did the Landau trek start moving. Via Owidiopol, where they crossed the Liman, the route led through Bessarabia , Dobrudscha , Banat and shortly afterwards the German border . The village was renamed "Shyrokolaniwka" in 1945, and a Shyrokolaniwka Rajon of the same name was established.

Population development

1811 1859 1918 1919 1926 1943
470 1,958 2,403 2,541 2,653 2,596

Source: 1811-1918; 1919-1943

Personalities

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Administrative structure  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Ukrainian)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / w1.c1.rada.gov.ua  
  2. ↑ Karl Stummp: Emigration from Germany to Russia in the years 1763-1862, the country team of Germans from Russia, 9th edition, 2009, p 90
  3. ↑ Alexander I's settlement manifesto dated February 20, 1804 ( Memento of the original dated December 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.migrationsmuseum.it
  4. ↑ Beresan District Odessa Newsletter Edition 1.1 (June 1996), pages 4–5. ( Memento of the original from November 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English; PDF; 471 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.grhs.org
  5. ↑ 200 Years of the Settlement of the Germans in the Black Sea Area, page 5, 17 (PDF; 2.0 MB) Published by the Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland eV, Author: Dr. Alfred Eisfeld
  6. ^ Karl Stumpp: Foundation of the German settlements in the Odessa area and the origin of the immigrants in: Heimatbuch 1956, Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland eV, p. 7
  7. ↑ Cohen, Saul Bernard. Year 2008. The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: P to Z. New York: Columbia University Press, page 3564.
  8. ↑ Zimmer, Adrian. Year 2009. Alternative place names: A Worldwide Dictionary Jefferson, NC :. McFarland & Co., page 188
  9. ↑ 200 Years of the Settlement of the Germans in the Black Sea Area, page 5, 17 (PDF; 2.0 MB) Published by the Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland eV, Author: Dr. Alfred Eisfeld
  10. ^ Ingeborg Fleischhauer: "Enterprise Barbarossa" and the forced resettlement of Germans in the USSR, volume 2, year 30, 1982, p. 305
  11. ↑ Administrative resettlers were around 228,000 ethnic Germans who, following an order from the military and civil administration of the Third Reich in the occupied territories of the USSR (Reichskommissariat Ukraine, Romanian Transnistria), resettled in the Warthegau or the Old Reich in the years 1942-44 without an interstate treaty were. Almost all of them had been granted German citizenship by the end of the war.
  12. ^ Marburger Zeitung: The Trek of the Three Hundred and Fifty Thousands, July 24, 1944, p. 2.
  13. ↑ Waldemar Schwindt, Viktor Schäfer, Eduard Stephan: The Seventh Trek; Home book of Germans from Russia, Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland, Stuttgart, 2004, p. 29
  14. ↑ Paul Milata: Between Hitler, Stalin and Antonescu: Romanian Germans in the Waffen-SS , Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar, 2007, p. 127
  15. ↑ according to other sources 1,363
  16. ↑ Beresan District Odessa Newsletter Edition 1.1 (June 1996), pages 4–5. ( Memento of the original from November 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English; PDF; 471 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.grhs.org
  17. ↑ 200 Years of the Settlement of the Germans in the Black Sea Area, page 5, 17 (PDF; 2.0 MB) Published by the Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland eV, Author: Dr. Alfred Eisfeld
  18. ^ Karl Stumpp: Foundation of the German settlements in the Odessa area and the origin of the immigrants in: Heimatbuch 1956, Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland eV, p. 7