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The English name ending -ton is a common syllable in place names as well as in originally place-related family names ( names of origin ) .

Word origin and forms of formation

The unstressed ending comes probably the more common case the old English word ton [e] that to Dūn do / and Old High German  Zun , boundary 'is. German  Zaun also derive from the latter ; Dutch tuin 'garden', Icelandic tún ' paddock ' from. This origin corresponds to the German place name formations on -hag ('hedge, fence') and the like. The Anglo-Saxon word was later transformed into the English town (German village ; [ small ] town [in contrast to city ]; locality , settlement in the more general sense).

Another word origin is suspected of the name Washington (Tyne and Wear) , from which the ancestors of the well-known American president perhaps came, or of Hamilton (Leicester) . There the word form is derived from the Old English word dun or dūn (to English dune [to German dune ] or English hill [to German hill ]): The first document for Washington is Wassyngtona 1183 to reconstructed Old English * hwæsingatūn ; Hameldon is recorded for Hamilton in 1220 (as is Hambledon , North Yorkshire in 1290). An example of the safe first meaning is Hilton , as hyll + tūn 'farm / place on the hill' for Hilton (Derbyshire , 1086 Hilltune ), or helde + tūn 'on the slope' (in English hield 'inclination') for Hilton (Durham , 1180 Helton ; so also Helton , Cumbria).

The formation often takes place - corresponding to the earliest Upper German formations -ing and -ham (also in English) - from a personal name and ending. Examples are Brighton (East Sussex), first documented by Beorthelm's-do (Brighthelm); or Boston (Lincolnshire) , probably from Bot's town (perhaps after the monk Botulf (Botolph) , 7th century). This explanation is consistently assumed when no plausible geographic derivation can be found. For Washington (Tyne and Wear), for example, in addition to an origin from waesc 'wash' with Celtic derivation, a personal name Hwaes ( Was [ sa ]) and the group name Hwaes ing 'people / descendants of Hwaes' is suspected (with a root in meaning 'to hunt'). In a broader sense, groups and functions also occur, such as: Kingston ( upon Thames , London) 'of the king ' (old burial place of Saxon rulers); also original Kennington (London) ; or Preston ( in East Lothian and Lancashire , 1086 Prestune , etc.) to priest ' priest, pastor , monk '.

In addition, there are also many formations based on topographical terms, i.e. location designations, for example: Eaton (Buckinghamshire) 'by the water' ( French eau , Latin aqua , Europe-wide and very old, cf. German -a [ a ] ch , here the Thames; same root also Eyton , Herefordshire , Ayton , am Eye); Clifton (Glouchester) 'on the chalk cliff '. Rivers are more specific to proper names: Bruton (Somerset) on the river Brue ( Celtic briw , 'fast-flowing'); Crediton (Devonshire) at Crede / Creedy; Framton (Dorset) on the Frome; Linton (Northumberland) on Lyne; Otterton (Devon) on the Otter. Derived from functional places are, for example: Straiton (Midlothian , 1296 Stratone ) from Latin strata 'street'; Trading venues like Kinetown to kine 'cow'; Shipston ( -on-Stour , Warwickshire) to sheep 'sheep'; Teddington (Tyd-End-) to tide 'where the tide [of the Thames] ends'; Tiverton (Twy-Ford) 'Two Fords'. General landscape description: Stannington (Northumberland) 'rocky'. General information about the location can be found in: Hampton (Worcestershire , 780 Heantune ) or Henton (Oxfordshire , 1085 Hentone ) too hẽah 'high'; Milton (Kent) "Middle-town" (between Gravesend and Denton , this old English denu "valley"); Upton (London, Essex , 1203 Hupinton ) 'up in town'.

The historical or geographical derivations apply only to England . Due to the English colonization , names ending in -ton are widespread worldwide, but then with a secondary designation, at that time the syllable had long ceased to be a name. An example of Anglicisation in Ireland is Boston (County Clare, Móinín na gCloigeann , new formation 1839). In addition to pure renaming according to place of origin in colonists ( eponymics ), the names of the founders can also be considered: In English, surnames of people are often without any further ending on the place name (derivation then: place name → name of origin of the person → founder / resident name of the place ). Occasionally, other honorary names can also be found for places such as people.

Variants of -tone or -don have also been preserved in modern place names : Maidstone (Kent, on the River Medway); Abingdon ( -on-Thames , Berkshire , to Abbey , site of the Abbey '; in Oxfordshire to personal name Aebbe and, hill') A special feature is Taunton (Somerset) on the tone, old Tawnton, Thonton , here is name tone of River derived from a Celtic water body name, with 737 Tantun , 1086 Tantone would be 'place on the river' as the basic meaning. In addition to -ton there are also many derivatives on -town itself, sometimes later transcriptions, such as in Puddletown (originally 1086 Pitretone , 1212 Pideleton , until the 19th century Piddletown , on the River Piddle), but otherwise consistently more recent, such as Campbeltown ( Scotland; after the Clan Campbell , 17th century, originally Kinlochkilkerran ), and so also in the former colonies.

Places on 'stone' such as Fewston (Yorkshire, to firestone 'flint'), Godstone (Surrey, good stone ), Kingstone (Somerset) 'the king's stone' do not belong to the word complex ; but also Helmdon (Northampshire, 1086 Emedene , 'valley' with personal name).

Spread and examples

The ending is the most common place name formation of Anglo-Saxon origin in England, so there are 380 such places in Lincolnshire alone . There are likely to be over 80 of places with the root 'New Town' alone .

Examples for the use in place names and family names (only one occurrence in the old Anglo-Saxon area is noted):

Other languages ​​and countries

The root word do in the meaning of protected settlement or protected area occurs in other languages:

  • Dutch: tuin - "the garden"
  • Frisian: to do - a field protected by a ring dike
  • Norwegian: gårdstun - "the farmstead"
  • Czech: Týn as part of the name meaning “fortified settlement” or “separated part of town”, including the Prague Týn , German “Thein” or “Teyn”.

Already in the Roman province of Gaul there were several place names in -dunum, including Lugdunum , now Lyon , and Augustodunum , now Autun .

In Normandy , many place names end with -thun . To what extent the final syllables -ten in German place-names such as Anderten , Schellerten and Barnten have the same origin as the English -ton has to be clarified.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Ton; Town; Clays. & c. (do, Sax.) - an Enclosure of Houses; a Town. In: TA Gibson: Etymological Geography: Being a Classified List of Terms of Most Frequent Occurrence, Entering, as Prefixes Or Postfixes, Into the Composition of Geographical Names. Verlag Oliver & Boyd, 1835, p. 57 ff. ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  2. ^ David Mills: A Dictionary of British Place-Names . New edition. Verlag OUP Oxford, 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-960908-6 , various pages ( limited preview in Google book search).
  3. a b c A guide to Washington . In: Information Britain. undated, accessed on May 16, 2016.
  4. a b Hamilton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 27, 2016 (English).
  5. a b c Hilton. In Mills: A Dictionary…. 2011, p. 239, col. 2 ( Google ).
  6. ^ Helton. In Mills: A Dictionary…. 2011, p. 234, col. 2 ( Google ).
  7. cf. also the origin of Hampton .
  8. a b c d e f g h i j k l William Anderson: Genealogy and Last Names: With Some Heraldic and Biographical Notices. Ritchie Verlag, 1865, p. 113 ( Google eBook, full view ).
  9. a b Boston . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 30, 2016 (English).
  10. a b Washington . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 27, 2016 (English).
  11. a b Kingston . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 27, 2016 (English).
  12. ^ A b c "Royal Stone, King's Stone": Kingston upon Soar , Nottinghamshire; several Kingstone ; According to Kingston, The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com).
  13. Kennington . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 27, 2016 (English).
  14. Kensington but 1086 Chenesitun : personal name + ing + ton; Mills: A Dictionary…. 2011, p. 226 ( Google ).
  15. ^ Preston . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 27, 2016 (English).
  16. a b Linton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 27, 2016 (English).
  17. a b Stannington, Stanton. In Mills: A Dictionary…. 2011, p. 433 ( Google ).
  18. a b Hampton. In Mills: A Dictionary… 2011, p. 222, col. 1 f. ( Google ).
  19. a b Hampton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 28, 2016 (English).
  20. Henton. [1] In Mills: A Dictionary…. 2011, p. 236, col. 1 ( Google ).
  21. a b Milton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 30, 2016 (English).
  22. a b Denton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 27, 2016 (English).
  23. a b Upton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 30, 2016 (English).
  24. Abingdon. In Mills: A Dictionary… 2011, p. 2, col. 2 ( Google ).
  25. Approximately from abona (like Avon ) shortened to Aun / An / Un with a determination prefix t / d ' ; after Joshua Toulmin: The history of Taunton, in the county of Somerset. J. Poole, 1822, p. 2, footnote 1 ( Google ); to an Indo-European root * from 'water'; see. Avon . and water (n.1) . In: Douglas Harper: Online Etymology Dictionary (etymonline.com, accessed May 29, 2016);
    'Shiny' to 'fire' according to Taunton. In Mills: A Dictionary… 2011, p. 451, col. 2 ( Google ); there also the dates.
  26. Helmdon. In Mills: A Dictionary…. 2011, p. 234, col. 1 ( Google ).
  27. ^ [Sir] Jon Bowring: Language, with Special Reference to the Devonian Dialects. In: Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art: Report and Transactions . Volume 1. Verlag Association, 1863, p. 32 ( Google Books ).
  28. ^ A b Select Newton Surname Genealogy. In: The Select Surname Website. Accessed June 2, 2016 .
  29. ^ Acton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 30, 2016 (English).
  30. Atherton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 30, 2016 (English).
  31. Charleston . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on June 1, 2016.
  32. ^ Dalton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 27, 2016 (English).
  33. Eaton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 29, 2016.
  34. Hamilton . In: Behind the Name ; accessed on May 20, 2016.
  35. Oskar Tenge complained in his work about the expansion and embankment of the Jadebusens that someone had dug a canal through the high Hamm that had withstood the sea until then (Oskar Tenge: Der Jeversche Deichband , Original 1898, Reprint 1999, Verlag Oskar Berg, ISBN 3-9806956-0-3 )
  36. Houston . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 27, 2016 (English).
  37. ^ Newton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on June 2, 2016.
  38. a b Stanton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 27, 2016 (English).
  39. a b c Walton . In: The Internet Surname Database (surnamedb.com); accessed on May 27, 2016 (English).
  40. a b Walton . In: Behind the Name ; accessed on May 20, 2016 (English)