Abraham of Worms

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Reprint of the first Peter Hammer 1725 edition by Scheible in Stuttgart 1853
Abramelin.jpg
content
  1. Book : Magical Way of Life
  2. Book : The magical-sympathetic
    recipe collection
  3. Book : The Magic Rite
  4. Book : Magic Letter Squares

Under the author's name of Abraham von Worms (* around 1362; † unknown), an extensive magical text by a Jewish man of the 15th century from Worms is handed down in German. The author introduces himself in the first sentence of Book I as Abraham ben Rabbi Shimon bar Jehuda ben Rabbi Shimon .

The title of the first printed edition is:

The Jew Abraham von Worm's book of true practice in the ancient divine magic and in astonishing things, as they were communicated through the holy Kabbalah and through Elohym , together with the rule of spirits and miracles, which Moses learned in the desert from the fiery bush, encompassing all the concealment of Kabbalah - From the Hebrew parchment manuscript from 1387 in the XVII. Century Germanized and published verbatim. Cologne on the Rhine, by Peter Hammer 1725.

In Book I Abraham illustrates his magical life path as a travel story from the years 1383 to 1404 ( Bohemia , Austria , Hungary , Greece , Constantinople , the Sinai desert , southwestern Palestine , a place called Araki in Upper Egypt north of Luxor , in the immediate vicinity of Nag Hammadi , Italy and France). His search leads him to Araki, where he receives Kabbalistic instruction. Book I in search of true “Kabbalah and Magia” describes in detail magicians of different nations in their magical practice and assesses their actions. The magical-sympathetic collection of recipes from Book II served as a template for The sixth and seventh books of Moses in the 18th century . Book III documents the first completely preserved rite of taming subservient spirits for the higher glory of God under the patronage of the Guardian Angel . Abraham himself refers to this magic as "divine wisdom and Kabbalah". Book IV consists of magic letter squares . They are systematically structured for all possible practical and fantastic purposes. The ethical claim of this divine magic , which corresponds to magia naturalis , is clarified in books III and I.

Life of Abraham

Georg Dehn, editor of a comprehensive text comparative edition, estimated the birth of Abraham von Worms between 1355 and 1363. Dehn assumes that it is the scholar Jacob Molin (or Mölln) ben HaLevi (acronym MaHaRil ), who lived until 1427. In brief, the following considerations led to this hypothesis: The plague of 1349 had depopulated entire areas. The Jewish community, which was already a minority, was almost extinct. It is estimated that there are 500 Jewish citizens in the entire Rhine-Main area. It is also known that it took a good 150 years before Jews were officially allowed to live in the various communities again and the old life could develop further. MaHaRil shows clear parallels to said Abraham von Worms. There is no necessary indication of the place of birth. (This could also have been Mainz, which was then in the province of Warmaisa , the Wormsgau , so to speak .) However, the documents and cards are not reliable. What is certain is that Abraham comes from the area of ​​origin of the Ashkenazim , the so-called ShUM (after the first letters Speyer , Worms, Mainz ) of the Jews.

Parts of Abraham's life are described in Book I, Chapters 1–12, in the form of a completely preserved travel story. After that Abraham traveled from 1387 to many European and Oriental countries in search of divine wisdom. In his experiences, he reports a self-experiment with witch's ointment, as well as an eyewitness account of the famous “ snow magic ” of the Middle Ages: “One, Philonion, showed that he made such a dark night in clear sunshine at noon, with lightning and thunderstorms that I broke a sweat of fear . And snow fell half a calf despite the summer time. This continued until the old man took my hand and led me six paces away out of the snow. When I turned around, however, everything was gone and the sky was as bright as before. ” Finally, near the desert village of Araki, he meets the sage Abramelin . Whether Abramelin taught the Torah to Abraham remains uncertain. You only learn that he will instruct the author for a year. The mere reference by Abraham that Abramelin greeted him in a friendly Aramaic manner (Book I, Chapter IV) gives an indication of Abramelin's Jewish origin.

Upon his return in 1404, Abraham began arranging his life so that he could begin the 18-month self-initiation. The practical results of this lengthy rite lasted approximately from 1410 until his death. It remains a mystery how he managed to become an advisor to the schism popes and confidante of the Roman-German King Sigismund . Its court clerk Eberhard Windeck does not mention Abraham, let alone MaHaRil, not a word. However, the Jew Abraham appears in King Sigismund's registers in 1418 and 1426. In gratitude for loyal service he takes him and "his family and their belongings in the kingdom's protection". It is known that friendliness towards the Jews has been passed down from one of the popes advised, and there was also a Jewish delegation at the Council of Constance . The statements in Abraham's “Great Revelations” are generally not gaudy and also very realistic. With his recipe collection (Book II), he also proves great accuracy and effort to pass on customs threatened by oblivion.

There is no further data after his mentioned work. He describes a reference to the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 as a prophecy, the other historical events take place in the Hussite Wars of the 1420s.

The MaHaRil (Jakob ben Moses haLevi Molin) returned to Worms a few years before his death. In his will he determined a four-foot radius in which there should be no further grave, and died in 1427. His tombstone is damaged. The top lines are missing. The first letters of the lines in the grave inscription reveal the name of his wife Gimchen. It is not known whether his sons had any further descendants. What is certain, however, is that the said heir son was Salman von St. Goarshausen's main student. The first book publication of the Hebrew, Jewish-theological work Girona took place in 1554.

Text history

All manuscripts

All the manuscripts of Abraham's book of true practice in ancient divine magic ... are in Dresden, Wolfenbüttel, Vienna, Paris and Oxford. The Aramaic version, Oxford, Bodleian Library, is limited to Book I with no reference to other books. According to Gershom Scholem , the Aramaic manuscript in Oxford is a back translation of the 17th century. Dehn suspects the Wolfenbüttel manuscripts to be the source of the French manuscript in the Bibliotheque de l'Arsenal. Two manuscripts possibly located in Vienna with inaccurate information have not been considered in the research so far.

The publishers

Peter Hammer

The title of the first German edition from 1725 under the pseudonym Peter Hammer is:

  • [Abraham Judaeus] The Egyptian great revelations, | comprehending | the discovered books of secrets of Moses; | or | of the Jew Abraham von Worms | Book of True Practice | in the | ancient divine magic and amazing things | like them | communicated through holy Kabbalah and through Elohym Collect the | Spirit and wonder rule, | which Moses learned from the fiery bush in the desert, all the hidden things of the | Kabbalah comprehensive. | From a Hebrew parchment manuscript from 1387 in the 17th century. Century Germanized and | published verbatim. In addition to two appendices: I. Theophrastus Paracelsus, Secret of All Secrets. | II. The incantations, banners, consecrations, etc. of the Capuchins. [Trennstrich] Cologne on the Rhine, with Peter Hammer. 1725.

It is seen as authoritative among experts like Dehn.

Translation of a translation of a translation

Before the text-critical edition by Georg Dehn in 1995, the most important source of medieval magic for the German-speaking area was the triple back-translated edition of Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers by Schikowski in 1957.

MacMathers

First, in 1897, Mathers translated a French manuscript from the 18th century (Bibliothek de l'Arsenal, Paris) into English. This text was previously translated from German into French by an unknown interested party in the late 17th century. On July 2, 1897, Mathers completed the English manuscript and published it in 1898 with Watkins Verlag London.

Johann Richard Beecken

Mather's English translation, which made Abraham's book known in the English-speaking world, was brought back from English to German by the Dutchman Johann Richard Beecken for Schikowski in 1957. The questionable French manuscript reports Abraham's completed 98 years. The manuscript also has many transcription errors and gaps due to misunderstood abbreviations. In other, older and demonstrably more original manuscripts there is no mention of the age of Abraham. Mather's translation into English from French contains only three books. The duration of the initiation at Mathers in six months differs significantly from all German texts, which specify eighteen months.

Jürg von Ins

The Swiss theologian and religious scholar Jürg von Ins (* 1953) made his first text-comparative and interdisciplinary attempts with his volume published in 1988 under the title Abraham von Worms: The Book of True Practice in Divine Magic . He brings a massively abridged selection of various manuscripts and prints from Abraham's text. In addition to a hitherto unrivaled complete history of effects, there is an excursus through a diary of a schizophrenic patient in the appendix of this thematically diverse, flawed work, whereby evocation magic phenomena can be interpreted to some extent.

Oskar Rudolf Schlag

According to Jürg von Ins , the typewriter script, incorrectly referred to as from Carl Gustav Jung's estate, is actually a copy typed by the Zurich engineer Traugott Egloff before 1969 from the possession of Oskar Rudolf Schlags . This typewriter script is a copy of the first printed version of Peter Hammers 1725. According to Peter- Robert König came from Ins via Robert Möller to an Egloff copy of the Abraham text that was passed on without Schlag's consent, about which Schlag was very angry. In this way, König explains the fairy tale of Jung's origins, which Schlag himself started out. Peter-Robert König published this typewriter version in full in the original texts of its history from Crowley to the present under the title Abramelin & Co. 1995.

Peter-R. king

The ethnologist and psychologist Peter-Robert König (* 1959) from Zurich has published exclusively on the Ordo Templi Orientis and related groups for many years . He became a member almost everywhere ( action research ). His Abramelin & Co. (1995) contains a typewriter script of the first printed version of Peter Hammers from 1725, which was copied by the Zurich engineer Traugott Egloff before 1969. A history of the impact of this work, as usual in König's work, with many letters, mails and Manuscript reprints from various occultists round off this edition. His website offers larger parts of it.

Georg Dehn

First textual research of in Eich (Rheinhessen) grown and today in Leipzig -based self-taught Georg Dehn (born 1954) about the book of Abraham begin at 1981 in Alexandria . Already Dehn's complete and critically revised edition 1995 under the title Book Abramelin is based on scientific editions. It already offers a synoptic reconstruction of the original text with the greatest possible approximation due to the consideration of the oldest manuscripts and prints. At this point in time, Dehn had not yet discovered the oldest German manuscript in Wolfenbüttel from 1608. The Aramaic version of Book I from Oxford was already attached as a reprint to the 1995 edition, but could not be taken into closer editorially at the time. Only in the heavily revised second edition of the same name in 2001 is the Aramaic version, combined with its renewed reprint, also incorporated into the text with the advice and translation of Rabbi Salomon Almekias-Siegl (* 1946), the former regional rabbi of Saxony. The German text is explained in more detail for the first time in footnotes. Dehn's discovery and evaluation of two of the oldest German Abraham von Worms manuscripts in Wolfenbüttel also improves this much more accurate edition. Dehn's Abramelin expedition in February / March 1999 allows him to rediscover the place Araki in Upper Egypt, between Nag Hammadi and Luxor, after looking at old maps. Your illustrated travel description will find a place in Dehn's introduction of the second edition. The magical-sympathetic collection of recipes in Book II , which contains many biblical prayers and word magic for the healing of the sick, is, as far as possible, expanded to include a Bible concordance . In Edition 2001 Dehn announces a second volume on the practice of the magic of Abraham von Worms. 2006 appeared "The Book Of Abramelin, A New Translation Abraham von Worms, Compiled And Edited By Georg Dehn, Translated By Seven Guth, Foreword By Lon Milo DuQuette, Ibis Press Lake Worth Florida".

German

In contrast to the indication of the book title of Edition Peter Hammer 1725, which reads: From the Hebrew parchment manuscript from 1387 in the 17th century. In the 19th century, Germanized and published verbatim , Abraham wrote his book in German in his own words (Book II, Chapter 10). Abraham explains this in writing to his son Lamech, who must have been a toddler at the time: “Who knows whether you will still get to [Hebrew]? That's why I wrote this entire book for you in simple everyday language. ”The accuracy of the German manuscripts in Dresden and Wolfenbüttel can be understood through later copies of Abraham's German original text. All German texts contain four books. The Peter Hammer edition is also very precise and, according to Georg Dehn, almost identical to the oldest known German text from Wolfenbüttel (1608).

Impact history

Abraham's work helped shape the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and the Ordo Templi Orientis in some aspects . Aleister Crowley experimented with invoking his Guardian Angel. A sentence of Abraham from the first book in the eleventh chapter "If you want to be a bee and suckle honey, you will find plenty with me, but if you want to become a spider, you can also lure poison from a pebble." Possible uses and conceivable aims of this form of medieval ritual magic, which Crowley may have particularly addressed.

In religious studies, the text of Abraham belongs to theurgy (also white magic ) or practical Kabbalah .

George Chevalier

From March 21, 1973, a man under the pseudonym George Chevalier records his experiences with the text of Abraham von Worms in a magical diary. On September 25, 1973, he mentions: “I have just been to the oratorio to carry away the ashes and prepare the lamp. I should have said that the demons left their mark on the sand. Surprisingly, that caused a stir. It's a real thing ... ”. The text ends on September 27, 1973 with the words: “I will now thank you for seven days and fast for three days ... Abraham advises you to remember that you are first an apprentice, then a master. So I'll use my time to learn this art.
It is actually a miracle ...: Nothing went wrong the whole time ... I thank you for that. And raised a little - because I am still learning the truth of the sentence - I would like to say that trust is something wonderful. ”This document about the magical practice of Abraham is the only record except for Abraham's own that reports the unscathed success of this magic.

literature

Primary literature

  • Abraham ben Simon bar Judah ben Simon: The Book of True Practice from the Ancient Magia. Anno 1608. Wolfenbüttel, Codex Guelfibus 47.13 Aug. 4 °
  • Abraham of a Jew from Worms hid among himself, partly drawn from the Kabala and Magia, partly by distinguished rabbis as Arabs and others as well as received from his father Simon, followed up but mostly self-experienced and tried in this following scripture Finally, arts bequeathed to his younger son Lamech: as it happened and written around Annum 1404. Wolfenbüttel Library, Codex Guelfibus 10.1.
  • Cabala Mystica Aegyptiorum et Patriarchum. Anonymous. Saxon State and University Library, Dresden. MS N 161.
  • Sefer Segullot Melachim. Anonymous. MS. OPP. 594, Oxford Bodleian Library.
  • [Abraham Judaeus] The Egyptian great revelations, | comprehending | the discovered books of secrets of Moses; | or | of the Jew Abraham von Worms | Book of True Practice | in the | ancient divine magic and amazing things | like them | communicated through holy Kabbalah and through Elohym Collect the | Spirit and wonder rule, | which Moses learned from the fiery bush in the desert, all the hidden things of the | Kabbalah comprehensive. | From a Hebrew parchment manuscript from 1387 in the 17th century. Century Germanized and | published verbatim. In addition to two appendices: I. Theophrastus Paracelsus, Secret of All Secrets. | II. The incantations, banners, consecrations, etc. of the Capuchins. [Trennstrich] Cologne on the Rhine, with Peter Hammer. 1725. , 2-443. 8 ° {3: Hb 5027}, Weller; Scholem 8 (Abraham of Worms); Walther 1983: 206. The photo was taken after the reprint published by Scheible in Stuttgart in 1853. Only the title sheet, which extends over two pages. should give an impression of the original typeface (GC 1. 4069).
  • Library de l'Arsenal, Paris: Hs.No. 2351, "La sacrée Magie que Dieu donna à Moyse, Aaron, David, Salomon, e à d'autres saints patriarches et prophètes, qui enseigne la vraye sapience divine, laisée par Abraham à Lamech son fils, traduite de l'hebreu 1458"
  • Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers : The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin the Mage as delivered by Abraham the Jew unto his Son Lamech - A Grimoire of the Fifteenth Century. 1898 by Watkins, London.
  • Johann Richard Beecken (ed.): The holy magic of Abramelin by Abraham. Schikowski (1957), 184 pages, approx. 250 illustrations, ISBN
  • Jürg von Ins (ed.): The book of true practice in divine magic. Diederichs Yellow Row, 1988, 264 p. (Out of print)
  • Peter-R. König (Ed.): Abramelin & Co. , Hiram Edition, 1995, 368 pp., ISBN
  • Georg Dehn (Ed.): Book Abramelin. Araki Verlag, First complete, critically revised edition 2001 (2nd edition), 416 S, ISBN

Secondary literature

  • George Chevalier: The Sacred Magician , Paladin, USA, Frogmore 1976
  • Carlos Gilly : Cimelia Rhodostaurotica - The Rosicrucians in the Mirror of the Manuscripts and Prints created between 1610 and 1660 , Amsterdam, In de Pelikan 1995, pp. 18-19 (here the original manuscript, which was only written in German in 1608 and passed on in coded form, was found Work by the pseudo-epigraphic author Abraham von Worms (Wolfenbüttel HAB, cod. Guelf. 47.13 Aug. 4 °, pp. 1r-31v), including the corresponding coding key (cod, guelf. 10.1.b Aug. 2 °, p. 147 ), presented for the first time, brought into historical context and confronted with the later uncritical copies and editions)
  • Geoffrey James: Engelszauber - Die Verbotene Kunst , Heyne Verlag, 205 S., 1999
  • Jason Augustus Newcomb: 21st Century Mage: Bring the Divine Down to Earth , Red Wheel / Weiser, USA 2002, ISBN 1-57863-237-4
  • Gershom Scholem : Bibliographia Kabbalistika. (1927)
  • Gershom Scholem: From the mystical figure of the deity. Studies on the basic concepts of Kabbalah. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1977, 324 pages, ISBN 3-518-07809-7
  • Gershom Scholem: Alchemie and Kabbala , Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1994, 116 pages, ISBN 3-518-22148-5

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Georg Dehn (Ed.): Book Abramelin. Edition Araki, First complete, critically revised edition 2001 (2nd edition), (48, 2nd note 96)
  2. ↑ a b Geographical location : Araki || 26 ° 1 '  N , 32 ° 10'  E
  3. ↑ Georg Dehn (Ed.): Book Abramelin. Edition Araki, First complete, critically revised edition 2001 (2nd edition), (78)
  4. ↑ Abraham von Worms: The book of true practice in divine magic , edited by Jürg von Ins, Munich 1988, p. 88
  5. ↑ Georg Dehn: Book Abramelin. Edition Araki, First complete, critically revised edition 2001 (2nd edition), 416 pp., Book I, VI. Chapter, p. 72
  6. ↑ . Reg.imp.XI: Altmann, Reg Sigmund 2. Bd; Sigmund. 1426. Hungarian. 40. Böm. 7. No. 6726 and Sigmund 1418. Hungarian. 32 Rom. 8 No. 3156
  7. ↑ a b Sefer Segullot Melachim. Anonymous. MS. OPP. 594, Oxford Bodleian Library.
  8. ↑ A complete reprint of this in: Georg Dehn (Hrsg.): Book Abramelin. Verlag Neue Erde, 1995, pp. 464-501
  9. ↑ Jürg von Ins: The book of true practice in divine magic. P. 49
  10. ↑ Georg Dehn (Ed.): Book Abramelin. Edition Araki, First complete, critically revised edition 2001 (2nd edition), p. 39
  11. ^ "In Vienna there should be a German and an Italian manuscript of the book. Steinschneider's advice could not be verified until then. ”Jürg von Ins: The book of true practice in divine magic. P. 49
  12. ↑ The French variant of this anonymous publisher name more common in the 18th century was Pierre Marteau.
  13. ↑ 2-443. 8 ° {3: Hb 5027}, Weller; Scholem 8 (Abraham of Worms); Walther 1983: 206. The photo was taken after the reprint published by Scheible in Stuttgart in 1853. Only the title sheet, which extends over two pages. Should give an impression of the original typeface (GC 1. 4069).
  14. ↑ Georg Dehn (Ed.): Book Abramelin. Edition Araki, first complete, critically revised edition, Verlag Neue Erde, 1995
  15. ↑ Johann Richard Beecken (ed.): The holy magic of Abramelin by Abraham. Schikowski (1957)
  16. ↑ Hs.No. 2351, "La sacrée Magie que Dieu donna à Moyse, Aaron, David, Salomon, e à d'autres saints patriarches et prophètes, qui enseigne la vraye sapience divine, laisée par Abraham à Lamech son fils, traduite de l'hebreu 1458"
  17. ^ SL MacGregor-Mathers: The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin the Mage as delivered by Abraham the Jew unto his Son Lamech - A Grimoire of the Fifteenth Century. 1898 by Watkins, London.
  18. ↑ Jürg von Ins: The book of true practice in divine magic. P. 55 f.
  19. ↑ Jürg von Ins (Ed.): The book of true practice in divine magic. Diederich's Yellow Row, 1988, self- portrayal of a man haunted by demons (248-262); In-depth study: Eugen Bleuler : Dementia praecox or group of schizophrenias. F. Deuticke, Leipzig / Vienna 1911; The other side of the medal Psychopathological Interpretation of Religious Experiences, for example, described the psychologist and ethnologist Holger Kalweit in: Dreamtime and Inner Space. Scherz Verlag, Bern / Munich / Vienna 2000, p. 262 in Chapter 25: When the anthropologists come, the gods leave the island. (239-253). This is a work on worldwide shamanism.
  20. ↑ Peter-R. König (Ed.): Abramelin & Co. 1995, p. 8
  21. ↑ a b Peter-R. König: Abramelin & Co. 1995, p. 9
  22. ↑ “Correct ethnological work requires the inclusion of oneself. The scientific term for this is action research. The practical and theoretical demands require the researcher to at least temporarily abandon the basic distance to the research object in favor of a consciously influencing attitude that ranges from participatory observation to interaction with those involved. "Peter-Robert König in: Andreas Huettl and P.- R. König: Satan - Jünger, Jäger und Justiz , 416 p., 65 fig., Kreuzfeuer Verlag, 2006 , online , ISBN 3-937611-01-0 , p. 146
  23. ↑ a b Abramelin & Co. . Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
  24. ↑ Abraham ben Simon bar Judah ben Simon: The Book of True Practice of the Ancient Magia. Anno 1608. Wolfenbüttel, Codex Guelfibus 47.13 Aug. 4 °
  25. ↑ Lessing-Gymnasium Döbeln: Jewish history and culture: Lecture Salomon Almekias-Siegl . Judentum-projekt.de. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
  26. ↑ In the meantime, Dehn has founded Araki Verlag and published the second edition himself. http://www.araki.de/
  27. ↑ Georg Dehn (Ed.): Book Abramelin. Edition Araki, First complete, critically revised edition 2001 (2nd edition), (pp. 40–44)
  28. ↑ Also referred to as " psalm magic ". It appeared in Greek, Syrian, and Hebrew works since the 10th century.
  29. ↑ Georg Dehn (Ed.): Book Abramelin. Edition Araki, First complete, critically revised edition 2001 (2nd edition), (pp. 402–403)
  30. ↑ “On this occasion it should be pointed out that the mass of material made a second volume necessary. Everything that has to do with the practice of Abramelin magic will be discussed in it. Here I limit myself to the textual criticism, the completion of the reconstruction of the original text and the evidence. ”Georg Dehn (Ed.): Book Abramelin. Edition Araki, First complete, critically revised edition 2001 (2nd edition), p. 11 f.
  31. ↑ Abraham's son Lamech is often addressed by name in Book I, only in Chapter 10, Book II, in Book III, but not in Book IV in the form of an instruction speech.
  32. ↑ Georg Dehn (Ed.): Book Abramelin. Edition Araki, First complete, critically revised edition (2nd edition 2001), p. 179, 2nd paragraph
  33. ↑ "In 1898 Crowley [through the GD leader, McGregor Mathers] was made aware of a book:" The Book of Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Magus ". 127 * The essence of this book is the invocation of a being called the Holy Guardian Angel. 128 * When he was preparing for this call for a long time in the house [in Boleskine / Scotland] 129 * which had been bought and furnished especially for this operation [in August 1899], he was urgently called to Paris and had to break off his work. "130 * The dispute with McGregor Mathers over the Golden Dawn takes place in Paris. “Peter-R. King. More: Abramelin & Co. . Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
  34. ↑ Georg Dehn (Ed.): Book Abramelin. Edition Araki, First complete, critically revised edition 2001 (2nd edition), p. 89.
  35. ↑ George Chavalier: The Sacred Magician , Paladin, USA, Frogmore 1976
  36. ↑ Quoted from Jürg von Ins: The book of true practice in divine magic. P. 245
  37. ↑ Quoted from Jürg von Ins: The book of true practice in divine magic. P. 246
  38. ↑ Walther, Marteau - first frameset . Pierre-marteau.com. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
  39. ^ Araki Verlag - Araki Verlag . Araki.de. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
personal data
SURNAME Abraham of Worms
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Abraham ben Rabbi Shimon bar Jehuda ben Rabbi Shimon
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Jewish author
DATE OF BIRTH around 1362
DATE OF DEATH 15th century