Sustainable Development Goals

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The 17 "UN-SDGs" with their logos (English)

The 17 goals for sustainable development ( English Sustainable Development Goals , SDGs ; French Objectifs de développement durable ) are political objectives of the United Nations (UN), which are intended to ensure sustainable development on an economic, social and ecological level worldwide . They were designed based on the development process of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and came into force on January 1, 2016 with a term of 15 years (until 2030). In contrast to the MDGs, which were particularly applicable to developing countries , the SDGs apply to all countries.

The official German title is Transformation of our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (in short: Agenda 2030 ); synonym is global sustainability agenda , Post-2015 Development Agenda , Global Goals of the UN and the World Future contract used.

Goal setting

At the Rio + 20 conference in 2012, the UN member states decided to develop the goals (SDGs, see section below). Although no concrete goals have yet been formulated or decided, it has already been possible to agree on principles from which the thematic priorities of the sustainability goals emerged. In contrast to the Millennium Development Goals, in which the social development dimension was very much in the foreground, the SDGs should place much more emphasis on sustainability. In addition to social, economic and, in particular, ecological aspects have been included in the development agenda.

Central aspects of the goals are the advancement of economic growth, the reduction of disparities in the standard of living, the creation of equal opportunities as well as a sustainable management of natural resources that ensures the preservation of ecosystems and strengthens their resilience .

When designing the goals, the importance of the people who are “the center of sustainable development” is emphasized. Above all, the protection of human rights is an important aspect. In order to better address the people with the goals, the implementation of the SDGs should also have a strong regional or local dimension. Above all, this should enable the implementation of sustainable development in concrete activities.

The number of goals for sustainable development was limited in order to facilitate communication among other things. However, the topics for potential target setting listed in the Rio + 20 Summit Outcome Document span a number of areas. After mostly American foundations and organizations wanted to limit the goals to economic and humanitarian concerns, António Guterres , the UN Secretary General , said in his speech to the United Nations on January 1, 2017: “Let us agree, peace (Goal 16) to the Beginning to ask ". According to a previous survey among the member states , the following topics emerged that were perceived as most important for a sustainable development process (sorted in descending order of priority):

  • Peace (new to the top of the list after UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres' speech on January 1, 2017)
  • Food security and sustainable agriculture
  • Water and hygiene improvement
  • energy
  • education
  • Poverty reduction
  • health
  • Means to implement the SDG process
  • Climate change
  • Environment / management of natural resources
  • employment

The prioritization of Goal 16 (peace) has so far been rejected by the USA and by US foundations and supporters of the Sustainable Development Goals, the EU and the OECD , while China, India and numerous developing countries support the goal, which was already part of the UN in 2013. Assembly had demanded that the right to peace become a human right. The rejection manifests itself by ignoring and lack of mention of target 16, for example in a paper by the OECD on Agenda 2030. For these priorities and the inclusion of contributions by other actors developed the Open-ended Working Group (Open Working Group, OWG) objectives for sustainable Development.

development

On July 19, 2014, the OWG presented a proposal for the SDGs: This includes 17 overarching goals , which are explained and specified in more concrete terms through 169 sub- goals . On December 4, 2014, the United Nations General Assembly approved the Secretary-General's proposal to base the Post-2015 Agenda on this proposal.

On September 25, 2015, at the 2015 World Summit for Sustainable Development at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, the 17 “Sustainable Development Goals” were adopted accordingly by the United Nations General Assembly .

The 2030 Agenda (English Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ) consists of the following elements: A preamble, a political declaration, the 17 goals for sustainable development (as the core of the 2030 Agenda ), a section on means of implementation and the global one Partnership and a section for updating and review. The 2030 Agenda primarily relates to the level of the nation states; However, the 2030 Agenda is also relevant for the regional and local levels. As part of the 2030 Agenda, municipalities develop local sustainability strategies based on the SDGs . To implement the 2030 Agenda in municipalities, indicator-based monitoring is planned in order to map and check the achievement of the sustainability goals on the basis of indicators.

Formulations

Logo Ziel 1 ("End Poverty") with text in Ukrainian
Logo Ziel 17 ("Strengthening the global partnership") in Dutch
  1. End Poverty - End poverty in all its forms everywhere
  2. Secure food - end hunger, achieve food security and better nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
  3. Healthy life for everyone - ensuring a healthy life for all people of all ages and promoting their well-being
  4. Education for All - Ensure inclusive, equitable and quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
  5. Gender equality - Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls for self-determination
  6. Water and sanitation for all - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
  7. Sustainable and modern energy for everyone - ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and contemporary energy for everyone
  8. Sustainable economic growth and decent work for all - Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
  9. Resilient infrastructure and sustainable industrialization - building a resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization and supporting innovations
  10. Reduce inequality - reduce inequality within and between countries
  11. Sustainable cities and settlements - Make cities and settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
  12. Sustainable consumption and production - ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
  13. Take immediate action to combat climate change and its effects
  14. Preservation and sustainable use of the oceans , seas and marine resources
  15. Protect terrestrial ecosystems - protect, restore and promote their sustainable use, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification , end and reverse soil degradation and put an end to the loss of biological diversity
  16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
  17. Strengthen the means of implementation and global partnership - Strengthen the means of implementation and fill the global partnership for sustainable development with new life

To specify the 17 goals, a catalog of 169 targets was adopted, including the expiry of subsidies for fossil fuels and for agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with the same effect. The 169 targets can be subdivided into 107 content-related goals, which are marked with Arabic numerals for SDGs 1 to 16 and into 62 Means of Implementation, which mostly describe financial or institutional structures. SDG 17 only contains implementation measures.

Measuring the SDGs

To make it tangible, with participation u. a. of the German Federal Statistical Office developed a catalog of indicators that was approved by the UN Statistics Commission in March 2016 .

The measurement approach followed by the statistical office of the UN so far provides that only existing data from the national statistical offices are taken into account. For Germany, the Federal Statistical Office publishes and coordinates the data that Germany transmits annually for the global indicators based on data from official statistics and other data sources. Since July 2019, this data and the associated metadata have been published on a new interactive online platform.

A study published in 2016 for the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) criticizes this approach, as the indicators used to measure the SDGs depend heavily on the gross national product per inhabitant - and therefore always put the same countries at the top. This was associated with a critique of the overweight of the gross national product in the Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The expert group for measuring the SDGs - the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goals Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) - held a meeting in 2016 on such questions and published the participants' statements as a table.

In a position paper of the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics , which was published in 2018 in the UN Inter Agency Task Force on Financing for Development (UN IATF on FfD), the character of the 17 UN goals as public goods was emphasized. For the first time, the willingness to co-finance public goods became an indicator for the implementation of the UN goals, which has so far been collected for 112 countries in 48 languages ​​and published in the UN in August 2019 in the UN-SDG partnership initiatives.

prioritization

In the summer of 2019 five work reports with almost the same title were published on the status of the implementation of the 17 UN goals, three of them from UNDESA (Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations ), one from the Bertelsmann Foundation and one from the EU statistical authority Eurostat . In a comparison of the goals and topics mentioned in all five reports, the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics showed the unequal consideration of the goals and thus their implementation.

Rank priority theme Average rank Number of mentions
1 health 3.2 1814
2 Energy, climate, water 4.0 1328, 1328, 1784
3 education 4.6 1351
4th poverty 6.2 1095
5 nutrition 7.6 693
6th Economic growth 8.6 387
7th technology 8.8 855
8th inequality 9.2 296
9 gender equality 10.0 338
10 hunger 10.6 670
11 justice 10.8 328
12 Governance 11.6 232
13 Decent work 12.2 277
14th peace 12.4 282
15th Clean energy 12.6 272
16 Land ecosystems 14.4 250
17th Oceans, seas and marine resources 15.0 248
18th Social inclusion 16.4 22nd

Financing and costs

Costs and possible sources of funding for the goals

As early as 2014, UNCTAD put the annual costs of implementing the 17 UN goals at at least 2.5 trillion US dollars per year.

Since the UN budget in 2018 was only 47.8 billion dollars, the UN set up a new working group to finance development in New York in 2017, the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development (UN IATF on FfD). This invited non-governmental organizations and research institutes to a public dialogue and published a policy paper of the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics in December 2018 . In this, costs and sources of financing the UN goals were summarized and referred to as public goods . The main source of funding is therefore state budgets, e.g. B. EU tax resources. In 2018, the OECD countries alone took on new government debt amounting to 10.5 trillion dollars, some of which could be used to finance the UN goals.

On July 9, 2019, at a federal press conference in Berlin, development economists Wolfgang Obenland , Stefan Brunnhuber and Alexander Dill (author of the UN-IATF Policy Paper) called for the funds to be made available to finance the 17 UN goals.

Annual costs and possible funding sources for the targets (in billions of US dollars)
costs source
All 17 destinations (according to UNCTAD) 2,500
Goal 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions 1,822
Goal 3 Healthy living for everyone 1,160
Goal 13 Combat climate change 350
Goal 7 Sustainable and modern energy for everyone 327
Goal 6 Water and sanitation for all 150
Goal 1 end poverty 132
OECD New Debt (2018) 10,500
Worldwide military spending (2018) 1,822
Increase in OECD debt (2018) 1,400
European Union budget (2018) 176
Development aid worldwide (2018) 149.3
Public-private partnerships (2018) 60
United Nations budget (2018) 47.8
World Bank budget (2018) 43.5

The decision to develop SDGs in the context of a post-2015 agenda

Chart showing the various milestones in the (post) MDG / SDG work strands

Development goals (MDGs and post-MDG process)

At the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in New York in 2000, eight specific development goals (MDG) were agreed that are to be achieved by 2015. A post-2015 process was initiated at the 2010 MDG summit so that countries can continue to follow specific development policy guidelines after the MDG period has expired. The then UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon was commissioned to make suggestions for further steps to improve the post-2015 development agenda of the United Nations in his annual report on the evaluation of the Millennium Development Goals, thus initiating a thought process. With the establishment of the UN Task Team (UN TT) in January 2012 and its commissioning with a report on the post-2015 agenda, efforts were further intensified. This report was published in June 2012 under the title “Realizing the Future we want for all”. Another working group was formed one month later to deal with the drafting of a post-MDG agenda. This so-called High-Level Panel (High-level Panel of Eminent Persons) is of eminent persons such as former British Prime Minister David Cameron , who was appointed as one of three co-chairs, or the former German President Horst Koehler composed. The 27 members of this body drew up a report that was published in May 2013 under the name “A New Global Partnership”. This document paved the way for a later consolidation of the various work strands.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG process)

Parallel to the development of a post-2015 agenda, another process was initiated in June 2012 by the Rio + 20 UN conference on sustainable development. At the summit, the outcome document “The Future We Want” was drawn up, in which the member states of the UN agreed to draft goals for sustainable development that are to be pursued after the MDGs expire at the end of 2015. One of the central steps in this document for the development of SDGs is the application for the establishment of an open working group (OWG), which is to work on the concretization and formulation of the goals for sustainable development. It was founded on January 22, 2013 by the decision of the General Assembly of the United Nations (decision 67/555).

The OWG was commissioned by the Rio + 20 agreements to prepare a draft for the further development and specification of the SDGs and to present it to the General Assembly at the end of its 68th session in autumn 2014. This report served as the basis for negotiations on the post-2015 agenda during the subsequent one-year session of the United Nations General Assembly (September 2014 to September 2015).

In addition, it was also stipulated in the Rio + 20 declaration that the OWG should independently decide on its working methods and methodology immediately after starting its work. It should create the best possible inclusion of relevant actors in order to ensure that a large number of perspectives and experiences are taken into account. The working group thus takes on a mediating role between various actors such as civil society, science and other UN bodies and the General Assembly of the United Nations . The OWG also receives content-related support from the UN's work on the post-2015 agenda itself. For example, a technical support team (UN TST), which is subordinate to the UN TT, was founded. For example, the UN TST presents the working group with information papers (so-called issues briefs ) that have been written on the various topics of the Rio + 20 outcome document and, in addition to a status quo report, proposals and approaches with regard to the formulation of objectives and their specification (see e.g. information paper on poverty reduction). The OWG also receives support in its work from the Secretary General, who is in close consultation with the individual governments.

Merging the work strands

With the establishment of the OWG, in addition to the ongoing Post-MDG process, another strand of work dealing with a post-2015 agenda was brought into being. The individual strands of work work independently of one another in terms of content, but are supervised by a secretariat and a coordination group ( informal senior coordination group ), which are supposed to ensure coherent work between the strands. In order to develop a uniform and clear post-2015 agenda, considerations were made to merge the work strands, which are primarily due to the work of the high-level body. At a special event to conceptualize a number of sustainable development goals, held one day before the start of the 68th General Assembly of the United Nations in September 2013, the participants decided to bring the various strands of work together and thus converge them into a single strand.

Implementation in Germany

In 2016, the parliamentary groups of the CDU / CSU and SPD applied for the Bundestag to resolve that the 17 targets of the 2030 Agenda be implemented nationally. Germany wanted to lead by example and has as part of the High-Level Policy Forum on Sustainable Development reported (HLPF, Eng .: High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development) on 19 July 2016 as one of the first countries on the national implementation of the Agenda. The HLPF is to play a central role in the implementation of the agenda on a global level. The federal government has already decided on a national program for sustainable consumption and the update of the German resource efficiency program (ProgRess II), in which goals and measures for the implementation of the SDGs should be included.

The basis for the implementation of the SDGs in Germany is the German sustainability strategy adopted by the federal government in January 2017 .

Information on German sustainability reporting is available on the website of the Federal Statistical Office , which coordinates the provision of national data for calculating the global indicators.

Portal 2030 Watch the Open Knowledge Foundation , a monitoring instrument is to implement the sustainable development objectives are available. The portal will u. a. Funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).

Bertelsmann Stiftung and Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) propose an SDG index that can be used to compare the status of 149 countries in implementing the SDGs.

In March 2016, the Environment and Development Forum published the position paper The Implementation of the Global 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development , signed by 39 German NGOs , in which a position is taken on the implementation of the SDGs in and by Germany. In March 2020, the Environment and Development Forum declared that the German sustainability strategy in its current form was not suitable for “really implementing the 2030 Agenda and making Germany more sustainable” and called for a reform of the indicators that “also measure the externalized costs of German politics ".

Implementation status

In July 2016, the Bertelsmann Foundation published a comparative study. This study was intended to show whether "the rich nations are keeping their end of the global agreement on sustainable development". Large differences in the achievement of the targets were found among the OECD countries. The authors of the study state: "It is becoming clear that not all countries are up to the goals and in fact not a single country does very well in all goals".

Germany comes in 6th place among 34 countries assessed after Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Switzerland. The list shows strong redundancy with other socio-economic indicators such as gross domestic product per capita.

COVID-19 pandemic and sustainability goals

A report published by the United Nations at the end of March 2020 emphasizes the need to learn from the COVID-19 pandemic and to use the crisis to implement the sustainability goals and the 2030 Agenda more consistently and more quickly than before.

See also

literature

  • David Griggs et al. a .: Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. In: Nature . Volume 495, 2013, pp. 305-307 (English; doi: 10.1038 / 495305a ).

Web links

Commons : Sustainable Development Goals  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

International:

European Union:

Germany:

Austria:

Switzerland:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Rio + 20 result document "The future we want" (A / RES / 66/288)
  2. ^ TST Issues Brief: Conceptual Issues
  3. ^ Seventieth session, agenda items 15 and 116 , United Nations General Assembly, September 18, 2015
  4. ↑ German Sustainability Strategy, new edition 2016, draft , Federal Government, as of May 30, 2016, p. 18
  5. ↑ a b c d e Motion of the parliamentary groups of the CDU / CSU and SPD, UN goals for sustainable development - consistently implementing the 2030 agenda , German Bundestag, January 26, 2016
  6. ^ Resolution of the General Assembly, adopted September 1, 2015 , resolution 69/315. Draft outcome document of the United Nations Summit on the Adoption of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, UN General Assembly, 10 September 2015
  7. ↑ a b National Program for Sustainable Consumption , Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), February 16, 2016
  8. ↑ BMZ - Africa Policy: New Challenges and Accents , Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, April 2016
  9. ↑ SAP and the UN Global Goals , SAP, January 22, 2016
  10. ↑ Global Goals of the UN - Investing in What Matters , Weber Shandwick November 23, 2015
  11. ^ Working meeting of the German Global Compact Network (DGCN) , German Global Compact Network, October 15, 2013
  12. ↑ ibid. , Para 4
  13. ↑ ibid. , Para 6
  14. ↑ ibid. , Para 8, 9
  15. ↑ ibid. , Para 97
  16. ↑ a b c d UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform
  17. ^ Appeal for peace from UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres. In: United Nations Secretary-General. January 1, 2017, accessed June 24, 2019 (English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, Chinese).
  18. ^ Secretary-General's Initial Input to the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals
  19. ↑ Speech by UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres , UN News Center, accessed on March 5, 2017
  20. ↑ OECD : Better Policies for 2030 - An OECD Action Plan on the Sustainable Development Goals. December 13, 2016 (English; PDF: 1.3 MB, 12 pages at oecd.org).
  21. ↑ Open Working Group Proposals for Sustainable Development Goals, UN Document A / 68/970, http://undocs.org/A/68/970
  22. ↑ Synthesis report of the Secretary-General on the post-2015 sustainable development agenda ( http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/69/700&Lang=E )
  23. ↑ a b Jens Martens, Wolfgang Obenland: The 2030 Agenda, Global Future Goals for Sustainable Development. (PDF) Global Policy Forum, terre des hommes, February 2016, accessed on January 20, 2017 .
  24. ↑ UN General Assembly: Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. (PDF; 436 kB) September 25, 2015, accessed on April 19, 2020 (English).
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  26. ^ Hunger and food security - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  27. ^ Health - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  28. ^ Education - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  29. ^ United Nations: Gender equality and women's empowerment . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  30. ^ Water and Sanitation - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  31. ^ Energy - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  32. ^ Economic Growth - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  33. ^ Infrastructure and Industrialization - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  34. ^ Reduce inequality within and among countries - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
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  36. ^ Sustainable consumption and production . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  37. ^ Climate Change - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  38. ^ Oceans - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  39. ^ Forests, desertification and biodiversity - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  40. ^ Peace, justice and strong institutions - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  41. ↑ Global Partnerships - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( Online [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  42. ^ Resolution of the General Assembly, adopted September 1, 2015 , resolution 69/315. Draft outcome document of the United Nations Summit on the Adoption of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, UN General Assembly, September 10, 2015, Target 12c
  43. ^ Resolution of the General Assembly, adopted September 1, 2015 , resolution 69/315. Draft outcome document of the United Nations Summit on Adoption of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, UN General Assembly, September 10, 2015, Target 2b
  44. ↑ Linkages between the Means of Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda , United Nations
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  46. ↑ SDG Indicators - Global Database. In: United Nations - Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
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  51. ^ Fourth meeting of the IAEG-SDGs , United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, November 15-18 , 2016
  52. ↑ Open Consultation on Possible Refinements to the Global Indicator Framework: Compilation of Inputs by Observers of the IAEG-SDGs and other Stakeholders , September 19-28 , 2016
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  54. ↑ The forgotten dimension of the SDG indicators - Social Capital. Retrieved October 27, 2019 .
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  56. ↑ Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2019 | United Nations. Retrieved November 19, 2019 .
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  58. ^ Sustainable development in the European Union. (PDF) Eurostat, accessed on 19 November 2019 .
  59. ^ Leaving Biodiversity, Peace and Social Inclusion behind. (PDF) Basel Institute of Commons and Economics, accessed on October 27, 2019 .
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  61. ↑ About the IATF | United Nations. Retrieved December 8, 2019 .
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  63. ↑ UN Millennium Development Goals and beyond 2015
  64. ^ Result document of the 2010 MDG summit (A / 65 / L.1)
  65. ↑ UN System Task Team to support the preparation of the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda (Draft Concept Note)
  66. ^ "Realizing the future we want for all"
  67. ↑ UN Press Release
  68. ↑ a b Website High-level Panel
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  70. ↑ ibid. , Para. 248
  71. ↑ Draft decision submitted by the President of the General Assembly. Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals (A / 67 / L.48 / Rev.1)
  72. ↑ Rio + 20 result document "The future we want" (A / RES / 66/288), para 248
  73. ↑ edb. , para 248
  74. ↑ UN TST information paper on poverty reduction
  75. ↑ ibid.
  76. ^ Summary of the special event of the Second Committee of the UN General Assembly. Conceptualizing a Set of Sustainable Development Goals
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  81. ↑ 2030 Watch, Germany will be sustainable , Open Knowledge Foundation Germany (OKF DE)
  82. ↑ Forum Environment & Development | Implementing the global 2030 agenda for sustainable development. In: www.forumue.de. Retrieved December 6, 2016 .
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  84. ↑ Sustainability - G20 countries do not implement UN goals . July 9, 2018. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018.
  85. ↑ The UN Sustainable Development Goals: Are the industrialized countries ready?
  86. ^ The SDGs are public goods. (PDF) Retrieved October 27, 2019 .
  87. ↑ Shared Responsibility, Global Solidarity: Responding to the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 (PDF). (PDF) United Nations, March 31, 2020, accessed April 1, 2020 .
  88. ↑ UN launches COVID-19 plan that "could defeat the virus and build a better world". UN News, March 31, 2020, accessed April 1, 2020 .