Almstadtstrasse
| Almstadtstrasse | |
|---|---|
 |
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 |
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| Almstadtstrasse, 2015 | |
| Basic data | |
| place | Berlin |
| Created | around 1700 |
| Hist. Names |
Verlohren Gasse, Verlohrene Strasse, Grenadierstrasse (until 1951) |
| Connecting roads |
Rosa-Luxemburg-Strasse (north) , Münzstrasse (south) |
| Cross streets |
Hirtenstrasse , Schendelgasse |
| Buildings | see: List of cultural monuments in Berlin-Mitte / Spandauer Vorstadt |
| use | |
| User groups | Pedestrian traffic , car traffic , bicycle traffic |
| Technical specifications | |
| Street length | 400 meters |
You can see the wave of demolitions that began in 1875 in the Scheunenviertel
The pensions there were often the first accommodation for migrants from East Central and Eastern Europe in the period before the Second World War .
At this point there is now a prefabricated building .
The house on the left side of the image is still in the machine shop is currently a bookstore.
The Almstadtstraße is a 400-meter-long street in the Berlin district of Mitte of the district of the same . It is located in the historic Spandauer Vorstadt district . The street, named Grenadierstrasse until 1951 , was known for the Eastern European Jews who lived here from the 1880s to the mid-1930s and was understood as part of the Scheunenviertel .
Location and course
Almstadtstraße begins on Münzstraße and flows into Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße , but before the conversion of the Scheunenviertel it becomes Linienstraße . The street has reciprocal house numbering , from house numbers 1 and 2 on the corner of Münzstraße to house number 57 on Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße.
history
Explanation of the name
Almstadtstrasse was given its current name on May 31, 1951, after the communist resistance fighter Bernhard Almstadt . The house numbers were also changed from the Prussian horseshoe numbering , which was valid for all streets in old Berlin until January 15, 1929 , to the zigzag orientation numbering first introduced in Paris . From 1817 to 1951 the Almstadtstraße was called Grenadierstraße in the context of the parallel Dragonerstraße (today: Max-Beer-Straße). The street was built around 1700 and ran with an open end outside the old Berlin fortifications, initially as Verlohren Gasse , later as Verlorene Straße .
18th century to 19th century
After a fatal assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander II in 1881, severe anti-Jewish pogroms broke out in the Russian Empire , which led mostly Polish Jews to flee quickly. Many of them came to Germany, especially in the big cities. In Berlin, most of the very Orthodox Jews settled in the Scheunenviertel since that year. As early as 1737, Friedrich Wilhelm I ordered all Berlin Jews who did not own a house to move to the Scheunenviertel. Given these conditions, it was obvious for many East Jewish immigrants to settle here as well. Although the Eastern Jews were only a larger minority during this period , they were "clearly noticeable in their appearance, language and religious habits". Since then, Grenadierstrasse has developed into the center of the Polish Jews, the "Jewish shtetl", with many shops in Hebrew or Yiddish , pubs, 19 prayer schools and stibbeleks (small synagogues ). The prayer rooms were in the back of the houses (old house numbers 6a, 36, 37, 32, 43). During and after the First World War , the number of Jews fleeing Eastern Europe rose sharply once again in the Scheunenviertel : “The cheapest living space, that had got around, was in the Scheunenviertel; from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea , from the Carpathian Mountains to the Urals , the Jews could spell the name of its main thoroughfare : Grenadierstrasse. There they could move together, there they were among their own kind. "
However, the authorities almost always denied them German citizenship. The Grenadierstraße was often called "the basis of which the ghetto known with open gates", and formed a counterpoint to the long living in Berlin, liberal Jews who sought to widespread assimilation. They perceived the Eastern Jews as an alien threat to their social recognition. Many of the Jewish Orthodox newcomers from Eastern Europe who arrived in Grenadierstrasse were often only in transit (permigration) in order to move to another Berlin district, to other parts of Europe or to the USA . “At the beginning of the twenties, however, the US had lowered its immigration quotas. So one set up - in the 'ghetto', as they said at the time. "
From the 20th century
During the hyperinflation in November 1923, thousands of unemployed people did not receive any support money from the employment office in nearby Gormannstrasse , which triggered the Scheunenviertel pogrom . Here, popular agitators rumors that Eastern Jews from the barn area had acquired the money available to plan. The angry crowd then moved mainly through Grenadierstrasse : “In broad daylight, Jews were attacked, stripped naked and robbed.” The police were passive. During the Weimar Republic, the houses on the street were often the target of police raids . The transit context and the socially caused, difficult social situation of the residents (and not their religious or ethnic affiliation ) promoted petty crime in the street and in the surrounding Scheunenviertel.
At the end of the 1920s, many Eastern Jews were deported or emigrated to North America . As a result, Grenadierstrasse lost its importance as a Jewish center shortly before the National Socialists ' seizure of power . The first Jewish residents came to wild concentration camps in April 1933 after the boycott of the Jews . By 1942 the remaining Jews were deported and murdered.
Today nothing on Almstadtstrasse, apart from a few stumbling blocks, reminds of its former importance as the most important street for Eastern European Jews in Berlin.
Buildings and Memories
→ List of cultural monuments in Berlin-Mitte / Spandauer Vorstadt
There are 19 architectural monuments in Almstadtstraße . During and after the Second World War, especially during the urban redevelopment in 1987, more than half of the historical building fabric was lost. In contrast to the neighboring streets of the Scheunenviertel, all of the cellar business premises were rededicated and are no longer accessible to the public today. Only a blocked entrance at Almstadtstraße 16 is reminiscent of the bygone days of this cellar trade.
The oldest, still preserved object is a brick well with a massive well tube 4.5 meters deep in the courtyard of house no. 16. It was built around 1750 and is an "extremely rare testimony to the early inner-city water supply". The moving parts of the well are now in the museum in the old waterworks .
The oldest house on the street that still exists today is at Almstadtstraße 25. It was built around 1825-1830.
In 1855 the printer Ernst Litfaß erected his first " advertising column " on the corner of Münzstrasse and Grenadierstrasse (today's Almstadtstrasse) , the cylindrical advertising medium of which started an unprecedented success story. A bronze advertising column donated by VVR-Berek GmbH has stood nearby since 2006.
literature
- Horst Helas: Grenadierstrasse in Berlin's Scheunenviertel. A ghetto with open gates. Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-941450-21-9 .
- Tobias Brinkmann: Migration and Transnationality . Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-506-77164-3 .
- Fischl Schneersohn: Grenadierstrasse (novel). 1935, Literarishe bleter, Warsaw. As a new edition from Yiddish by Alina Blothe: Grenadierstrasse . Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-8353-1082-7 .
- Martin Beradt : Both Sides of a Street (novel), 1940 - first published in 1965. As a new edition: The street of small eternity. A novel from Berlin's Scheunenviertel. With an essay and an obituary by Eike Geisel . Eichborn, Frankfurt am Main 2000, ISBN 3-8218-4190-7 .
Web links
- Almstadtstrasse. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near Kaupert )
- Almstadtstrasse . In: District lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
- Almstadtstrasse 16 Talmud Thora Ez Chaim In: Berlin Transit - Jewish Migrants from Eastern Europe in the 1920s
- Almstadtstrasse 15 . Kemplers Krakauer Café and kosher pastry shop In: Berlin Transit - Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe in the 1920s
- Almstadtstrasse 10 . Hebrew bookstore and record company "Semer". In: Berlin Transit - Jewish Migrants from Eastern Europe in the 1920s
- Search for Almstadtstraße in the German Digital Library
Individual evidence
- ↑ City is Migration - The Berlin Route of Migration - Basics, Comments, Sketches. ( Memento of March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
- ↑ a b c Karsten Krampitz: Street of the Lost . In: Berliner Morgenpost , April 6, 2003
- ↑ Karl Heinz Krüger: In the neighborhood of the poor swallowers . In: Der Spiegel . No. 7 , 1991 ( online ).
- ↑ Module 12: The Berlin Scheunenviertel - the 'voluntary' ghetto. In: building block - ghettos: preliminary stages of extermination . LpB Baden-Württemberg.
- ↑ Karsten Krampitz: It started at the employment office. In: Berliner Zeitung , November 5, 2003
- ↑ Berlin, Almstadtstraße 16 (State Monument Office Berlin) in the German Digital Library
Coordinates: 52 ° 31 '35 " N , 13 ° 24' 35" E