Ambidravi
The Ambidravi ( lat. ), The inhabitants of Dravus , the Drautaler , were an originally Celtic or strongly Celtic old European tribe in the Kingdom of Noricum (Regnum Noricum) or the later Roman province of the same name . The tribal area presumably included the Upper and Lower Drautal between Oberdrauburg and Villach , a valley running from west to east in the Spittal an der Drau district in Carinthia / Austria , as well as the northern side valleys Mölltal and Liesertal and the Nockberge , possibly also the Iseltal . The seemingly constructed tribal name can be used as a political integration measure for the long-established Illyrians and those from the 3rd century BC onwards. Newly immigrated Celtic Tauriskans can be seen in the emerging Regnum Noricum.
The Ambidravi are from the 2nd century BC. Mentioned in Roman sources until the 1st century AD. They are the first tribe in Upper Carinthia that can be identified by name . To date, there are no written records of this ethnic group. The tribe name as well as those of other Celtic tribes in Noricum are known from the world map Geographike Hyphegesis by Claudius Ptolemy created in 150 . On three honorary inscriptions for members of the Roman imperial family that were found on the Magdalensberg , eight native Celtic tribes are named as donors, with the Ambridr (avi) in third place after Norici and Ambilini .
The name, the "On both sides of the Drau residents", the Drautaler, clearly indicates the living space. The historical sources are not clear about the localization. The South Tyrolean Puster Valley and the East Tyrolean Drau Valley are less likely to be a tribal area, as the Saevaten or Laiancer , which still resonate in the name of Lienz , can be easily located there. It cannot be ruled out that the settlement area also encompassed the Rosental and Jaun valley , but rather did not extend to Poetovio, today Ptuj (Eng. Pettau). The mention of the public Magdalensberg inscriptions, on which both the Celtic tribal groups in the west (Laianci, Saevates) and east (Norici) are named as donors, speaks for this localization. While in the past the western Iseltal was considered to be part of the Ambidraviergau, the core area between Greifenburg and Villach with a center near Teurnia is now assumed . All mountain valleys draining into this area, such as the Möll and Liesertal, the Nockberge and probably parts of the Lungau as well, could have belonged to the tribal area.
An argument for the localization of the Ambidravi in the area around Teurnia or in the Unterdrautal is also the early imperial tombstone of an Ambidrabus from Paternion , an auxiliary rider who died at the age of 20 , for whom his parents erected a tombstone on the Gorizia near Feistritz. There are still no other written monuments. Celtic population groups in Teurnia and the surrounding area, e.g. B. in Pockhorn in the Upper Mölltal or in Seeboden at Millstätter See , from the Middle La Tène to the Late La Tène period up to the early imperial period on the basis of individual finds, disturbed graves and reinforced for the period after the Roman occupation in 15 BC. In the form of epigraphic monuments. The geographically firmly bound, describing a natural landscape, but at the same time seeming constructed name is not the original tribal name. In the Eastern Alps, similar tribal names accumulate only from the 3rd century BC onwards. Immigrant Celtic tribes. This new formation can be seen against the background of integration measures for the long-established Illyrians and the newly immigrated Tauriskians in the emerging Regnum Noricum.
The lack of relevant archaeological finds suggests that the Ambidravi did not rebel against the Roman occupation and were very cooperative. Resistance against the Romans was hopeless because they were too close to the Roman Empire and too small and badly organized. A rulership center has not yet been located. It was most likely on Lurnfeld in the Teurnia area. The precious metal trade with the Romans was attractive. The business contacts have grown in the last two decades BC. Probably intensified under military pressure and especially from 15 BC. Italian entrepreneurs, traders and merchants seem to have become more involved in inland Noricum. In Laubendorf on Lake Millstatt , the grave inscription was found by freed persons of the Barbii and Cispii families, who show activities in mining areas or their apron. The Roman denarius had already established itself as a currency at this time.
There are still no further findings on the cultural process of the “Romanization” of the Ambidravi. Ultimately, they were assimilated by the Romans. How long the tribal organization of the Ambidravi lasted is not known. The western neighbors civitas Saevatum et Laiancorum are last mentioned in Claudian times. While grave reliefs emphasizing the “Noric” identity can be found in large parts of Noricum in the 2nd century AD, so far only very few finds of this kind have been found for the territory of Teurnia. In terms of climate history, the brief appearance of the Ambidravi falls into one Warm phase, the optimum of the Roman era , in which the annual mean temperature was 1 to 1.5 degrees above today's value. This increase can u. a. show based on a pollen analysis of the Millstätter See, which is located in the core settlement area of the Ambidravi.
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- ↑ Ptolemy II, 13, 2 as Ambidravioi or (A) mbidr (avi) . Map: EU project 2000: Transformation. The Emergence of a Common Culture in the Northern Provinces of the Roman Empire from Britain to the Black Sea up to 212 AD Illustration of Ptolemy's map , accessed on May 20, 2017.
- ↑ Gernot Piccottini : On the Augustan honorary inscriptions. In: Carinthia , 195th year, Klagenfurt 2005, pp. 11–26.
- ↑ Cf. Christian Gugl: The area around Teurnia from the 2nd century BC. BC to the 1st century AD - A study of the settlement continuity from the Latène to the Roman times in the upper Drautal. 2000. At: http://members.yline.com/~ch.gugl/3_2.htm , accessed on May 20, 2017.
- ↑ Richard Heuberger: To the tribes Norikums. I. The Roman road stations of the Pustertal and its prehistoric tribes. II. The Noric peoples table of Claudius Ptolomaeus and its connection with the report on the expulsion of the Tigurines from Norikum in Sulla's memorials. In: Tiroler Heimat , new version 16, 1952 ( special print, PDF ).
- ^ Géza Alföldy : Noricum , 1974, p. 100.
- ↑ CIL 3, 4753 . See Ambidrabus . In: Encyclopédie de l'Arbre Celtique at encyclopedie.arbre-celtique.com , accessed on May 20, 2017
- ^ Gerhard Dobesch : The Celts in Austria according to the oldest reports of antiquity. Vienna 1993, p. 243 ff.
- ^ Adolf Fritz: 4000 years of human settlement activity as reflected in the pollen analysis. A pollen diagram from Lake Millstatt. In: History Association for Carinthia: Carinthia I. Journal for historical regional studies of Carinthia. 189th year, 1999, pp. 43-52.